Learning Goals

• Review of the primary trigonometric ratios

• The reciprocal trigonometric ratios

• Solving right-angled triangles

Chapter 4: Trigonometry I • The angle of elevation and depression

• Solving trigonometric equations with 2 unknowns

• The C.A.S.T. rule

• Exact values of 30°-60°-90° and 45°-45°-90° triangles

• The Sine and Cosine Laws

• The ambiguous case of the Sine Law

• 3 dimensional trigonometric word problems

64
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.1 The Primary and Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios
Example 2
4.1 The Primary and Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios √"
If cos! = and ! is an acute angle, draw a diagram and find the other five ratios.
Learning Goals !

• Review knowledge of primary trigonometric ratios and relate them to the

reciprocal ratios
•
•
Determine ratios of any trigonometric ratio given an angle and vice versa
Solve a right angled triangle
tana
2
es 0
4
If ! is the reference angle, then
B y coto
s
a sea s
• BC is the opposite side F
• AC is the adjacent side c 2
• AB is the hypotenuse a x B 22

!
x 1
C b A
The Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios

Cosecant
1 ℎ)*. Calculator Practice
csc! = = Use your calculator to match the following sum.
sin ! ,**.

Secant sin 45E + cos 30E = 0.7071 + 0.8660 = 1.5731

1 ℎ)*.
sec! = = Use your calculator to find ! to one decimal place.
cos ! /01.

Cotangent tan ! = 2.246 → ! = 66.0°

1 /01.
cot! = = sin ! = 0.349 → ! = 20.4°
tan ! ,**.

Example 1
Find sin!, cos!, sec!, and cot!. Example 3
a) Find sec 37E . b) Find cot 83E
A someForAD
cotes 0.1228
! Are 1.2521 tangs
cosy

j
10
sina.iq as
cos
B 8 C s
seco
cosa si
coto I 65
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.1 The Primary and Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios
Example 4 Example 7
a) Find ! such that csc ! = 4.4454. b) Find ! such that sec ! = 2. Solve ∆PQR if ˂B = 90E , PR = 9 cm and QR = 4 cm.

esco 4.4454 P
I 2 42 92
4.4454 cosa
sing real is
sing
coso
I R cos Ya as
g
4.4454 g gg
o 40 180 90 04
Example 5
Find ! in the given triangle.
Q R

B 7
C
! cost
72
12 a cos
I
A

Example 6
Solve triangle ABC.
A
41 180 go so
p
tansso.io
a b
o so b no
10 b tans sins
12.5

53o
66
B C
a
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.2 Applications of Trigonometry
Angle of Depression and Elevation
4.2 Applications of Trigonometry
Learning Goals Definition. The angle of elevation is the angle measured above the horizontal. The
• Solve real life trigonometric applications using the angle of elevation and angle of depression is the angle measured below the horizontal.
angle of depression
• Solve for angle or side lengths given multiple triangles with an adjoining side

Warm Up
a) Solve ∆ABC b) Find sec Band cot C

B P r Q
HORIZONTAL

aware ofDepression
41318090 3 4
11
s
10 2 121
tanso a
r Fos
is R
a stanza Example 1

C
33°
A
g
y g The angle of elevation to the top of the flagpole is 18o from a point 40 m from the base
of the pole. Find the height of the flagpole.
15 330 15
cos
e eotr I I
e is
costs
tour
Fs Tos tan180 1
40
h Hoxton18
13m 118
e som

67
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.2 Applications of Trigonometry
Example 2 Example 3
Mr. T and Chuck Norris live in apartment buildings that are 50 m apart. The angle of From a boat on the water the angle of elevation of the top of a cliff is 31o. From a point
depression from Mr. T’s balcony to where Chuck Norris’s building meets the ground is 300 m closer to the cliff, the angle of elevation is 33o. Find the height of the cliff.
52o. The angle of elevation from Mr. T’s balcony to Chuck Norris’ balcony is 18o.
a) Draw a detailed diagram. Since we do not know how
Chuck Norris hast to be
aworries higher than Mr. T because
close the boat is to the
cli side or the height of the

I
the question indicates that cli , we use the variables x
g there is an angle of elevation and h to denote those
mo
art 152
from Mr. T‘s balcony to that
of Chuck Norris‘s.
n lengths, respectively.

x em.ee
If there are two
tangos unknown variables to
soo solve for, then we need
s
som H t to have two

FI
independent equations

t g
b) How high is Chuck Norris’ balcony above the ground? that contain both those
variables. We are
solving using the
xtansiotsootansio.xta.no method from
substitution. Notice that
ANDADDTHEMTOGETHER we save the calculation
sootansi to the very end that way
x
tan180 y 50 tanto is Ctansio tans
we reduce errors in
so 5 3 is
rounding along the way.

tango 20 63.9
x soxtans o n sass tans
g aan

68
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.2 Applications of Trigonometry
Example 4
From the roof of a building, the angles of depression of the top and bottom of a 10 m
utility pole are 33o and 52o. Find the height of the building.

1330 tansy sa ytan

yytanzso ytansao.io

Y
x tansao
g xn sx ytansao.io
aos.io
gtanssogtans
The height of the
building will be x +10
yctanzzotansao no
nom
g tansnotansa
5.86m
c ns.go.tan33
10.3
h 10 10.3 20.3m

69
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.3 The C.A.S.T. Rule
Consider the following questions:
4.3 The C.A.S.T. Rule • In Q1, which of the following trigonometric ratios produce a positive ratio?
Learning Goals
• Investigate the properties of the three trigonometric ratios and determine the • In Q2, which of the following trigonometric ratios produce a positive ratio?
properties of the CAST rule
• Be able to use the CAST rule to solve a trigonometric equation over any • In Q3, which of the following trigonometric ratios produce a positive ratio?
domain
• In Q4, which of the following trigonometric ratios produce a positive ratio?
Investigation
Calculate the following values for sin ! , cos !, and tan ! in the table below.

Q2 Q1
Angle sin # cos # tan #
S A
Quadrant 1 (Q1) 30° 0.5 0.8060 05773
0o to 90o
60° 0.8660 as 1.7321
T C
Q3 Q4
Quadrant 2 (Q2) 120° 0.5 08060 05773
o
90 to 180 o “A” → Q1 → 0 to 90o → Ahh Ratios arepositive
150° 0.8g as 1.7321 “S” → Q2 → 90 to 180 → sine is positive
o

Quadrant 3 (Q3) 210° 0.5 0.8060 0.5773 “T” → Q3 → 180 to 270o → tangent is positive
180o to 270o “C” → Q4 → 270 to 360o →
240° 0.8660 0.5 1.7321
Quadrant 4 (Q4) 300° 0.5 08060 05773
270o to 360o
330° 0.8g as y

70
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.3 The C.A.S.T. Rule
Terminology Example 1
Determine all possible values of ! (0E ≤ ! ≤ 360E ) such that sin ! = 0.5.
Definitions. An angle is in standard position in the coordinate plane if its vertex is Step 1: Find the reference angle, !1, by calculating the inverse of 0.5.
located at the origin and one ray is on the positive x-axis. The ray on the x-axis is called
the initial arm and the other ray is called the terminal arm. In standard position,
the reference angle is the smallest angle between the terminal arm and the x-axis. sina.o. e
sin cos
Q1
Q2
180o Miso 0o
so
o o so
Terminal Arm

Step 2: Use CAST rule to identify the reference angles in the appropriate quadrants.

Reference Angle Step 3: To find !2, calculate the size of the illustrated angle in Step 2 by starting at 0o.

o 02 1500

Initial Arm
Example 2
Q3 Q4 Determine all possible values of ! (0E ≤ ! ≤ 360E ) such that cos ! = −0.5.

The Key Idea. The values of the trigonometric functions of angle ! are the same as the
cos os
trigonometric values of the reference angle for !, give or take a minus sign.
O cos c os
From the investigation above, you may have noticed the following:

sin 30° = sin 150° = −sin 210° = −sin 330°

180 o ao
g 0 o
1200
o o 240
cos 30° = −cos 150° = −cos 210° = cos 330°

tan 30° = −tan 150° = tan 210° = −tan330°

71
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.3 The C.A.S.T. Rule
Example 3 c) tan ! = −28.636
Determine all possible values of ! (0E ≤ ! ≤ 360E ) such that tan ! = 0.7536.

tano 0.753
a tan
G tan C28.030
o so
0 880 2720
180o 217M37 0o 9 37 180o aaa.CI 0o
q 02 92

Example 4 Example 5
Determine two angles between 0o and 360o that satisfy the following: Determine two other angles that have the same function value of G,H 161E .
a) sin ! = −0.454

sino 0.454
sin C o454 a sa
is's
On iaa
180o qq.gg 0o
180o
27.1 I.az 0o 9 270 or 333
On 1800270 207

b) cos ! = −0.3584

cost 0.3584
Q cos 0.3584
180o 0o
Q 1110
aaa O 1800 69
249

72
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.3 The C.A.S.T. Rule
Example 6
The terminal arm lines on a point P(2, -4). Find sin !, cos !, and tan !.

4 t

h 4 16
2
h Go orare
2
CTo sina.gg
x

-4 -2 2 4 F
cos0
-2 2 s
n t.no
-4
2 2

73
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.5 The Sine & Cosine Laws
Investigation
4.4 Special Angles Consider the following 45° right triangle. By superimposing it onto the Cartesian plane,
Learning Goals we are able to determine the exact values of sin, cos, and tan for specific values !.
• Be able to determine the exact value of any trigonometric ratio with a
reference angle of 30°, 45°, or 60°

Warm Up
Determine two angles between 0o and 360o.
a) sin ! = −0.848 b) cos ! = 0.8192

sino 0.848 Cooma 180o

sin 0.848 9 35
0 580302 02 325
9 238
State the exact values for 45°, 135°, 225° and 315° for each trigonometric ratio.

sin's's's sinus
cosas
cosioso
I a
tanaso i
c) tan ! = −4.3315 1 1
gas amiss
tan350
1 1

a tanC4.3315
9 770
02 283
sinsiso i sinaaso I
e r
cosas L
F tanaaso
tansiso
i i i i
is
Jaso
as.fm
g F

74
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.5 The Sine & Cosine Laws
Consider the following equilateral triangle with side length 2. How else can you superimpose the above triangle into the plane?

Jo
2
2 2 E
B B

180o 1600
boy
I
Superimpose the resulting triangle onto the Cartesian plane.

State the exact values for 60°, 120°, 240° and 300° for each trigonometric ratio.

2 is a 2
180o
1600
i go.pro
since B sinner
a 2
cosso cosmos
I
a 2
tanno 5
State the exact values for 30°, 150°, 210° and 330° for each trigonometric ratio.
tan
Goo
p I
cosisoo.es
sin 0 1 a
130 I cos o É zoo miso
tanisoo

n fansinan go
cosano
p
cosmo
Ea 2
t.no 2

iii
sina.io i no
sooo 2
sold cossio
a 1300
75
n
g
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.5 The Sine & Cosine Laws
Example 1 Example 3
√" √"
If cos ! = − ! , find ! using a diagram. Using the CAST rule, we know that ! lies in If sin ! = ! , find ! using a diagram. Using the CAST rule, we know that ! lies in
quadrants ______ and ______. quadrants ______ and ______.
2 3
o Q ooo
q a 2 a a 120
180o
j soo
son 0o 180o imy 0o

Example 2
%
If tan ! = − , find ! using a diagram. Using the CAST rule, we know that ! lies in
√"
quadrants ______ and ______.
2 4

o Q 150
a a 3300

soat so
180o soc a 0o
a

76
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.5 The Sine & Cosine Laws
4.5 The Sine and Cosine Laws The Sine Law
To use sine law, you must have either:
Learning Goals
• Two angles and a side or,
• Solve triangles and related trigonometric questions using the sine and
• Two sides and an angle, but with that angle matching the opposite side
cosine laws
• Understand under what conditions to use the sine or cosine law
• Solve trigonometric applications using the sine and cosine laws A

Warm Up
Find the exact values of
c
b
a) sin 225o b) cot 510o

sin225 C B
2 a T5oocotsioo.i
tansio Solve sides
a

µ gc I
taniso
/
=
J
=
G
sin I sin K sin L
ra I
Solve angles
Y.rs sin I sin K sin L
B /
=
J
=
G

Example 1
Solve for the two unknown sides

c) sec -300o
A
seesooo secco
50o

Io
I 54 cm ago
a
a
a b
a s b
B sinsoo sing sing sing
34o
B C o a saxsinsoo b saxsin to
a sing sing

77
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.5 The Sine & Cosine Laws
Example 2
Solve for the unknown angles and side Example 3
A Solve for the unknown side and the two unknown angles.
sin A sin 48
7m 7

C
48o
B
o sina 8 x sin480 42 132 acascisseosto
8m 7 is ioa loacosto
A sin ox sin480 185 ioacosto
413 1800 480 580 7
58 p

b
m

7
o p
jF.anat sinQ sin to
sin go sin480 4 12
o b 7xsin74
412 180 70 no 12
92 Q sin axsinto
The Cosine Law
To use cosine law, you must have either:
12
• All three sides or, 8
• Two sides and an angle, where the angle is contained by the two known sides

c
b

C B
Solve sides:
a
/! = J! + G ! − 2JG ∙ cos I

Solve angles:
J ! + G ! − /!
cos I =
2JG
78
 Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.5 The Sine & Cosine Laws
Example 4 Example 5
Solve for the unknown angles. Find the unknown side x.

B D

x
78o

105o
270
C
50o
8m
STARTWITH A
4A 413 1800 so 780
x 52
sins sina
a2 ba ca cost b a
so yso sins
sin
abe sints sin48
cost batchar a no g osinso
sinsa
2be 7.78
no
is sinco.az a
b 15.2 cost 15.277.42 11.62 p cosato x
e 7.4 245.25174 7.78
151.24 0.07229 se 18077 no x 7.78cos27
224gg 55 o.am
A cosco07229

79
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.5 The Sine & Cosine Laws
Example 6
It’s spring time and Mr. Cheung is making a triangular garden (see diagram below) in
his backyard. Unfortunately, Mr. Cheung has a problem with rabbits, so he must
construct a fence around the garden to keep them out. How many metres of fence
does Mr. Cheung need?

A 180 sa 72 49
b 3s
sing sinaia
e b
b 3ssinsa
singa
b a
59o 72o 3s
sin sinaia
is 3.5 m c
e 3s sines
sinaa
e aa
o perimeter 3stataa iiam

80
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.6 Applications of the Sine & Cosine Laws
Example 2
4.6 Applications of the Sine and Cosine Laws To find the area of triangles → a base and height is required. The base and height
Learning Goals are perpendicular to each other.
• Solve trigonometric applications using the sine and cosine laws
A
Example 1
From a boat on the water the angle of elevation of the top of a cliff is 31o. From a
point 20 m closer to the cliff, the angle of elevation is 33o. Find the height of the cliff.
6.1 cm 4.8 cm

B C
6.7 cm

tf n 24.86.7 4.8
0.4776 o h 4.8sing
o e cos co4770 anew
go
h
É M h
A an
2
6.74.2
setuptwoEQUATIONS a
n
y
tanzi n
ano sh ca atans
Yatans aaostans

atanzi casotans
dtansio dtansso
aotanss eltansio
dtanssos
Note that

aotanss eeg
there were a
few short cuts
notauss taken here.
tansiotans Can you spot
207.537 them?

o n aoz.ssata.si
no.com
81
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.6 Applications of the Sine & Cosine Laws
Example 3
Tim leaves the shore in his kayak in the direction of E 41o S at a constant speed of 2.8
km/h for 1.5 hours. He then alters his route, and travels at a constant speed of 3.0
km/h for 30 minutes in the direction of S 17o W. How far is he from where he started?
N

2.8 1.5 4.21am

7 oxo.s 1siam
141 d 4.259.55acaasciscosma
aa as.o
o a slam
a
iscam

82
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.7 The Ambiguous Case of the Sine Law
4. Are both these angles possible? (Add ∠B and ∠C)
4.7 The Ambiguous Case of the Sine Law Case 1: ∠L = ______E Case 2: ∠L = ______E
Learning Goals
• Understand the circumstances in which the ambiguous sine law exists
• Solve triangles with 0, 1 or 2 solutions using the CAST rule and
LB Le 480650 Btc 48 us
trigonometric ratios 1130 1630
Investigation
Given ∆ABC with angle B = 48o and side length of c = 11 and b = 9.
1. Draw a diagram of the triangle.

Therefore there are two solutions to this triangle since in both cases for ∠C , since ∠B
+ ∠C is less than 180°.

9 5. Draw and solve all angles and sides of both triangles.

A A

a
1480
a osy 1480
a
2. Solve for angle C.
a a
sine sin480 9
sing singe sin singe
11 a
since uxsinae
g sing a axsiniz
0.908288 since
o c sinco9082883 I 3s
e 650
3. Are there any more solutions? Use CAST rule to find another solution.

180o gg 0o

______E or ∠L = 115
∠L = 65 _______E

83
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.7 The Ambiguous Case of the Sine Law
Steps for Checking the Ambiguous Case of the Sine Law Example 2
Step 1: Draw a diagram Given ∆DEF, where ∠E = 144o, e = 10.5 cm, and f = 12.5 cm, find the number of
Step 2: Find angle using sine law possible triangles that could be drawn with the given measures. Then, if possible, find
Step 3: Check to see if solution works, i.e. all angles in a triangle add the measures (side lengths and angles) of each possible triangle
up to 180o. If not, then there are no solutions. D
Step 4: Use CAST rule to find the other possible solution.
Step 5: Check to see if the other possible solution works.
10.5 sine sinks
• If no → one possible solution. 12s 12s 10.5
• If yes → two possible solutions.
sine 12sxsi.ua
Example 1
Given ∆ABC, where ∠A = 42o, a = 30 cm, and b = 25 cm, find the number of possible
It F
F 44
ios

triangles that could be drawn with the given measures. Then, if possible, find the
measures (side lengths and angles) of each possible triangle. notreananesAREPOSSIBLE
e
sints sin42
25 as 30
sinB 25asinga
1420 30
A
B sin o5576088
IEEE 5 340
413 34
4 180042034
1040 LISETTE
180 sa no
Sinton's sin420 146042 ooo
e so
zoxsinion e
sin420
o e 43.5

84
Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.8 Trigonometry in 3-Dimensions
Example 2
4.8 Trigonometry in 3-Dimensions A square based pyramid has side lengths of 30 cm and the distance from the top of
the pyramid to each corner of the base is 20 cm.
Learning Goals me
• Solve three dimensional trigonometric problems involving SOH CAH TOA,
the Pythagorean Theorem, and the sine and cosine laws E

Three dimensional problems involving triangles can be solved using some 22 cm

combination of these approaches:
• Trigonometric ratios x
• The Pythagorean theorem
n
D C
• Sine law
• Cosine law is is
F G
#
Example 1
Find the unknown side x. A 30 cm B
a) Determine the angle each side makes with the base.

cosG is
sin o 84 225 ion
L
I
x
22 cm 70 259 G cos E
h saxsinso cos o.a32os
yh 6 210
42o
30o Sinan n
x
b) Determine the height of the square based pyramid.
x
tank h is tana
16.4cm 5.8cm

c) Determine angle !.

tana 16.1 a tan 470

is

85
 Chapter 4: Trigonometry I 4.8 Trigonometry in 3-Dimensions
Example 3
Suppose Mr. Wills and Mr. Cheung are downtown Toronto going to a Blue Jays game.
Mr. Wills is facing east, looking at the top of the CN tower at an angle of elevation of
68o. Mr. Cheung is facing south, also looking at the top of the CN tower at an angle of
elevation of 62o. If Mr. Wills and Mr. Cheung are 367.74 m apart, determine the height
of the CN tower.

d
tan680 h
ng g tango
tango he x h
tanos

thoo Ios 307.743

n he 307.7432
tango tans

Italo t taon 307.745

n tanon tan's
68o y 62o
307.743 367.74 m
tanootanzoa
Mr. Wills
Mr. Cheung
n 607.74 tanseitan629
tanon tanso
n 550.7m

86