Mathematics (1)

Calculus
Fall 2023
Preparatory Level - Faculty of Engineering
Lecture (2)
Even and Odd Functions
& Transformation of Functions

By: Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

Faculty of Engineering
Alexandria University
 Even and Odd Functions

Even function Odd function

Symmetric about the 𝑦-axis Symmetric about the origin

𝑦 𝑦

−𝑎
𝑥 𝑥
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

−𝑏

𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 1: Check if the following function is even or odd:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥4 + 𝑥2

Solution:

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 4 + −𝑥 2

= 𝑥4 + 𝑥2

=𝑓 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is an even function.

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 2: Check if the following function is even or odd:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥

Solution:
3
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 − 2 −𝑥

= −𝑥 3 + 2𝑥

= − 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥

= −𝑓 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is an odd function.

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 3: Check if the following function is even or odd:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

Solution:

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥

∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥 Not even function

∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ −𝑓 𝑥 Not odd function

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is neither even nor odd function (General function)

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 4: Check if the following function is even or odd:
1+𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
1−𝑥
Solution:
1 + −𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = =
1 − −𝑥 1+𝑥

∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥 Not even function

∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ −𝑓 𝑥 Not odd function

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is neither even nor odd function (General function)

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬:

For the power function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛

If 𝑛 is an even number, then 𝑓 𝑥 is an even function.
If 𝑛 is an odd number, then 𝑓 𝑥 is an odd function.

Addition and subtraction of symmetric functions:

Even + Even = Even Even − Even = Even
Odd + Odd = Odd Odd − Odd = Odd
Even + Odd = General Even − Odd = General

Multiplication and division of symmetric functions:

Even × Even = Even Even/Even = Even
Odd × Odd = Even Odd/Odd = Even
Even × Odd = Odd Even/Odd = Odd
Odd × Even = Odd Odd/Even = Odd

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Composition of Functions
The composition of functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, written 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔, is defined by:
𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑔 and 𝑔 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑓.

𝑥 𝑔 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥

Also, the composition of functions 𝑔 and 𝑓, written 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓, is defined by:

𝑔∘𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑓 and 𝑓 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑔.

Generally, 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ≠𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 .
In some special cases, 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 but it is not a general rule.

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 5: If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1, then find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 .

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1

𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 + 1 2

𝑔∘𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥2 = 2𝑥 2 + 1

Note that 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ≠𝑔 𝑓 𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Composition of Symmetric Functions

1) If 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function, then 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function too.

2) If 𝑔 𝑥 is an odd function, then 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 is the same as 𝑓.
3) If 𝑔 𝑥 is a general function, then 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 has no rule.
(depends on the function)

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

Composition of Symmetric Functions

1) If 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function, then 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function too.

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟:
If 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function, then: 𝑔 −𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥

Let: 𝑄 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥

∴ 𝑄 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 −𝑥

=𝑓 𝑔 𝑥

=𝑄 𝑥

∴ 𝑄 𝑥 is an even function

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

Composition of Symmetric Functions

2) If 𝑔 𝑥 is an odd function, then 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 is the same as 𝑓.

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟:
If 𝑔 𝑥 is an odd function, then: 𝑔 −𝑥 = −𝑔 𝑥
Let: 𝑄 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥

∴ 𝑄 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 −𝑥 = 𝑓 −𝑔 𝑥

If 𝑓 is an even function If 𝑓 is an odd function

𝑓 −𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑧 𝑓 −𝑧 = −𝑓 𝑧
∴ 𝑓 −𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ∴ 𝑓 −𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑔 𝑥

∴ 𝑄 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ∴ 𝑄 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
=𝑄 𝑥 = −𝑄 𝑥
(Even) (Odd)

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 6: Check if the following function is even or odd:
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥3
Solution:

Even + Odd = General

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is a general function.

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 7: Check if the following function is even or odd:

1 + 𝑥4
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥6 + 𝑥8
Solution:
1 + 𝑥4 Even + Even = Even

𝑥6 + 𝑥8 Even + Even = Even

1 + 𝑥4
Even/Even = Even
𝑥6 + 𝑥8

1 + 𝑥4
𝑔 𝑥 = 6 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥8

𝑓 𝑥 =ℎ 𝑔 𝑥 = function Even = Even

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is an even function.

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 8: Check if the following function is even or odd:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥3 4
Solution:
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥3 Odd + Odd = Odd

ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥4

𝑓 𝑥 =ℎ 𝑔 𝑥 = function Odd = the same as ℎ

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is an even function.

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Transformation of Functions

(1) (3) (4)

(2)
Shifting Reflection Absolute
Scaling
(Translation) (Mirroring) Reflection

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

(1) Shifting Horizontal Shift
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑦

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥+𝑎 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥−𝑎

−𝑎 𝑎 𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

(1) Shifting Vertical Shift
𝑦
𝑦−𝑏 =𝑓 𝑥
𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑏

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

𝑏
𝑦+𝑏 =𝑓 𝑥
𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑏

−𝑏
Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf
 (1) Shifting Summary:
For the function: 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
Horizontal Shift by 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥−𝑎
Horizontal Shift by −𝑎 ⟹ 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥+𝑎
Vertical Shift by 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 +𝑏
Vertical Shift by −𝑏 ⟹ 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 −𝑏

𝑦
𝐄𝐱: Sketch: 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2 using the curve of 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2

𝑦 = 𝑥2

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 9: Sketch the curve of the function:
𝑦= 𝑥−3 3 +4
Solution:
Horizontal Shift by 3 3
𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 +4
& Vertical Shift by 4

𝑦 𝑦

4
𝑥

𝑥
3
Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf
 (2) Scaling 𝐄𝐱: 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2

Horizontal Scaling

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥
,where 𝑎 > 0 2
𝑥
𝑦=
2

𝑥
𝑎>1
Horizontal Compression

Horizontal Expansion
𝑎<1
Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf
(2) Scaling 𝐄𝐱: 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2
𝑦
Vertical Scaling

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓 𝑥
,where 𝑎 > 0

𝑎<1
Vertical 1 2
Compression 𝑦= 𝑥
4

Vertical
Expansion
𝑎>1

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

(2) Scaling Summary:
For the function: 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ,where 𝑎 > 0
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎 > 1 ⟹ Horizontal Compression
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎 < 1 ⟹ Horizontal Expansion
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 > 1 ⟹ Vertical Expansion
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 < 1 ⟹ Vertical Compression

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭: For the function: 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2

𝑦 = 𝑥2 Vertical Expansion ,𝑎 = 4 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2

2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 Horizontal Compression ,𝑎 = 2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 = 4𝑥 2

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 10: Sketch the curve of the function: 2
2 𝑦=4 𝑥−3
𝑦 =4 𝑥−3
Solution: 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = 𝑥2

Horizontal Shift by 3

𝑦 = 𝑥−3 2

Vertical Expansion by 4
2
𝑦 = 𝑥−3
𝑥
2
𝑦=4 𝑥−3 3

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 (3) Reflection (Mirroring)

Horizontal Reflection 𝑦
𝐄𝐱:

Reflection about the 𝑦-axis 𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦= 𝑥

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥
𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

(3) Reflection (Mirroring)

𝑦
Vertical Reflection
𝐄𝐱:

𝑦 = 𝑥2
Reflection about the 𝑥-axis

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥
𝑥

𝑦 = −𝑥 2

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

𝐄𝐱: 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = −𝑥 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥

𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦= 𝑥

𝑦=− 𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

𝐄𝐱: 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2
and 𝑦 = − 1 + 𝑥 2

2 2
𝑦 = 1+𝑥 𝑦 = 1−𝑥

1 𝑥
−1

2
𝑦=− 1+𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

𝐄𝐱: 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = − 2 + 𝑥
𝑦

𝑦 = 2−𝑥 𝑦 = 2+𝑥

−2 2 𝑥

𝑦 =− 2+𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

(4) Absolute Reflection 𝑓 𝑥

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥

The part at which 𝑦 with negative sign is reflected about the 𝑥-axis.

𝑦 𝑦

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

(4) Absolute Reflection 𝑥-absolute

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

The part at which 𝑥 with negative sign is deleted and a copy of the part at which 𝑥
with positive sign is reflected about the 𝑦-axis.
𝑦 𝑦

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 11: Sketch the curve of the function:
𝑦= 2+ 𝑥
Solution:

Horizontal Shift by −2 𝑥-absolute

𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦 = 2+𝑥 𝑦= 2+ 𝑥

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 −2 𝑥 𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 12: Sketch the curve of the function:
2
𝑦= 𝑥−2 −3
Solution:
2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦= 𝑥−2 −3
𝑦 𝑦
Horizontal Shift by 2

Vertical Shift by −3

2
𝑥 𝑥

−3

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 13: Sketch the curve of the function:
2
𝑦= 𝑥−2 −3
Solution:
2 2
𝑦= 𝑥−2 −3 𝑦= 𝑥−2 −3
𝑦 𝑦
Absolute
Reflection 3

2
𝑥 2 𝑥

−3

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 14: Sketch the curve of the function:
𝑦 = 4−𝑥
Solution:
Horizontal Shift by −4 Horizontal Reflection

𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦 = 4+𝑥 𝑦 = 4−𝑥

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 −4 𝑥 4 𝑥

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
1
Ex 15: If you have the sketch of 𝑦 = , how to get the sketch of
1+𝑥 3
1 1 1
𝑦= ,𝑦= and 𝑦 = 𝑥3
1+8 𝑥 3 1− 𝑥 3 1−
8
Solution:
Horizontal Compression
1 1 1
𝑦= 𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑥 𝑦 = 1+ = 1+8 𝑥3
1 + 𝑥3 2𝑥 3

Horizontal Reflection
1 1 1
𝑦= 𝑥 ⟹ −𝑥 𝑦 = 1+ −𝑥 3 = 1− 𝑥3
1 + 𝑥3

Horizontal Reflection Horizontal Expansion

1 1 1 𝑥 1 1
𝑦= 𝑥 ⟹ −𝑥 𝑦 = 1+ −𝑥 3 = 1− 𝑥3 𝑥⟹ 𝑦= 𝑥 3
= 𝑥3
1 + 𝑥3 2 1− 2
1− 8

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 16: Sketch the curve of the function:
𝑦 = 3− 𝑥−2
Solution: The function can be written as 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 − 3

Horizontal Shift by 2 Absolute Reflection

& Vertical Shift by −3 𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥

𝑦= 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 −3 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 −3

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

3
2
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
−3

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

 Examples
Ex 17: Starting from the sketch of 𝑦 = 𝑥, how can we get the sketch of
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4
Solution:

Horizontal Shift by −4 Horizontal Compression

𝑦= 𝑥 𝑥 ⟹𝑥+4 𝑦= 𝑥+4 𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4

Another Solution:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 = 2 𝑥+2

Horizontal Compression Horizontal Shift by −2

𝑦= 𝑥 𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑥 ⟹𝑥+2 𝑦= 2 𝑥+2

Mathematics (1) ---- Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf

Good Luck
Dr.\ Ahmed M. Makhlouf