INtroduction to java programming

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contents

❏ Introduction
❏ Features of Java
❏ Basics of Java
❏ Datatypes, Variables and Arrays

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Introduction

❏ JAVA was developed by James Gosling

❏ At Sun Microsystems in the year 1991.
❏ Later acquired by Oracle Corporation.
❏ Makes writing, compiling, and debugging programming easy.
❏ Helps to create reusable code and modular programs.
❏ Class-based, object-oriented programming language.

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Introduction

❏ write once run anywhere: Compiled Java code can run on all
platforms that support Java.
❏ Java applications are compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java
Virtual Machine.

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Introduction
❏ Bytecode
❏ Output of a Java compiler is not executable code.
❏ Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions.
❏ .class file
❏ Designed to be executed by the Java run-time system, which is
called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
❏ JVM is an interpreter for bytecode.
❏ Create portable programs.
❏ Secure: Execution of every Java program is under the control of
the JVM, the JVM can contain the program and prevent it from
generating side effects outside of the system.
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Introduction

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Introduction

❏ The Java Buzzwords

❏ Architecture-neutral
❏ Simple
❏ Interpreted
❏ Secure
❏ High performance
❏ Portable
❏ Distributed
❏ Object-oriented
❏ Dynamic
❏ Robust
❏ Multithreaded

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Features of Java
❏ Platform Independent:
❏ Bytecode can run on any platform be it Windows, Linux, macOS.
❏ If we compile a program on Windows, then we can run it on Linux
and vice versa.
❏ Each operating system has a different JVM, but the output
produced by all the OS is the same after the execution of
bytecode.

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Features of Java
❏ Object-Oriented Programming Language:
❏ Organizing the program in the terms of collection of objects.
❏ Each of which represents an instance of the class.
❏ The four main concepts of Object-Oriented programming are:
❏ Abstraction
❏ Encapsulation
❏ Inheritance
❏ Polymorphism

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Features of Java
❏ Simple:
❏ Does not have complex features like pointers, operator
overloading, multiple inheritances, Explicit memory allocation.
❏ Robust:
❏ Reliable
❏ Puts a lot of effort into checking errors as early as possible.
❏ Java compiler is able to detect even those errors that are not easy to
detect by another programming language.
❏ Features of java that make it robust are garbage collection,
Exception Handling, and memory allocation.

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Features of Java
❏ Secure:
❏ Several security flaws like stack corruption or buffer overflow is
impossible to exploit in Java.
❏ Distributed:
❏ We can create distributed applications using the java programming
language.
❏ Remote Method Invocation and Enterprise Java Beans are used for
creating distributed applications in java.
❏ The java programs can be easily distributed on one or more systems
that are connected to each other through an internet connection.

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Features of Java
❏ Multithreading:
❏ Java supports multithreading.
❏ It is a Java feature that allows concurrent execution of two or more parts
of a program for maximum utilization of CPU.
❏ Portable:
❏ Java code written on one machine can be run on another machine.
❏ Platform-independent
❏ High Performance:
❏ Reduces overhead during the runtime.
❏ At some time java uses Just In Time (JIT) compiler
❏ Compiles code on-demand basics where it only compiles those
methods that are called, making applications to execute faster.
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Features of Java
❏ Dynamic flexibility:
❏ Java being completely object-oriented gives us the flexibility to
add classes, new methods to existing classes and even creating
new classes through sub-classes.
❏ Java even supports functions written in other languages such as C,
C++ which are referred to as native methods.

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Features of Java
❏ Sandbox Execution:
❏ Java programs run in a separate space that allows user to execute
their applications without affecting the underlying system with
help of a bytecode verifier.
❏ Bytecode verifier also provides additional security as it’s role is to
check the code for any violation access.
❏ Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA)

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Features of Java
❏ Power of compilation and interpretation:
❏ Most languages are designed with purpose either they are
compiled language or they are interpreted language.
❏ But java integrates arising enormous power as Java compiler
compiles the source code to bytecode and JVM executes this
bytecode to machine OS-dependent executable code.

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Basics of Java

❏ OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System):

❏ Way of solving a complex problem by breaking them into a small
sub-problem.
❏ An object is a real-world entity.
❏ In OOPs, we create programs using class and object in a
structured manner.

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Basics of Java

❏ Class: A class is a template or blueprint or prototype that defines

data members and methods of an object.
❏ An object is the instance of the class.
❏ We can define a class by using the class keyword.

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Basics of Java
❏ Object: An object is a real-world entity that can be identified
distinctly.
❏ For example, a desk, a circle can be considered as objects.
❏ An object has a unique behavior, identity, and state.
❏ Data fields with their current values represent the state of an
object (also known as its properties or attributes).

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Basics of Java

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Basics of Java
❏ Abstraction: An abstraction is a method of hiding irrelevant
information from the user.
❏ For example, the driver only knows how to drive a car; there
is no need to know how does the car run.
❏ We can make a class abstract by using the keyword abstract.
❏ In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve
abstraction.

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Basics of Java
❏ Encapsulation: An encapsulation is the process of binding data
and functions into a single unit.
❏ A class is an example of encapsulation.
❏ In Java, Java bean is a fully encapsulated class.
❏ Inheritance: Inheritance is the mechanism in which one class
acquire all the features of another class.
❏ We can achieve inheritance by using the extends keyword.
❏ It facilitates the reusability of the code.

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Basics of Java
❏ Polymorphism: The polymorphism is the ability to appear in
many forms.
❏ In other words, single action in different ways.
❏ For example, a boy in the classroom behaves like a student, in
house behaves like a son.
❏ There are two types of polymorphism: run time polymorphism
and compile-time polymorphism.

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Basics of Java
❏ Java programs are a collection of whitespace, identifiers, comments,
literals, operators, separators, and keywords.

❏ Whitespace:
❏ At least one whitespace character between each token.
❏ In Java, whitespace is a space, tab, or newline.

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Basics of Java
❏ Identifiers:
❏ Used for class names, method names, and variable names.
❏ Any descriptive sequence of uppercase and lowercase letters,
numbers, or the underscore and dollar-sign characters.
❏ Must not begin with a number.
❏ Case-sensitive.
❏ Eg: AvgTemp, count, a4, $test, this_is_ok

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Basics of Java
❏ Literals:
❏ A constant value in Java is created by using a literal representation
of it.
❏ Eg: 100, 98.6, ‘X’, “This is a test”
❏ Comments:
❏ Three types of comments defined by Java.
❏ single-line (//) and multiline (/*........*/)
❏ documentation comment: used to produce an HTML file that
documents your program. The documentation comment begins with
a /** and ends with a */.

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Basics of Java

❏ Separators:
❏ The most commonly used separator in Java is the semicolon.
❏ ; terminate statements.

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Basics of Java

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Basics of Java
❏ The Java Keywords:
❏ 49 reserved keywords
❏ These keywords, combined with the syntax of the operators and
separators, form the definition of the Java language.
❏ These keywords cannot be used as names for a variable, class, or
method.
❏ keywords const and goto are reserved but not used.

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Basics of Java

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Basics of Java
❏ Simple Program:
import java.io.*;
public class Simple
{
public static void main (String args[ ])
{
System.out.println(“Hello Java”);
}
}

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Datatypes, Variables and Arrays
❏ Eight simple (or elemental) types of data:
❏ byte
❏ short
❏ int
❏ long
❏ char
❏ float
❏ double
❏ boolean

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Datatypes, Variables and Arrays
❏ These can be put in four groups:
❏ Integers: This group includes byte, short, int, and long, which are for
whole valued signed numbers.
❏ Floating-point numbers: This group includes float and double, which
represent numbers with fractional precision.
❏ Characters: This group includes char, which represents symbols in a
character set, like letters and numbers.
❏ Boolean: This group includes boolean, which is a special type for
representing true/false values.

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Datatypes, Variables and Arrays

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Integers
❏ Signed, positive and negative values.

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Integers
❏ byte:
❏ The smallest integer type is byte.
❏ This is a signed 8-bit type that has a range from –128 to 127.
❏ Useful when you’re working with a stream of data from a network
or file.
❏ Keyword: byte
❏ Eg: byte b, c;

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Integers
❏ short:
❏ Signed 16-bit type.
❏ It has a range from –32,768 to 32,767
❏ Least-used Java type
❏ Eg: short s;

short t;

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Integers
❏ int:
❏ The most commonly used integer type.
❏ It is a signed 32-bit type that has a range from –2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647.
❏ Variables of type int are commonly employed to control loops and
to index arrays.
❏ Most versatile and efficient type
❏ Eg: int a = 10;

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Integers
❏ long:
❏ Signed 64-bit type
❏ Useful for those occasions where an int type is not large enough to
hold the desired value.
❏ The range of a long is quite large.
❏ This makes it useful when big, whole numbers are needed.
❏ Eg: long distance = 16070400000000;

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Integers

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Floating-Point Types
❏ Floating-point numbers, also known as real numbers, are used when
evaluating expressions that require fractional precision.

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Floating-Point Types
❏ float:
❏ Single-precision value that uses 32 bits of storage.
❏ Variables of type float are useful when you need a fractional
component, but don’t require a large degree of precision.
❏ Eg: float hightemp, lowtemp;
❏ double:
❏ Keyword: double
❏ Uses 64 bits to store a value
❏ Eg: double pi = 3.1416;

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CHARACTERS
❏ Used to store characters.
❏ Keyword: char
❏ char is a 16-bit type.
❏ The range of a char is 0 to 65,536.
❏ Java uses Unicode to represent characters.
❏ Unicode defines a fully international character set that can represent all
of the characters found in all human languages.
❏ Eg: char c = ‘X’;
❏ char c= 88; (c = ‘X’; code for X = 88)

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Booleans
❏ boolean for logical values
❏ Two possible values, true or false.
❏ Type returned by all relational operators, such as a < b.
❏ boolean is also the type required by the conditional expressions that
govern the control statements such as if and for.
❏ Eg: boolean b;
b = false;

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Sample programs
public class DataType
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int marks;
Output:
char grade;
marks = 50; Marks: 50
grade = 'B'; Grade: B
System.out.println("Marks: "+marks);
System.out.println("Grade: "+grade);
}
}

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Sample programs
// char can be handled like integers
public class CharClass
{
public static void main(String args[]) Output:
{
char myChar1 = 'A'; myChar1: A
char myChar2 = 'B'; myChar2: B
System.out.println("myChar1: " +myChar1); The incremented
System.out.println("myChar2: " +myChar2); value of myChar2:
myChar2++; // valid increment operation C
System.out.println("The Incremented value of myChar2: "
+myChar2);

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Sample programs
public class ShortDataType
{
public static void main(String args[])
{ Output:
short myShort = 6000;
myShort: 6000
System.out.println("myShort: " + myShort);
}
}

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Sample programs
public class FloatDataType
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
float myFloat1,myFloat2,result;
Output:
myFloat1=1000.666f;
myFloat2=110.77f; Number1: 1000.666
result=myFloat1-myFloat2; Number2: 110.77
Number1-Number2:
System.out.println("Number1: "+myFloat1); 889.896
System.out.println("Number2: "+myFloat2);
System.out.println("Number1-Number2: "+result);
}
}

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Sample programs
public class DoubleDataType
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
double myDouble1, myDouble2, result;
Output:
myDouble1 = 48976.8987; Number 1: 48976.8987
myDouble2 = 29513.7812d; Number 2: 29513.7812
result = myDouble1 + myDouble2; Number 1 + Number 2:
78490.6799
System.out.println("Number 1: " +myDouble1);
System.out.println("Number 2: " +myDouble2);
System.out.println("Number 1 + Number 2: " +result);
}
}

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Sample programs
public class BooleanDataType
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Output:
boolean myBool = true;
if(myBool == true) I am using a Boolean
data type
System.out.println("I am using a Boolean data type");
true
System.out.println(myBool);
}
}

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LITERALS
❏ Integer Literals:
❏ Any whole number value is an integer literal.
❏ Decimal values: 1, 2, 56, 43…
❏ There are two other bases which can be used in integer literals,
octal (base eight) and hexadecimal (base 16).
❏ Octal values are denoted in Java by a leading zero; 0 to 7 range
❏ Hexadecimal constant with a leading zero-x, (0x or 0X).
❏ The range of a hexadecimal digit is 0 to 15, so A through F (or a
through f ) are substituted for 10 through 15.

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LITERALS
❏ Possible to assign an integer literal to one of Java’s other integer
types, such as byte or long, without causing a type mismatch error.
❏ To specify a long literal, need to explicitly tell the compiler that
the literal value is of type long.
❏ By appending an upper- or lowercase L to the literal.
❏ For example, 0x7ffffffffffffffL or 9223372036854775807L is
the largest long.

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LITERALS
❏ Floating-Point Literals:
❏ Decimal values with a fractional component.
❏ Eg: 2.039, 5.67, 3.14159
❏ To specify a float literal, you must append an F or f to the
constant.
❏ Explicitly specify a double literal by appending a D or d.
❏ The default double type consumes 64 bits of storage, while the
less-accurate float type requires only 32 bits.
❏ Eg: float f = 2.45 f;

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LITERALS
❏ Boolean Literals:
❏ Only two logical values that a boolean value can have,
❏ true and false
❏ The values of true and false do not convert into any numerical
representation.
❏ The true literal in Java does not equal 1, nor does the false literal
equal 0.
❏ They can only be assigned to variables declared as boolean, or
used in expressions with Boolean operators.

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LITERALS
❏ Character Literals:
❏ Characters in Java are indices into the Unicode character set.
❏ 16-bit values that can be converted into integers and manipulated
with the integer operators
❏ A literal character is represented inside a pair of single quotes.
❏ Eg: char a= ‘C’;

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LITERALS

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LITERALS
❏ String Literals:
❏ By enclosing a sequence of characters between a pair of double
quotes.
❏ Eg: “Hello World”, “two\nlines” , “\”This is in quotes\””
❏ One important thing to note about Java strings is that they must
begin and end on the same line.
❏ There is no line-continuation escape sequence as there is in other
languages.

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VARIABLES
❏ Variable is the basic unit of storage in a program.
❏ A variable is defined by the combination of an identifier, a type, and an
optional initializer.
❏ All variables have a scope, which defines their visibility, and a
lifetime.
❏ Declaring a Variable:
❏ type identifier [ = value][, identifier [= value] ...] ;
❏ Eg: int a =10, b = 20, c = 30;

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VARIABLES
❏ type : datatype/ name of a class or interface.
❏ identifier: name of variable.

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VARIABLES
❏ Dynamic Initialization:
❏ Java allows variables to be initialized dynamically, using any
expression valid at the time the variable is declared.

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ARRAYS
❏ One-Dimensional Arrays:
❏ Declaration: type var_name[ ];
❏ Eg: int month_days[ ];
❏ To link month_days with an actual, physical array of integers, you
must allocate one using new and assign it to month_days.
❏ new is a special operator that allocates memory.
❏ var_name = new type[size];
❏ Eg: month_days = new int[12];
❏ Now month_days will refer to an array of 12 integers

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ARRAYS
❏ Access a specific element in the array by specifying its index
within square brackets.
❏ All array indexes start at zero
❏ month_days[1] = 28; // assigns the value 28 to the second element
of month_days
❏ System.out.println(month_days[3]); // displays the value stored at
index 3

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ARRAYS
// Demonstrate a one-dimensional array.
class Array {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int month_days[];
month_days = new int[12];
month_days[0] = 31;
month_days[1] = 28;
month_days[2] = 31;
month_days[3] = 30;
month_days[4] = 31;
month_days[5] = 30;
month_days[6] = 31;
month_days[7] = 31;
month_days[8] = 30;
month_days[9] = 31;
month_days[10] = 30;
month_days[11] = 31;
System.out.println("April has " + month_days[3] + " days.");
}
}

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ARRAYS
❏ Arrays can be initialized when they are declared.
❏ An array initializer is a list of comma-separated expressions
surrounded by curly braces.
❏ The commas separate the values of the array elements.
❏ The array will automatically be created large enough to hold the
number of elements you specify in the array initializer.
❏ There is no need to use new.
❏ Eg: int month_days[] = { 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30,
31 };

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ARRAYS

❏ Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

for (int i=0; i <12; i++)
{
month_days[i] = sc.nextInt();
}

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ARRAYS
// initializing array

import java.io.*; System.out.println("\n\n***Initializing

import java.util.Scanner; Array***");
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) for(int i=0; i < 5; i++) {
// read input
{ arr[i] = scan.nextInt();
}
// Scanner class object to read input
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); //displaying initialized values
System.out.println("Array elements
// declaring and creating array objects are:");
for (int i=0; i < 5; i++) {
int[] arr = new int[5]; System.out.print(arr[i]+"\t");
}

}
}

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ARRAYS

❏ Multidimensional Arrays:
❏ int twoD[][] = new int[4][5];
❏ Allocates a 4 by 5 array and assigns it to twoD.
❏ Internally this matrix is implemented as an array of arrays of int.

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ARRAYS

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String

❏ String type is used to declare string variables.

❏ A quoted string constant can be assigned to a String variable.
❏ String is an array of characters.
❏ String str = "this is a test";
System.out.println(str);

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THANK YOU

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