Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No.

1, February 2024, 778-788

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tanjungpura.
ISSN: 1412-3576 (Print), 2621-8429 (Online), Indonesia

Constructions of UNTAN
Jurnal Teknik Sipil
Journal homepage: https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jtsuntan

Design of a 5000 KL Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Tank with Steel Plates
* Gilbert Laurent Atmadja1, Erwin Sutandar1, and Aryanto1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Tanjungpura University
* [email protected]

ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO

The study is centered on designing a 5000 KL Crude * Corresponding Author
Palm Oil (CPO) Tank within Indonesia's palm oil [email protected]
industry, ensuring adherence to the API 650 13th
Edition standard to effectively withstand operational
Citation:
and environmental loads. Plate theory, specifically the
Kirchoff-Love theory, is employed to model structural Atmadja, G., L; Sutandar, E..;
components such as annular, shell, and roof plates, Aryanto (2024). Design of a 5000
which must endure various loads including dead, KL Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Tank
internal (hydrostatic and pressure), external (wind, with Steel Plates. Jurnal Teknik
pressure, snow), live, and seismic loads as specified by Sipil (JTS) Vol. 24, 1. p.778-788.
API guidelines. Stress analysis is conducted to ensure https://doi.org/10.26418/jts.v24i1.7
compliance with material limits, utilizing ASTM A573M 6544
Grade 485 steel for plates and standard compressive Submitted: 02 January 2024
strength for foundations. Accepted: 05 January 2024
The research involves detailed phases encompassing Revised: 20 January 2024
data collection, preliminary design, structural modeling, Published: 28 February 2024
loading analysis, stress assessment, weld design, and
foundation planning utilizing SAP2000 software.
Calculated stresses on tank plates remain well below Publisher’s Note: JTS stays
API limits, confirming structural robustness. Welding neutral about jurisdictional claims in
details for butt and corner joints are carefully planned published maps and institutional
for durability, while deep pilings and pile caps provide affiliations
stability against ground movements.
By integrating empirical data and theoretical
calculations, the study presents a comprehensive plan
for constructing a dependable and cost-effective palm
oil storage facility, thereby enhancing safety and
efficiency within Indonesia's palm oil sector.

Keywords: Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Tank Design, API 650

Standard Compliance, Plate Theory Application, Structural
Modeling and Analysis. Foundation Design

1. Introduction
In 2019, Indonesia, one of the world's largest producers of crude palm oil, produced 28.279 million
metric tons. (Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, 2020). The crude palm oil industry products will be
stored in the farm tank (Edo et al., 2022). The crude palm oil stored in the storage tank needs to
consider the maximum volume capacity, and the oil tank construction planning needs to be aligned
with the rules in force in the API 650 13th Edition standard.
778
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

Application of the plate theory used in calculating the structure of the storage tank using the Kirchoff-
Love theory (David et al., 2020; Fogang, 2021). The tank structure's plate is conceptualized as a thin
shell consisting of various components, including the annular plate, shell plate, and roof plate. These
assembled plates are designed to endure various working loads, encompassing dead loads, internal
loads (hydrostatic and internal pressure loads), external loads (wind, external pressure, and snow),
and live and earthquake loads (Lutkiewicz, 2020; Idris, 2023).
The principal stress is everyday stress's maximum and minimum values. The primary stress acting
on the tank plate will be checked and compared with the allowable stress of the material provided
(API Standard 650, 2020). The influence of principal stress is significant when selecting an
economical plate thickness. Previous research on the strength analysis of the crude palm oil 38T
storage tank of 120,000 m3 capacity testing the strength of the tank structure with the API Standard
650 to obtain maximum voltage from loading using software based on the element method (Ahmed
et al., 2015; Givari et al, 2021).
The crude palm oil storage tank is built on a soft ground site, so in planning the foundation, it must
use the inner foundation (Hadiguna & Tjahjono, 2017; Al-Hokabi et al., 2021). The interior foundation
planning for the tank's structure uses the pillar foundation. The pillar foundations continue the
workload until it reaches the hard ground. Usually, some foundations using the pile cap are joined
with the pile caps (pile cap) based on the soil conditions that have reached the hard soil. (Arif, et.al.,
2015). Plotting a pillar into the ground will increase the soil density around the pillar thus increasing
its strength. When the pillar is cut relatively close, the surface of the soil that increases strongly
slides, too. will increase. Soil with a more robust slide will form a separate cluster cluster or a single
block. So, the support power of a single pillar, a group of poles, and a block of pillars on the ground
of a slide will produce a different pillar support power (Agustamar et.al., 2023).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
The oil tank's planning location is on Ahmad Yani 2 Street, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan
Province, Indonesia.

Fig 1. Study Area

779
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

2.2. Data
The storage tank structure will be designed considering both the primary and lower components.
The primary structure encompasses the entire steel plate, forming the reservoir for crude palm oil.
This tank has a diameter of 22 meters and stands 15 meters tall. The lower structure comprises the
foundation and pile caps.
The planned pile caps have a diameter of 24 meters and a thickness of 1.2 meters. The assembly
plate will be constructed using ASTM A573M Grade 485 steel, which boasts a minimum yield
strength of 290 MPa and a fracture tensile strength of 485 MPa. The pile caps will utilize steel with
a standard compressive strength of 30 MPa, reinforced with deformed bars having a minimum yield
strength of 420 MPa.
Data supporting the design of the oil tank include wind data collected over five years (2018–2023)
from the Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG), N-SPT data obtained from
the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics at the University of Tanjungpura's Faculty of Engineering, and
density measurements indicating a kinematic viscosity of 32.8 mm²/s and a temperature of 40°C,
which corresponds to a density of 0.8953 g/cm³ (Asako, et al., 2020).

Fig. 2 Tank Front View

2.3. Analysis Method

The planning phase commences with data collection, preliminary design work, structural modeling,
structural loading assessment, internal forces analysis, principal stress evaluation on structural
components, weld design, foundation design, and summarization.
Preliminary design encompasses architectural drawings, material specifications, and soil data. Data
collection is essential for load calculations and determining the foundation piles needed. Initial design
calculations include determining the thickness of structural components of the tank, such as shell
plates, bottom plates, and roof plates, and analyzing the loading from stairs and fences on the tanks,
which are modeled as additional dead loads for planning purposes.
Structural modeling is carried out using the SAP2000 application, which offers templates for planning
tank structures, covering both the tank's main structure and the pile caps. The modeling phase
occurs prior to subjecting the tank to working loads and involves defining materials, establishing
section properties, and determining the structure's layout.

780
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

Structural loading within SAP2000 applications encompasses self-dead loads, additional dead loads,
and wind loads (Khalaf & Kumar, 2016; Sotiropoulos & Lagaros, 2020). Hydrostatic loads include
internal design loads, earthquake loads, and live loads on the roof. Self-dead loads are automatically
considered once material data is in the structural model. Structural loading also involves combining
different load cases. The main tank structure's loading combinations adhere to the guidelines
outlined in API 650, 13th Edition, while the underbuilding loading combinations follow SNI 1727-2020
standards.
Internal forces and the assessment of principal stress on structural components are used to
determine whether the stress on the plate elements remains within the allowable stress limits of the
material being used (Megson, 2019). Additionally, in-house documentation detailing connection
planning is available.
Connection planning for the main tank structure involves designing weld connections. Welding
connections encompass fillet and corner welds, and various stresses such as compression, tension,
and shear on the connected plates must be considered (Josefson et al., 2022).
The foundation's role is to verify whether the structural design meets the combined load capacity of
the supporting pillars. This includes planning the pile caps, conducting checks for sliding between
the pillars and pile caps and performing tests to ensure the tank does not slide against the pile caps.

Figure 3. Flowchart

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Preliminary Design
Preliminary Design of Shell Plate
In the initial planning for the main structure of the tank planned on the tank wall plate, two conditions
were present: design conditions and hydrostatic testing. The tank thickness took the largest value of
781
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

the two conditions that occurred, namely the thickness based on design conditions. The thickness
will be rounded to the nearest maximum number.
Table 1. Plate size for test conditions and thickness used
Plate Name Design Calculation Hydrostatic Test Thickness Used Stress
(mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa)
Shell Plate 1 17,349 7,619 18 78,793
Shell Plate 2 16,724 6,971 17 72,093
Shell Plate 3 16,099 6,323 17 65,393
Shell Plate 4 15,474 5,675 16 58,693
Shell Plate 5 14,849 5,027 15 51,993
Shell Plate 6 14,224 4,379 15 45,292
Shell Plate 7 13,599 3,732 14 38,592
Shell Plate 8 12,974 3,084 13 31,892
Shell Plate 9 12,350 2,436 13 25,192
Shell Plate 10 11,725 1,778 12 18,492
Shell Plate 11 11,100 1,140 12 11,792
Shell Plate 12 10,475 0,492 11 5,092

Plate 1 meets the limit below 193 MPa on the shell's maximum stress, allowing it to be used in the
next stage.
Preliminary Design of Bottom Plate
According to API 650, Section 5.5.3 regulates the thickness of the annular plate based on the first
layout of the wall plate and the allowance stress that occurs at the first arrangement of the wall plate.
The thickness obtained under design conditions was 18 mm, with a maximum stress due to the fluid
charged on the first course of 78,793 MPa, thus obtaining a minimum thickness of 6 mm and a
calculated corrosion allowance of 10 mm then thickness of the annular plate is 16 mm.
Preliminary Design of Roof Plate
The roof plate has a nominal thickness set in API 650 Section 5.10.2.2, which is 5 mm. At the tank,
it will be planned to have thick roof plates of 5 mm and a corrosion allowance of 10 mm. The amount
of thicker roof plates is 15 mm.

Figure 4. Tank Modeling in SAP2000

782
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

3.2. Structural Loading

Dead Load
The SAP2000 application has automatically calculated the dead load itself.
Additional Dead Load
Additional dead loads are the weight of the tank fence components operating as a centralized load
of 0.353 kN and the self-weight of the reservoir staircase components operating as a centralized
load of 1.678 kN.
Live Roof Load
The tank structure receives a living load on the roof plate of 20 lb/ft 2 or 1 kPa (1 kN/m2), where the
load is projected in the gravitational direction.
Hydrostatic Load
The hydrostatic load operating on the tank undergoes two loading conditions, namely hydrostatic
loading due to the fluid operating and hydrostatic load due to water filling:
Table 2. Hydrostatic load
Plate Load due to fluid filling load due to water filling
(kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Shell Plate 1 131,699 147,150
Shell Plate 2 120,724 134,888
Shell Plate 3 109,749 122,625
Shell Plate 4 98,774 110,363
Shell Plate 5 87,800 98,100
Shell Plate 6 76,825 85,838
Shell Plate 7 65,850 73,575
Shell Plate 8 54,875 61,313
Shell Plate 9 43,900 49,050
Shell Plate 10 32,925 36,788
Shell Plate 11 21,950 24,525
Shell Plate 12 10,975 12,263

Wind Load
Wind loads are operated using minimum wind loads according to SNI 1727-2020 until a minimum
wind load of 770 N/m2 is used.
Internal Pressure Load
The API 650 section 5.2.1 provides an internal pressure design load of 18 kPa (18 kN/m2).
Earthquake Load
The workload of the earthquake uses spectrum analysis design and planned dynamic earthquakes
(SNI 1726-2019).

783
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

Figure 5. Spectra of Response Designs Based on Calculation

3.3. Structural Analysis
The SAP 2000 application shows the stress output on the tank plate. The tank plate is subject to a
stress that operates on the surface dominantly in the direction of the S11, S22, and S12 stress both
on the front surface (top) and the rear surface (bottom) of the tank. From the stress that operates,
the S11 stress operates as an axis-directional everyday stress on the local coordinates of the plate,
the S22 stress functions as a y-axis everyday stress at the local coordinates of the plate, and the
S12 stress functions like a shear stress in the plate.
Further, from these three stresses, the principal stress of the SAP2000 application will be obtained
and calculated according to the concept of the principal stress used to test the stress working on the
structure. API 650 provides two limit stress permissions to see the behavior of the structure, namely
the design stress (Sd) of 193 MPa and the hydrostatic test (St) of 208 MPa.

Figure 6. Maximum principal stress on the top surface

The maximum principal stress that occurs on the top surface indicates that the maximum principal
stress that occurs is below the design stress (Sd) of 193 MPa and the hydrostatic test (St) of 208
MPa.

784
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

Figure 7. Maximum principal stress on the bottom surface

The maximum principal stress on the bottom surface indicates that the maximum principal stress is
below the design stress (Sd) of 193 MPa and the hydrostatic test (St) of 208 MPa.
3.4. Weld Connection
The inner style reaction on a plate element is one of the outputs of the SAP2000 application, and
the style reactions are F11, F22, F12, V13, and V23 styles used to calculate the strength of the
interplate connection. Butt welds for plates that are arranged vertically are on course 1 up to course
12, whereas butt welds for plates that are arranged horizontally are located on the base plate towards
the dome course. Butt welding using thick welded complete joint penetration. effective throat
thickness determination for thick, thin welds using the thicker, thinest plate connected.
Corner joints welded for the tank structure are found at the connections between the dome plates
assembled vertically and the meeting between the dome and the shell plate. The thickness of the
corner joint weld is determined based on the size of the weld's corner, the effective welding density,
and the welding length.
Table 3. Recapitulation for vertically arrange the plates and perform a buttweld
First Plate Second Plate Effective Throat
Course Thick (mm) Course Thick (mm) (mm)
Course 1 18 Course 2 17 17
Course 2 17 Course 3 17 17
Course 3 17 Course 4 16 16
Course 4 16 Course 5 15 15
Course 5 15 Course 6 15 15
Course 6 15 Course 7 14 14
Course 7 14 Course 8 13 13
Course 8 13 Course 9 13 13
Course 9 13 Course 10 12 12
Course 10 12 Course 11 12 12
Course 11 12 Course 12 11 11

785
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

Table 4. Recapitulation for horizontally arrange the plates and performing a buttweld
First Plate Second Plate Effective Throat
Course Thick (mm) Course Thick (mm) (mm)
Course 1 18 Course 1 18 18
Course 2 17 Course 2 17 17
Course 3 17 Course 3 17 17
Course 4 16 Course 4 16 16
Course 5 15 Course 5 15 15
Course 6 15 Course 6 15 15
Course 7 14 Course 7 14 14
Course 8 13 Course 8 13 13
Course 9 13 Course 9 13 13
Course 10 12 Course 10 12 12
Course 11 12 Course 11 12 12
Course 12 11 Course 12 11 11
Dome 1 15 Dome 1 15 15
Dome 2 15 Dome 2 15 15
Dome 3 15 Dome 3 15 15
Dome 4 15 Dome 4 15 15
Bottom Plate 16 Bottom Plate 16 16

Table 5. Recapitulation for horizontally arrange the plates and performing a buttweld
First Plate Second Plate w te Lw
Course Thick (mm) Course Thick (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Course 1 18 Bottom Plate 16 12 8,484 1000
Dome 1 15 Dome 2 15 12 8,484 1000
Dome 2 15 Dome 3 15 12 8,484 1000
Dome 3 15 Dome 4 15 12 8,484 1000
Course 12 11 Dome 1 15 10 7,07 1000

3.5. Foundation and Pile caps (Pile Cap)

The foundation has been designed with a 28-meter-deep pile consisting of 215 pins. This
arrangement is sufficient to support the load exerted by the tank's weight. Each pin is a 20x20-cm
square minipile, and the design process incorporates data from the Standard Penetration Test (SPT).
The foundation is engineered to counteract the hydrostatic load resulting from the water in the tank,
which creates a gravitational load on the structure.
The funding plan includes assessments for potential sliding between the pillars and pile caps and
between the tank and pile caps. The foundation design follows the Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
methodology.
The modeling of pile caps differs slightly from that of the main structure. In SAP2000 applications,
pile caps are represented as solid elements capable of withstanding combined loading, producing
principal stresses. The maximum principal stress is then converted into bending moments. The
design of pile caps utilizes a combination of Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles
outlined in SNI 1727-2020 to calculate the required reinforcement for solidity. Transverse and
longitudinal reinforcement in both x and y directions, using D32–300 mm bars, are employed to

786
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

withstand positive and negative moments.

4. Conclusion
The design process for a 5000 KL Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Tank using steel plates embodies a
comprehensive approach that integrates advanced engineering principles to prioritize safety,
durability, and efficiency. Given Indonesia's prominent global crude palm oil producer position,
developing robust storage solutions is imperative. This project adheres to the API 650 13th Edition
standard and applies plate theory, including the Kirchoff-Love theory, to engineer a structurally
resilient tank capable of withstanding diverse operational and environmental loads.
The meticulous planning of plate thickness, weld designs, and foundation considerations reflects a
dedication to optimizing structural integrity while effectively managing costs. Using ASTM A573M
Grade 485 steel for plates and strategic foundation design on soft ground underscores the requisite
attention to detail for successful execution. Furthermore, sophisticated software applications such
as SAP2000 facilitate precise structural modeling, loading analysis, and stress assessments.
Ultimately, this research offers a blueprint for constructing a dependable and cost-efficient storage
facility tailored to the specific needs of Indonesia's palm oil industry. This study enhances safety and
efficiency within the palm oil sector by leveraging empirical data, theoretical calculations, and
industry standards, ensuring this vital commodity's secure storage and distribution.
5. Acknowledgement
First, I am very grateful to Erwin Sutandar, S.T., M.T. Aryanto, S.-T. M. T., M-Yusuf, S.T., and Ir.
Elvira, M.T., Ph.D., IPM, who has given advice and knowledge in the guidance process, the proposal
seminars, as well as on my final thesis day, so that this design produces works that can be useful
as a reference to me and readers in the design of storage tanks. I would also like to thank the people
and friends around me who have been so influential in working on this thesis. Finally, I would also
like to thank the Jurnal Teknik Sipil UNTAN (JTS) Team for being willing to publish the results of this
design so that it can be a valuable reference for everyone, especially in the design of the tank
structure.
6. Author’s Note
The author declares that the article presented in this journal is completely original and not the result
of plagiarism and reflects the author's ideas and efforts, which are developed independently based
on theories and literature cited from various writings that are in accordance with the theme of
discussion and have been included in the bibliography in this article. Thus, the author is fully
responsible for the article entitled Design of a 5000 KL Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Tank with Steel Plates.
7. References
Ahmed, Y., Yaakob, Z., Akhtar, P., & Sopian, K. (2015). Production of Biogas and Performance
Evaluation of Existing Treatment Processes in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, p.1260–1278.
Al-Hokabi, A., Hasan, M., Amran, M., Fediuk, R., Vatin, N. I., & Klyuev, S. (2021). Improving the
Early Properties of Treated Soft Kaolin Clay with Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Gypsum.
Sustainability, 13(19), 10910.
API Standard 650. (2020). Welded Tanks for Oil Storage. Thirteenth Edition. American etroleum
Institute.
Arif, M., H & Mochtar, I. B. (2015). Perencanaan Pondasi Rakit dan Pondasi Tiang Dengan
Memperhatikan Differential Settlement ”Studi Kasus Gedung Fasilitas Umum
Pendidikan Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya (UNTAG)”. JURNAL TEKNIK ITS, 4(1),
35-39.
Asako, Y., Basharie, S. M., Mohamed, S. B., Sidik, N. A. C., & Yusof, S. N. A. (2020).
Characterization of Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Corn Oil and Waste Cooking Oil for Biodiesel
Production. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 86(2),
136-146.
787
Atmadja et al., 2024. Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 24, No. 1, February 2024

David Müzel, S., Bonhin, E. P., Guimarães, N. M., & Guidi, E. S. (2020). Application of the Finite
Element Method in the Analysis of Composite Materials: A Review. Polymers, 12(4), 818.
Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. (2020). Statistik
Perkebunan Unggulan Nasional. Sekretariat Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Direktorat
Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian.
Edo, G. I., Makinde, M. G., Nwosu, L. C., Ozgor, E., & Akhayere, E. (2022). Physicochemical and
Pharmacological Properties of Palm Oil: An Approach for Quality, Safety, and Nutrition
Evaluation of Palm Oil. Food Analytical Methods, 15(8), 2290–2305.
Fogang, V. (2021). Kirchhoff-Love Plate Theory: First-Order Analysis, Second-Order Analysis,
Plate Buckling Analysis, and Vibration Analysis Using the Finite Difference Method.
Givari, A. F., Kharisma A. A., & Yudo, H. (2021). Desain dan Analisis Kekuatan Tangki Fire Water
Storage Tank Tipe Fix Cone Roof Kapasitas 1500 KL Dengan Perhitungan Aktual dan
Simulasi Software. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi dan Rekayasa, 26(1), 69-78.
Hadiguna, R. A., & Tjahjono, B. (2017). A Framework for Managing Sustainable Palm Oil Supply
Chain Operations: a Case of Indonesia. Production Planning & Control, 28(13), 1093-1106.
Idris, M. (2023, May). Comparison of Water Storage Tank Design using API 650 and AWWA
D100 Standard. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2592, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
Josefson, L., Anyfantis, K., Pinheiro, B. D. C., Chen, B. Q., Dong, P., Ferrari, N., ... & Zamarin, A.
(2022, September). Committee V. 3: Materials and Fabrication Technology. In International
Ship and Offshore Structures Congress (p. D011S001R004). SNAME.
Khalaf, H. M., & Kumar, K. S. (2016). Analysis and Design of Multi Storied Building for Vertical
and Horizontal Loading with and Without Dampers using SAP2000. Int. J. Sci. Eng.
Technol. Res, 5(10), 2079-2089.
Lutkiewicz, P., Robertson, D., & Lee, S. (2020, August). Subsea Flanges, Comparison Between
Conventional API 6A Type 6BX Flange and SPO Compact Flange Designs. In Pressure
Vessels and Piping Conference (Vol. 83853, p. V005T05A003). American Society of
Mechanical Engineers.
Megson, T. H. G. (2019). Structural and Stress Analysis. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Sotiropoulos, S., & Lagaros, N. D. (2020). Topology Optimization of Framed Structures using
SAP2000. Procedia Manufacturing, 44, 68-75.

788