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Com Syllabus wise Notes

22nd February 2020 By INDIAFREENOTES

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Quality control (QC) is a process through which a

business seeks to ensure that product quality is
maintained or improved. Quality control requires the
business to create an environment in which both
management and employees strive for perfection.
This is done by training personnel, creating
benchmarks for product quality and testing products
to check for statistically significant variations.

A major aspect of quality control is the establishment

of well-defined controls. These controls help
standardize both production and reactions to quality
issues. Limiting room for error by specifying which
production activities are to be completed by which
personnel reduces the chance that employees will be
involved in tasks for which they do not have adequate
training.

Meaning and Importance

Present era is the ‘Era of Quality’. In this age of cut-

throat competition and large scale production, only
that manufacturer can survive who supplies better
quality goods and renders service to-the consumers.
In fact quality control has become major
consideration before establishing an industrial
undertaking. Proper quality control ensures most
e!ective utilization of available resources and
reduction in cost of production.

The word quality control comprises of two words viz.,

quality and control. It would be appropriate to explain
these two words separately to understand clearly the
meaning of quality control.

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According to Dr. W.K. Spriegel “The quality of a

product may be defined as the sum of a number of
related characteristics such as shape, dimension,
composition, strength, workmanship, adjustment,
finish and colour”.

In the words of John D. McIIellan, “Quality is the

degree to which a product conforms to specifications
and workmanship standards”.

It is clear from these definitions that quality refers to

various characteristics of a product and their
excellence. Quality is a relative term and is never
absolute depending upon the use of the product and
circumstances under which it is used.

To achieve and maintain a satisfactory level of quality

of products is a very di"cult task.

It involves many steps to be undertaken viz:

(a) Product must possess a minimum level of quality

so that it could be easily sold in the market.

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(b) In order to measure quality, accurate standard

measurements must be established.

(c) Reasonable deviation from the pre-determined

standards must be determined.

‘(d) Satisfactory level of quality must be achieved with

a minimum cost.

Control refers to the use of all the ways and means

whereby quality standards could be maintained.
Control precisely aims at bringing the product up to
predetermined standards by minimising deviations
from established and present standards.

According to Henry Fayol, “Control consists in

verifying whether everything occurs in conformity
with the plan adopted, the instructions issued and
principles established. It has objected to point out
weaknesses and errors in order to rectify them and
prevent recurrence. It operates on everything things,
people, actions”.

In the words of Theo Haimann, “control is the process

of checking to determine whether or not, proper
progress is being made towards the objectives and
goals and acting if necessary to correct any
deviation”.

From the above mentioned definitions, it is clear that

a good control system should be such which suggests
corrective remedies so that negative deviations may
not re-occur in future. The scope of the term ‘control’
is wider, including not only product to be produced
but also extending to workmen and their methods of
operations.

Objectives of quality control

Following are the important objectives of quality

control:

1. To establish the desired quality standards

which are acceptable to the customers?
2. To discover flaws or variations in the raw
materials and the manufacturing processes
in order to ensure smooth and uninterrupted
production.
3. To evaluate the methods and processes of
production and suggest further
improvements in their functioning.
4. To study and determine the extent of quality
deviation in a product during the
manufacturing process.
5. To analyze in detail the causes responsible for
such deviation.
6. To undertake such steps which are helpful in
achieving the desired quality of the product.

Quality Control Tools

There are many approaches to quality control. The

type you use depends on your specific product and
should be determined before any quality control
inspection begins. There are seven primary quality
control tools which include:

At its most basic, quality control requires you

to check o! a list of items that are imperative
to manufacture and sell your product.
Fishbone diagram. This visual is helpful for
determining what causes a specific problem,
be it materials, machines, methods or
manpower.
Control chart. This helps you see how
processes historically change using controls.
The chart helps you find and correct
problems as they happen, predict a range of
outcomes and analyze variations.
Instead of looking at all factors together,
stratification separates data so you can
identify patterns and specific problem areas.
Pareto chart. This type of bar chart provides a
visual analysis of problems and causes so you
can focus on the most significant issues.
A common graph that uses bars to identifies
frequency distributions that indicate how
often defects occur.
Scatter Diagram. Plotting information along
two axes on this graph can help visually
identify relationships between variables.

A quality control inspector uses one or more of the

available tools or methods to do a complete analysis
of a product or service to determine where
improvements can be made. An inspector typically
gets training to know what method to use and how to
properly use it.

Internal vs. External Quality Control

Depending on the product you manufacture and sell,

you may opt for internal or external quality control
inspections. If you establish an in-house protocol to
check your system, this is called internal quality
control. It can range from routine checking of
equipment, having a coworker go over another
employee’s data analysis or running standards and
controls on a regular basis. It is generally up to
management to decide if internal quality control
measures are reliable and performed as needed.

When products or data are sent to an outside business

not a"liated with your company, this is external
control. One example of external control is in food
production. A food company may routinely analyze
the nutritional value or shelf life of a food item it
produces in its own lab, but to verify the results, the
same food item will also be sent to an outside lab. This
verification by a third party is important to obtain
Food and Drug Administration labeling and to prove to
the FDA that the food company’s production methods
are sound.

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