Not

e
Fuse

Fuseisadevicesusedinanel
ectr
ical
cir
cui
tforpr
otect
ingel
ect
ri
cal
equi
pmentagai
nst
over
loadsand/orshor
t-
cir
cui
ts.

Oper
ati
on

Theacti
onofafuseisbasedupontheheat
ingef
fectoft
heelect
ri
ccurrent
.Dur
ingov
erl
oadsor
short
ci
rcui
tsthef
usegetsheateduptomelt
ingpoi
ntduetoexcessi
vecur
rentandbr
eakstheci
rcui
t.

Funct
ion

Thefunct
ionofafusewir
eis1)Tocarrythenormalworki
ngcur
rentsaf
elywi
thoutheat
ingand
2)Tobreaktheci
rcui
twhencurr
entexceedstheli
mit
ingcurr
ent
.

 Copperorl
ead-
ti
nal
l
oyi
sthecommonmat
eri
alusedi
nfuses.
 av
erager
esi
stanceofahumanbodyi
sAbout1,
000Ω
 Gener
all
yaccept
edl
ethal
cur
rentf
orhumanbei
ngi
s50mA.
Wi
resandcabl
es

Singleconduct
or,
maybebareorcov
eredwi
thi
nsul
ati
oni
scal
l
edt
hewi
rewhi
l
esev
eral
wir
es
stranded
togetheri
scall
edthecabl
e.

 Theconduct
oriscov
eredwit
hinsul
ati
ngmat
eri
alsoast
opr
eventl
eakageof
cur
rentf
rom t
heconduct
or.
Pr
oper
ti
esoft
hei
nsul
ati
ngmat
eri
al

Lightresi
sti
vi
ty,
highflexi
bil
i
ty,
highdielect
ri
cstrengt
h,non-
inf
lammabil
i
ty,hi
ghl
yresi
sti
vet
o
moi st
ure,aci
dsoralkali
esandcapabili
tytowit
hstandhighr
upturi
ngvol
tageandhigh
temper at
urewit
houtmuchdet eri
orat
ion.

Nuet
ral
andgr
oundl
i
nes
Neutr
ali
sret
urnpat
hforacur
rentci
rcui
twhi
chi
ssupposedt
ocar
rycur
renti
nnor
mal
condi
ti
on.

EarthorGroundi sf
orsaf
etyconcer nsagainstleakageorresidualcurr
entsont hesystem vi
a
l
eastresist
ancepath.Whil
ephaseandneut rali
sconnectedt omai npowerwi ri
ng,eart
hmaybe
connectedtobodyofequipmentort oanysy st
em whi chi
nnor malcondit
iondoesn’tcarry
curr
entbutincaseofsomei nsulat
ionf ai
l
ure,i
ssupposedt ocar rysomemi norcurrent.Butt
his
l
eakagecur renti
sgoodenought okill
someoneormayr i
skfire.Suchcurrentarebeingprovi
ded
alowresistancepat
handsentt oear t
hv i
aearthwi r
e.

1|
Page
 Ty
pesofswi
tches
Mechani
calSwit
chescanbecat egor
iesonthebasisoftheiroper
ati
on:
SPST(Si
nglePoleSi
ngleThrough)
Thi
sisasimpleON/OFFswitch.Iti
salsocall
edasOnWaySwi t
ch(i
ntheUS,theycall
edi
tTwo-
WaySwitch)
.Whenauserpr essthebutt
onoft heswit
ch,thenthepl
atesoft
heswi t
chconnect
wit
heachotherandthecurr
entstart
stoflowandv i
ceversa.

SPST(
Singl
ePol
eSi
ngl
eThr
ough)Swi
tch

SPDT( Si
ngl ePol eDoubl eThrow)
Thisbuttonhast hreepi nsinwhich,onepini
susedascommonandcal l
edaTwo-WaySwitch.
Wecansendt wodi fferentsignal
stosamepi nbyusingt
hisswi
tch.Becauseoft
his
funct
ionality,t
hisswi tchisalsocall
edselect
orswit
ch.
Otherswit chesrelatedt oSPDTar eSPCO( Si
nglePol
eChangeover)andSPTT(Si
nglePol
e
CenterOf forSinglePol eTr i
pleThrow)

SPDT(Singl
ePoleDoubl
eThrow)Switch
DPST( Doubl
ePole,Si
ngleThrow)
Thisswit
chisbasical
l
yt woSPSTswi t
chesi
nonepackageandcanbeoperatedbyasi
ngl
e
l
ever.Thisswi
tchismost l
yused,wher
ewehav etobreakbot
hgroundandl
inesatt
hesame
ti
me.

DPST(
Doubl
ePol
e,Si
ngl
eThr
ow)Swi
tch

I
nter
medi
ate/
fourwayswi
tch/DPDT
Int
ermediat
eswitchhastwopossi
blecont
actpositi
ons(f
igur
es(
a)and(b)
.Thecontact
sas
showninf i
gur
e(a)connectwir
eawit
hdandwi rebwi t
hc.Whent
heswit
chisoperat
edtothe
posit
ionasshowni nfi
gure(b)
,wi
reaisconnectedwithwir
ecandwir
ebi sconnect
edwith
wired.

2|
Page
 Ser
iesandpar
all
elconnect
ionoft
wol
amps
Assumet
hat40W and60W ar
econnect
ed:

a)I
nser
ies_
__bul
bwi
l
lgl
owbr
ight
eras
2
P=V*
I(P =power
) P=IR(
V=I
*R)
--
--
 cur
renti
sthesamei
nbot
hlamps.

b)I
npar
all
el_
___
_W wi
l
lgl
owbr
ight
eras

P=V*
I P=V2/
R (I=V/
R)-
--
vol
tagei
sthesamei
nbot
hlamps.

Why
???
???
???
???
??
Li
ght
s(Load)connect
edi
nPar
all
el

Anel
ect
ri
call
oadi
sadev
iceorequi
pmentt
hatconsumesel
ect
ri
calPower
.Par
all
elconnect
ioni
sthe
mostcommonl
ysy
stem ofpr
ovi
dingconnect
ionst
othel
i
ght
ingandot
herequi
pmenti
nthehousewi
ri
ng
whennumberofpoi
ntst
obesuppl
i
edwi
thcur
rentar
emor
ethanone.I
nthi
sci
rcui
t,eachpower
consumi
ngequi
pment(
i.
e.bul
bs,
heat
er,bel
l
,room cool
erhav
ethei
rindi
vi
dualconnect
iont
othel
i
neand
assuch,eachl
i
ghtorot
herpowerconsumi
ngi
sconnect
edt
oli
vewi
re(
orcur
rentcar
ryi
ngwi
re)and
neut
ral
wir
e.

Li
ght
s(Load)connect
edi
nSer
ies

Thi
ssy
stem i
susual
l
yusedf
ordecor
ati
vel
i
ght
ingwher
emanyl
i
ght
sar
econnect
edi
nser
iesand
connect
edbyoneswi
tch.I
nthi
sci
rcui
t,t
hev
ari
ousl
oadpoi
ntsmi
ghtdr
opdi
ff
erentv
olt
ageacr
oss
t
hemsel
ves.Dependi
ngont
her
ati
ngofl
i
ght
ingl
oadst
hel
i
ght
smi
ghtnotpr
oduceenoughbr
ight
ness.
Thi
sisduet
othebul
bsar
edesi
gnedt
opr
oducesuf
fi
ci
entbr
ight
nessatt
hei
rrat
edv
olt
age.

Themaj ordisadv
ant
agei
nseriesconnect
edsyst
em ofwi
ri
ngisthati
fonel
ightgoesoff,al
ll
ightsand
otherequipmentint
heci
rcui
twil
lgooffasthefl
owofcur
rentf
rom onepoi
nttotheotherisstopped.

3|
Page
Ther
ear
ethr
eecommonl
yusedel
ect
ri
caldi
agr
ams.Namel
y,

1. Wi
ri
ngdi
agr
am:t
hedi
agr
am showi
ngpr
act
icali
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heschemat
ic di
agr
am wi
th
connect
ionsact
ual
l
ymadet
otheel
ect
ri
calpoi
nts.

2. Schemat
icdi
agr
am:t
hisal
socal
l
edci
rcui
tdi
agr
am.Thi
sisanexpl
anat
ory di
agr
am
i
ntendedt
ofaci
l
itat
etheunder
standi
ngoft
hedet
ail
soft
heci
rcui
t.Thedi
agr
am i
sdr
awni
nsuch
awayi
tpr
ovi
descl
earconnect
ionst
oel
ect
ri
calpoi
ntsandt
heyar
eeasi
l
yfol
l
owed.Usual
l
y,
schemat
icdi
agr
am i
sdr
awnwhi
l
edesi
gni
ngel
ect
ri
cci
rcui
t.

3. Si
ngl
eli
nedi
agr
am:t
hisi
ssi
mpl
yashor
thandr
epr
esent
ati
onofwi
ri
ngdi
agr
am.

1.Thr
eel
i
ghtpoi
ntseachwi
thonewayswi
tchar
etobewi
red.Swi
tchesar
etobe
pr
ovi
dedi
ndi
ff
erentpl
aces.Dr
awt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

(
a)Schemat
icdi
agr
am.

(
b)Wi
ri
ngdi
agr
am

(
c)Si
ngl
eli
nedi
agr
am

Sol
uti
on

Wi
ri
ngdi
agr
am

4|
Page
Schemat
icdi
agr
am

5|
Page
Si
ngl
eli
nedi
agr
am

2.Onel
i
ghtpoi
nti
stobecont
rol
l
edbyt
woswi
tchespl
acedatt
wodi
ff
erentpl
aces
sot
hatt
hel
i
ghtcanbeswi
tchedonandof
fbyei
therswi
tch.Thi
sty
peofcont
rol
ofl
ampsi
sof
tenusedi
nst
air
casel
i
ght
ingwher
eiti
snecessar
ythatt
heper
son
goi
ngupt
hest
air
sshoul
dbeabl
etoswi
tchonandaf
terr
eachi
ngupst
air
s
shoul
dbeabl
etoswi
tchof
fthel
amp.Si
mil
arl
yal
sof
ort
heper
sonwhowant
sto
comedown.Dr
awt
heschemat
icandwi
ri
ngdi
agr
am.

6|
Page
Sol
uti
on

Wi
ri
ngdi
agr
am

7|
Page
Schemat
icdi
agr
am

3.Oneli
ghtpointi
stobeswi t
chedonandoffbyanyoft
hethr
eeswi
tchespl
acedat
t
hreedif
fer
entposit
ions.Dr
awt heschemat
icdi
agr
am andt
hewir
ing.
Sol
uti
on

Schemat
icdi
agr
am

8|
Page
Wi
ri
ngdi
agr
am

9|
Page
 4.Drawaschemat i
candwi r
ingdi agr
am forali
ghtci r
cuiti
nal ongcorri
dorwhi ch
meet sthefollowi
ngr equir
ement s:
Whenaper sonentersthecorri
dorfrom one
endhecanputonl ightlbyswi tch1.Whenher eachesswi t
ch2hecanoper at ei
t
toputof fli
ght1andsi mul taneouslyputonlight2.Simil
arlywhenheoper ates
switch3hecanputof fli
ght2andsi mult
aneouslyputonl i
ght3.Whenhe
reachest heendoft hecorridorandoper at
est helastswit
ch4t helastli
ght3i s
switchedof f
.Whengoi ngthrought hecorr
idorinthereversedir
ecti
ont hewhol e
procedurecanber epeatedi ntherever
semanner .
Drawthewi ri
ngandschemat i
c
diagram fortheabov e.

Sol
uti
on

Wi
ri
ngdi
agr
am

10|
Page
Schemat
icdi
agr
am

11|
Page
Whyswi
tchesi
nphasel
i
neonl
y?

12|
Page