an di + Az + As +...

if =
L
geometric series
=
=

(multiplyina
n= 1

b
+
an a , un LERR then the series is
Convergent
=

* if the series + 0
,
the series is
divergent

zu or like => 5, 5/2 , 5 , 5/8. . .

3 + 6 + 12 + 2u+ ...
5 + 5/2 + 5/u + 58 +...
+

An = 3(2)n
+
an = 5(1/2)n

*S
mometric
sequence
Ex : call

An air"
=
or bn born
=
An 3, 6 , 12, 24
=
...

↑
starts at n 0
: 31
=

starting at =1

an F bn
(90)

br 3, 6 , 12 , 24
=
...

starting at no - # 312)"
n0
=

A ratio of
geometric sequence with a r.

D if Irk 1 the
geometric series -
diverges
, =>

② if Irk/ => the

geometric series
converges
to the sum

armrt
s

*
n =/

* Fo dorn

geometric series test

-

if the series is
geometric , then

D
diverges if Irk ,
②
converges if Irk) and
converges to
t
 Ex "
u geometric
>
- state whether is a
n= 1

Irl =
↓
and <, the series
Series converges .

Ex2 :

* (1 12
.

1 1 1 1 21 >
- Since 11.1)"
geometric series,
,
.

,
.
...
is a
n=
0

V= 1 1 .
and Irl =
1 1
.

,1 ,
the series diverges .

Ex3

: 2
1
↓
↓
er , es

He i
v= :

converges

4)
I d)()" e'F()"
verges
(rl 3/23/
=

&diverges
n0 =

↑
312 , 94 , 2%,
3 , 3 4 5
, 1 v= 3/2

1/2
v=
converges

Ex4 : write / O25 .

as a
geometric series and express its value as a fraction.

H +... :.
It

Ex5 : " ... 5+

5( ) 5))2 + +
5)xx)3
a) is it a
geometric series ? Yes .
b) determine the x values for which the series
converges

-
-
8(x + 28

=
x(6
 Telescoping Series have the form : ( not in the AP exam)

(b, bz)-

n= 1
+
(bz-bz) (hz-b +

Sn =
b, -

but

only if) but finite

IFF (if and
a telescoping series
converges as new

S = b,
-im
buti

Eit =
test for convergence/divergence (for geometric series ONLY

Irl-1 , converges to t
Irk 1 , diverges
(an
if a series
converges , thenlim
An-0
di + Az+ Ast--

ni"term test for DiVERGENCE.

* if lim
n5g
anto the
an Diverges * if line an o >
-
>
-
inconclusive

L
&

T/ ↑
Ai + Az+ Az + An +... he will need OTHER .
test

an = 3 3 + 3+ 3+ 3 ...

Ex :
=

0 m
im
3 O
then dierge
conclusive
, in
-

try another test

Ex : Ex :
by the nth term
*
by 1th
the term *

im lim
= 1 +0
test , t
diverges
 the integral test
- if f(x) is G positive ② continuous
, , and ⑤
decreasing for Xm mEN

and An =
f(x) then

an andfixdx ,
either both
converge , or
diverge or

Exi
f(x)
#n = decreasing
* is continuous and
positive , , .

f(x) S -
-
I starting from h =3 is pos.
Inisexlyn check deriu.

j #(n)
(nn)(1) -

in
im j Jud
1 = Inn

~ n =0

im , *
by the
integral test , h diverges .

im (a)

-series
test

ap[1 div

T
.: .

1 <P .. CONV
.

direct comparison test

Example ..
is geometric
let OL9nIbn for all n. With OLV = /311 and in

convergetheanalsoconges
n=

-it by the geometric

converges
series test
.
↓
zen N
*
by the direct comparison

test, t also converges

 b) t
t n is
convergent by the -see
test , P =
2)

:.
is direct
is also convergent by the

comparison test
.

C
i

is theharmonicserieswhihis divergent bSee

6) pickthraia les

unt

is convergent by p-series test ,

P= 2.

:
by the direct comparison
testants is also
convergent

limit comparison test

T, e,
* used if comparison doesn't work

if An > O , bn30 , take An and another SIMILAR series that we know

Dr
meaning :

,lim ,
where Lis positive and finite then An and
,
b behave the same
a

X the test fails when it's equal to an irrational number, such as

i e , too , etc.
,

a) is &n diverges by harmonic series

Since
* I
n=1
is
divergent

3
im Sensaet
b the Harmonic
-
lime im
the limit comparison theorem
by

b)
* *
Since
- is
convergent by the

* p-series test with p 21

=

,
and

immisposin
a

te St is
convergent by
also the
Limit comparison theorem
.
S
i * converges by p-series
Since

hmm
p = 2) 1 .

:
S also
converges by
the limit comparison test
.

AST

1) n3 + 1 an an
(n+ 113 + 1

↑
↓

f(x) = for x +
f(x) =
m
+ 1)(2x)
x2(3x2)
y -
for 2 the terms
are decreasing in magnitude
.

(x2+ 1)2

?
When is fix -o
im = 0

2xn + 2x
-
2(xy+1) -
3x410
X= 0 ,
-" + 2x10

#I
is convergent by
-x(x3 2)20 -

the alternative series .

test