Page 1 of 72

Unit-VI Z- Transform
Definition

The Z-transform of a sequence {𝑓 (𝑛)} where is denoted as 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] and is defined as

𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹 (𝑧) = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛

𝑓(𝑛)
OR 𝑍[𝑓 (𝑛)] = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

Where z is a complex number

Z is an operator of z-Transform

𝐹(𝑧) is the z-transform of {𝑓 (𝑛)}

Note: The symbol is used to denote the term in zero position.

Ex1. Find 𝒁[𝒇(𝒏)] if 𝒇(𝒏) = {𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟎 , 𝟕 , 𝟒 , 𝟏 , −𝟏 , 𝟎 , 𝟑 , 𝟔}

Ans: Given, 𝑓 (𝑛) = {15, 10 , 7 , 4 , 1 , −1 , 0 , 3 , 6} ………. (1)

Here −3 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑛 = −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4,5

We know that Z-transform of 𝑓 (𝑛) is given by

𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑5𝑛=−3 𝑧𝑛

𝑓(−3) 𝑓(−2) 𝑓(−1) 𝑓(0) 𝑓(1) 𝑓(2) 𝑓(3) 𝑓(4) 𝑓(5)

𝑍[𝑓 (𝑛)] = + + + + + + + +
𝑧 −3 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −1 𝑧0 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑧4 𝑧5

15 10 7 4 1 (−1) 0 3 6
𝑍[𝑓 (𝑛)] = 𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 0 + 𝑧 1 + + 𝑧3 + 𝑧4 + 𝑧5
𝑧2

4 1 1 3 6 1
𝑍[𝑓 (𝑛)] = 15z 3 + 10z 2 + 7z + 1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 2 + 0 + 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 5 {∵ = 𝑎𝑝 , 𝑎0 = 1}
𝑎 −𝑝

1 1 3 6
𝑍[𝑓 (𝑛)] = 15z 3 + 10z 2 + 7z + 4 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 5

Page 2 of 72
 𝟏
Ex2. If 𝒇(𝒌) = 𝟑𝒌 , −𝟒 ≤ 𝒌 ≤ 𝟑 find 𝒁[𝒇(𝒌)]

1
Ans: Given, 𝑓 (𝑘) = 3𝑘 , −4 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 3 ………..(1)

We know that Z-transform of 𝑓 (𝑛) is given by

𝑓(𝑘)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑘

𝑓(𝑘)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = ∑3𝑛=−4 𝑧𝑘

1
3𝑘
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = ∑3𝑛=−4 𝑧𝑘

1
1 1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = ∑3𝑛=−4 {∵ 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑏}
3𝑘 𝑧 𝑘 𝑏

1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = ∑3𝑛=−4 {𝑎𝑘 𝑏𝑘 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑘 }
(3z)k

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑍[𝑓 (𝑘)] = (3z)−4 + (3z)−3 + (3z)−2 + (3z)−1 + (3z)0 + (3z)1 + (3z)2 + (3z)3

1 1 1 1 1
𝑍[𝑓 (𝑘)] = (3z)4 + (3z)3 + (3z)2 + (3z)1 + + + + {∵ = 𝑎𝑝 , 𝑎0 = 1}
1 (3z)1 (3z)2 (3z)3 𝑎 −𝑝

1 1 1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = 81z 4 + 27z 3 + 9z 2 + 3z + 1 + 3z + 9z2 + 27z3

Note: (i) 𝑛 ≥ 0 means 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4, … , ∞

(ii) 𝑛 ≤ 0 means 𝑛 = −∞, … , −3, −2, −1,0

(iii) 𝑛 > 0 means 𝑛 = 1,2,3,4, … , ∞

(iv) 𝑛 < 0 means 𝑛 = −∞, … , −3, −2, −1

𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
(v) 𝑏𝑛 = (𝑏 ) , (𝑏 ) = (𝑎 )

Geometric series

We say that the series 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ is in geometric if

𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑎𝑟 3
= = =⋯=𝑟
𝑎 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟 2

Where 𝑎 = first term of the series, 𝑟 = common ratio

𝑎
Its sum = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

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And the series converges when |𝑟| < 1

Modulus of a number 𝐱:

Modulus of a number x is denoted |x| and is defined as

|x| = x , x ≥ 0

= −x , x < 0
𝑎
𝑐 𝑎
Note: 𝑏 =𝑏
𝑐

Z-transform of elementary functions

Ex1. Find: 𝒁[𝒂𝒏 ] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find out 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

Let, 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

We know that
𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

𝑎𝑛
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛

𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( 𝑧 ) [∵ = (𝑏 ) ]
𝑏𝑛

𝑎 0 𝑎 1 𝑎 2 𝑎 3
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 ] = ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯

𝑎 1 𝑎 2 𝑎 3
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 ] = 1 + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ { ∵ 𝑎 0 = 1}

𝑎
This is geometric series whose sum = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

𝑎
Here 𝑎 = First term of the series = 1 , 𝑟 = common ratio = 𝑧

𝑎
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

1 𝑎
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 ] = 𝑎 , |𝑧 | < 1
1−
𝑧

1
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 ] = 1 𝑎
−
1 𝑧

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 1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 ] = 𝑧−𝑎 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑧

𝑧 1 𝑏
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = 𝑧−𝑎 {∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎}
𝑏

Ex2. Find z-transform of the sequence {𝟐𝒏 }, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find out 𝑍[2𝑛 ] , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

Let, 𝑓 (𝑛) = 2𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

We know that
𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

2𝑛
𝑍[2𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛

2 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[2𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑧 ) [∵ = (𝑏 ) ]
𝑏𝑛

2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3
𝑍 [ 2𝑛 ] = ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯

2 1 2 2 2 3
𝑍 [ 2𝑛 ] = 1 + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ { ∵ 𝑎 0 = 1}

𝑎
This is geometric series whose sum = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

2
Here 𝑎 = First term of the series = 1 , 𝑟 = common ratio = 𝑧

𝑎
𝑍[2𝑛 ] = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

1 2
𝑍 [ 2𝑛 ] = 2 , |𝑧 | < 1
1−
𝑧

1
𝑍 [ 2𝑛 ] = 1 2
−
1 𝑧

1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍 [ 2𝑛 ] = 𝑧−2 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑧

𝑧 1 𝑏
𝑍[2𝑛 ] = 𝑧−2 {∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎}
𝑏

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 𝟏 𝒏
Ex3. Find: 𝒁 [(𝟑) ] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

1 𝑛
Ans: We have to find out 𝑍 [(3) ] , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

1 𝑛
Let, 𝑓 (𝑛) = (3) , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

We know that
𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

1 𝑛
1 𝑛 ( )
𝑍 [(3) ] = ∑∞ 3
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛

1 𝑛
1 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍 [( ) ] = ∑∞ 3
𝑛=0 ( ) [∵ =( ) ]
3 𝑧 𝑏𝑛 𝑏

1
1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1
𝑍 [(3) ] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (3𝑧 ) {∵ 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑏}
𝑏

1 𝑛 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3
𝑍 [(3) ] = (3𝑧) + (3𝑧) + (3𝑧 ) + (3𝑧) + ⋯

1 𝑛 1 1 1 2 1 3
𝑍 [(3) ] = 1 + (3𝑧) + (3𝑧) + (3𝑧) + ⋯ {∵ 𝑎0 = 1}

𝑎
This is geometric series whose sum = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

1
Here 𝑎 = First term of the series = 1 , 𝑟 = common ratio = 3𝑧

1 𝑛 𝑎
𝑍 [(3) ] = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

1 𝑛 1 2
𝑍 [(3) ] = 1 , |𝑧 | < 1
1−
3𝑧

1 𝑛 1
𝑍 [(3) ] = 1 1
−
1 3𝑧

1 𝑛 1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍 [(3) ] = 3𝑧−1 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
3𝑧

1 𝑛 3𝑧 1 𝑏
𝑍 [(3) ] = 3𝑧−1 {∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎}
𝑏

Page 6 of 72
Ex4. Find: 𝒁[𝟏] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find out 𝑍[1] , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

Let, 𝑓 (𝑛) = 1, 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

We know that
𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

1
𝑍[1] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑧𝑛

1𝑛
𝑍[1] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛 {Adjustment, 1 = 1𝑛 }

1 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[1] = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑧 ) [∵ = (𝑏 ) ]
𝑏𝑛

1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3
𝑍 [ 1] = ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯

1 1 1 2 1 3
𝑍 [ 1] = 1 + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ { ∵ 𝑎 0 = 1}

𝑎
This is geometric series whose sum = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

1
Here 𝑎 = First term of the series = 1 , 𝑟 = common ratio = 𝑧

𝑎
𝑍[1] = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

1 1
𝑍 [ 1] = 1 , |𝑧 | < 1
1−
𝑧

1
𝑍 [ 1] = 1 1
−
1 𝑧

1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍 [ 1] = 𝑧−1 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑧

𝑧 1 𝑏
𝑍[1] = 𝑧−1 {∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎}
𝑏

Ex5. Find: 𝒁[𝒂𝒏 ] , 𝒏 < 0

Ans: We have to find out 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

Let, 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛 < 0 i.e. 𝑛 = −∞, … , −3, −2, −1

We know that

Page 7 of 72
 𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

𝑎𝑛
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑−1
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧 𝑛

𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑−1
𝑛=−∞ ( 𝑧 ) [∵ = (𝑏 ) ]
𝑏𝑛

Put 𝑛 = −𝑚 on RHS summation

−𝑛 = 𝑚

𝑚 = −𝑛

When 𝑛 = −∞ , 𝑚 = −(−∞) = ∞

When 𝑛 = −1 , 𝑚 = −(−1) = 1

𝑎 −𝑚
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑚=1 ( 𝑧 )

𝑧 𝑚 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑚=1 (𝑎 ) {∵ ( ) = (𝑎 ) }
𝑏

𝑧 1 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 𝑧 4
𝑍 [𝑎 𝑛 ] = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ {∵ 𝑎0 = 1}
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 𝑧 4
𝑍 [𝑎 𝑛 ] = (𝑎 ) + (𝑎 ) + (𝑎 ) + (𝑎 ) + ⋯

𝑎
This is geometric series whose sum = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

𝑧
Here 𝑎 = First term of the series = 1 , 𝑟 = common ratio = 𝑎

𝑎
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

1 𝑧
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = 1− 𝑧 , |𝑎| < 1
𝑎

1
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 ] = 1 𝑧
−
1 𝑎

1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 ] = 𝑎−𝑧 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑧

𝑧 1 𝑏
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = 𝑎−𝑧 {∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎}
𝑏

𝑧
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = −(𝑧−𝑎) {∵ 𝑏 − 𝑎 = −(𝑎 − 𝑏)}

Page 8 of 72
 𝑧
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] = − 𝑧−𝑎 , 𝑛 < 0

Ex6. Find: 𝒁[𝟑𝒏] , 𝒏 < 0

Ans: We have to find out 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … , ∞

Let, 𝑓 (𝑛) = 3𝑛 , 𝑛 < 0 i.e. 𝑛 = −∞, … , −3, −2, −1

We know that
𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

3𝑛
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = ∑𝑛=−∞
−1
𝑧𝑛

3 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = ∑𝑛=−∞
−1
(𝑧 ) [∵ = (𝑏 ) ]
𝑏𝑛

Put 𝑛 = −𝑚 on RHS summation

−𝑛 = 𝑚

𝑚 = −𝑛

When 𝑛 = −∞ , 𝑚 = −(−∞) = ∞

When 𝑛 = −1 , 𝑚 = −(−1) = 1

3 −𝑚
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑚=1 (𝑧 )

𝑧 𝑚 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑚=1 (3) {∵ ( ) = (𝑎 ) }
𝑏

𝑧 1 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 𝑧 4
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = (3) + (3) + (3) + (3) + ⋯

𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 𝑧 4
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = (3) + (3) + (3) + (3) + ⋯

𝑎
This is geometric series whose sum = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

𝑧
Here 𝑎 = First term of the series = 1 , 𝑟 = common ratio = 3

𝑎
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

1 𝑧
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = 1− 𝑧 , |3| < 1
3

1
𝑍 [ 3𝑛 ] = 1 𝑧
−
1 3

Page 9 of 72
 1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍 [ 3𝑛 ] = 3−𝑧 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑧

𝑧 1 𝑏
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = 3−𝑧 {∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎}
𝑏

𝑧
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = −(𝑧−3) {∵ 𝑏 − 𝑎 = −(𝑎 − 𝑏)}

𝑧
𝑍[3𝑛 ] = − 𝑧−3 , 𝑛 < 0

Ex7. Find the Z-transform of {𝒇(𝒏)} where

𝟗𝒏 , 𝒏 < 0
𝒇(𝒏) = { 𝒏
𝟓 ,𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

9𝑛 , 𝑛 < 0
Ans: Given, 𝑓(𝑛) = {
5𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

i.e 𝑓 (𝑛) = 9𝑛 , 𝑛 < 0 i.e 𝑛 = −∞, … , −2, −1 .

= 5𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … ∞ …………(1)

We know that
𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

𝑓(𝑛) 𝑓(𝑛)
−1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑𝑛=−∞ + ∑∞
𝑛=0
𝑧𝑛 𝑧𝑛

9𝑛 5𝑛
−1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑𝑛=−∞ 𝑛 +
∑∞
𝑛=0 {By (1)}
𝑧 𝑧𝑛

9 𝑛 5 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
−1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑𝑛=−∞ (𝑧) + ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑧 ) [∵ = (𝑏 ) ]
𝑏𝑛

Put 𝑛 = −𝑚 in the first summation on RHS

−𝑛 = 𝑚

𝑚 = −𝑛

When 𝑛 = −∞ , 𝑚 = −(−∞) = ∞

When 𝑛 = −1 , 𝑚 = −(−1) = 1

9 −𝑚 5 𝑛
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑚=1 (𝑧 ) + ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑧 )

𝑧 𝑚 5 𝑛 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞ ∞
𝑚=1 ( ) + ∑𝑛=0 ( ) {∵ ( ) =( ) }
9 𝑧 𝑏 𝑎

Page 10 of 72
 𝑧 1 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 𝑧 4 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = [(9) + (9) + (9) + (9) + ⋯ ] + [(𝑧) + (𝑧) + (𝑧) + (𝑧) + ⋯ ]

𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 𝑧 4 5 5 2 5 3
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = [(9) + (9) + (9) + (9) + ⋯ ] + [1 + (𝑧) + (𝑧) + (𝑧) + ⋯ ] {∵ 𝑎0 = 1}

𝑎
Both series on the RHS are geometric series whose sum = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

𝑧 𝑧 5
For first summation 𝑎 = 9 , 𝑟 = 9 & for second summation 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 𝑧

𝑎 𝑎
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = + , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟 1−𝑟

𝑧
1 𝑧 5
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 9
𝑧 + 5 , |9| < 1 , |𝑧| < 1
1− 1−
9 𝑧

𝑧
1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 9
1 𝑧 +1 5
− −
1 9 1 𝑧

𝑧
1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 9
9−𝑧 + 𝑧−5 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
9 𝑧

𝑎
𝑧 𝑧 𝑎𝑑 1 𝑏
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = + {∵ 𝑏
𝑐 = , 𝑎 = }
9−𝑧 𝑧−5 𝑏𝑐 𝑎
𝑑 𝑏

𝑧(𝑧−5)+𝑧(9−𝑧) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = (9−𝑧)(𝑧−5)
{∵ + = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑

𝑧 2 −5𝑧+9𝑧−𝑧 2
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = (9−𝑧)(𝑧−5)

4𝑧
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = (9−𝑧)(𝑧−5)

𝟏 |𝒏|
Ex8. Find: 𝒁 [(𝟒) ] for all 𝒏

1 |𝑛|
Ans: We have to find out 𝑍 [(4) ]

We know that
𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ ………… (1)
𝑧𝑛

1 |𝑛|
Here 𝑓 (𝑛) = (4)

We know that

Page 11 of 72
|x| = x , x ≥ 0

= −x , x < 0

|𝑛 | = 𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

= −𝑛 , 𝑛 < 0 [By definition of modulus]

It follows that

1 𝑛
𝑓(𝑛) = (4) , 𝑛 ≥ 0

1 −𝑛
= − (4) ,𝑛 < 0

1 𝑛
i.e 𝑓(𝑛) = (4) , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, … ∞

1 −𝑛
= (4) , 𝑛 < 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑛 = −∞, … , −2, −1

Equation (1) becomes

𝑓(𝑛) 𝑓(𝑛)
−1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑𝑛=−∞ + ∑∞
𝑛=0
𝑧𝑛 𝑧𝑛

1 −𝑛 1 𝑛
( ) ( )
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = −1
∑𝑛=−∞ 4
+ ∑∞ 4
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛
𝑧𝑛

4 𝑛 1 𝑛
( ) ( ) 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = −1
∑𝑛=−∞ 1
+ ∑∞ 4
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛 [∵ ( ) = (𝑎 ) ]
𝑧𝑛 𝑏

1 𝑛
(4) 𝑛 ( )
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = −1
∑𝑛=−∞ + ∑∞ 4
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛
𝑧𝑛

1 𝑛
4 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = −1
∑𝑛=−∞ (𝑧 ) + ∑∞ 4
𝑛=0 ( 𝑧 ) {∵ = (𝑏 ) }
𝑏𝑛

1
4 𝑛 1 𝑛 1
−1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑𝑛=−∞ (𝑧) + ∑∞
𝑛=0 (4𝑧 ) {∵ 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑏}
𝑏

Put 𝑛 = −𝑚 in the first summation on RHS

−𝑛 = 𝑚

𝑚 = −𝑛

When 𝑛 = −∞ , 𝑚 = −(−∞) = ∞

When 𝑛 = −1 , 𝑚 = −(−1) = 1

Page 12 of 72
 4 −𝑚 1 𝑛
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑚=1 (𝑧 ) + ∑∞
𝑛=0 (4𝑧 )

𝑧 𝑚 1 𝑛 𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞ ∞
𝑚=1 (4) + ∑𝑛=0 (4𝑧 ) {∵ ( ) = (𝑎 ) }
𝑏

𝑧 1 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 1 0 1 1 1 2
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = [(4) + (4) + (4) + ⋯ ] + [(4𝑧) + (4𝑧) + (4𝑧) + ⋯ ]

𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 1 1 2
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = [(4) + (4) + (4) + ⋯ ] + [1 + (4𝑧) + (4𝑧) + ⋯ ] { ∵ 𝑎 0 = 1}

𝑎
Both series on the RHS are geometric series whose sum = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1
𝑧
1 𝑧 1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 4
𝑧 + 1 , |4| < 1 , |4𝑧| < 1
1− 1−
4 4𝑧

𝑧
1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 1 𝑧
4
+1 1
− −
1 4 1 4𝑧

𝑧
1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 4
4−𝑧 + 4𝑧−1
4 4𝑧

𝑧 4𝑧 1 𝑎
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 4−𝑧 + 4𝑧−1 {∵ 𝑏 = 𝑏}
𝑎

𝑧(4𝑧−1)+4𝑧(4−𝑧) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = (4−𝑧)(4𝑧−1)
{∵ + = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑

4𝑧 2−𝑧+16𝑧−4𝑧 2
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = (4−𝑧)(4𝑧−1)

15𝑧
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = (4−𝑧)(4𝑧−1)

Ex9. Find z-transform of the unit step function

𝑢 (𝑛) = 1 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

= 0 ,𝑛 < 0

Ans: We have

𝑢 (𝑛) = 1 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑛 = 0,1,2, … ∞

= 0 , 𝑛 < 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑛 = −∞, … , −2, −1

We know that
𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑛

Page 13 of 72
 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑓(𝑛)
−1
𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑𝑛=−∞ + ∑∞𝑛=0
𝑧𝑛 𝑧𝑛

0 1
−1
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = ∑𝑛=−∞ + ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛
𝑧𝑛

1
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = 0 + ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛

1
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛

1𝑛
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑛 {Adjustment, 1𝑛 = 1}

1 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] ∑∞𝑛=0 (𝑧) {∵ = (𝑏 ) }
𝑏𝑛

1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = (𝑧) + (𝑧) + (𝑧) + (𝑧) + ⋯

1 1 2 1 3
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = 1 + (𝑧 ) + (𝑧) + (𝑧) + ⋯ { ∵ 𝑎 0 = 1}

𝑎
This is geometric series whose sum= 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

1
Here 𝑎 = First term of the series = 1 , 𝑟 = common ratio = 𝑧

1 1
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = 1 , |𝑧 | < 1
1−
𝑧

1
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = 𝑧−1
𝑧

𝑧 1 𝑏
𝑍[𝑢(𝑛)] = 𝑧−1 {𝑎 = }
𝑎
𝑏

Ex10. Find the Z-transform of the unit impulse function

𝟏, 𝒌 = 𝟎
𝜹(𝒌) = {
𝟎, 𝒌 ≠ 𝟎

Ans: We have given

1, 𝑘 = 0
𝛿 (𝑘 ) = { ………..(1)
0, 𝑘 ≠ 0
We know that

𝑓(𝑘)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑘

𝛿(𝑘)
𝑍[𝛿 (𝑘)] = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑧𝑘

Page 14 of 72
 𝛿(−3) 𝛿(−2) 𝛿(−1) 𝛿(0) 𝛿(1) 𝛿(2) 𝛿(3)
𝑍[𝛿 (𝑘)] = ⋯ + + + + + + + +⋯
𝑧 −3 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −1 𝑧0 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

0 0 0 1 0 0 0
𝑍[𝛿 (𝑘)] = ⋯ + 𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −1 + 1 + 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3 + ⋯ {By (1)}

𝑍[𝛿 (𝑘)] = ⋯ + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + ⋯

𝑍[𝛿 (𝑘)] = 1

𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒
Note: 𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + + + 𝟒! + ⋯
𝟐! 𝟑!

𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒
−𝑳𝒐𝒈(𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝒙 + + + +⋯
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

𝒂𝒌
Ex11. Find the Z-transform of { 𝒌! } , 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎

𝑎𝑘
Ans: Let, 𝑓(𝑘) = , 𝑘 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑘 = 0,1,2,3, …
𝑘!

We know that
𝑓(𝑘)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = ∑∞𝑘=−∞ 𝑧𝑘

𝑎𝑘
𝑎𝑘
𝑍 [ 𝑘! ] = ∑∞𝑘=0 𝑘!𝑘
𝑧

1
𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑘 1
𝑍 [ ] = ∑∞𝑘=0 {∵ 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑏}
𝑘! 𝑘! 𝑧 𝑘 𝑏

𝑎𝑘 𝑎
𝑎𝑘 𝑎
𝑍 [ 𝑘! ] = ∑∞𝑘=0 𝑧𝑘 {Adjustment, 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑐
}
𝑘! 𝑏

𝑎 𝑘
𝑎𝑘 ( ) 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍 [ 𝑘! ] = ∑∞𝑘=0 𝑧 {∵ = (𝑏 ) }
𝑘! 𝑏𝑛

𝑎 0 𝑎 1 𝑎 2 𝑎 3
𝑎𝑘 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 [ 𝑘! ] = + + + +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4!

𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 3
𝑎𝑘 1 ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 [ 𝑘! ] = 1 + + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!

𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 3
𝑎𝑘 ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑍 [ 𝑘! ] = 1 + 𝑧
+ 𝑧
+ 𝑧
+⋯ {∵ 𝑎0 = 1}
2! 3! 4!

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
This is exponential series of the form 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!

𝑎
𝑎𝑘
𝑍 [ 𝑘! ] = 𝑒 𝑧

Page 15 of 72
 𝟏
Ex12. Z-transform of {𝒌} , 𝒌 > 𝟎 is……..

1
Ans: Let, 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0 i.e. 𝑘 = 1,2,3, …

We know that
𝑓(𝑘)
𝑍[𝑓(𝑘)] = ∑∞𝑘=−∞ ……… (1)
𝑧𝑘

1
1
𝑍 [𝑘] = ∑∞𝑘=1 𝑘𝑘
𝑧

1
1 1 1
𝑍 [𝑘] = ∑∞𝑘=1 𝑘 {∵ 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑏}
𝑘𝑧 𝑏

1
1
𝑍 [𝑘] = ∑∞𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘
𝑘

1k
1
𝑍 [𝑘] = ∑∞𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘 {∵ 1 = 1k }
𝑘

1
1 ( )𝑘 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍 [𝑘] = ∑∞𝑘=1 𝑧
{∵ = (𝑏 ) }
𝑘 𝑏𝑛

1 1 1 1
1 ( ) ( )2 ( )3
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 [𝑘] = + + +⋯
1 2 3

1 1 1
1 ( ) ( )2 ( )3
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 [𝑘] = + + +⋯
1 2 3

1 1
1 1 ( )2 ( )3
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 [𝑘] = (𝑧) + + +⋯
2 3

𝑥2 𝑥3
This is Logarithmic series of the form −𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + + +⋯
2 3

It follows that
1 1
𝑍 [𝑘] = −𝐿𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑧) , 𝑘 > 0

1 1
Note: Similarly, 𝑍 [𝑛] = −𝐿𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑧) , 𝑛 > 0

Only variable difference will be there, answer will be same.

Page 16 of 72
Home Assignment-1 10 Marks

Ex1. Find the Z-transform of {𝑓 (𝑛)} where

7𝑛 , 𝑛 < 0
𝑓 (𝑛 ) = { 𝑛 (05 Marks)
3 ,𝑛 ≥ 0

Ex2. Find: 𝑍[3|𝑛| ] for all 𝑛 (05 Marks)

Table of Z-transform

𝑓(𝑛) 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)
𝑎𝑛 𝑧
; 𝑛≥0
𝑧−𝑎
𝑎𝑛 𝑧
− ;𝑛 < 0
𝑧−𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑧
; 𝑛≥0
𝑧 − 𝑒𝑎
𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 𝑧
;𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑎
1 𝑧
𝑧−𝑎
𝛿 (𝑛 ) 1
𝑢 (𝑛 ) 𝑧
𝑧−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
,𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 + 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
,𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 + 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
,𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜s𝑎 + 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎
,𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎 + 1

Page 17 of 72
Basic trigonometric formulae
1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
1
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 = 4 (3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)
1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
1
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
7. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
8. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
9. sin(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Hyperbolic formulae
1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 𝜃 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝜃 − 1)
1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝜃 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝜃 + 1)
1
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝜃 = 4 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜃)
1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3 𝜃 = 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝜃)
1
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sinh(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 = 2 [cosh(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cosh(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
1
7. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐵 = 2 [cosh(A + B) − cosh(𝐴 − 𝐵)]

Ex1. Z-transform of the sequence {𝟐𝒌 } , 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎 is ………….

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[2𝑘 ] , 𝑘 ≥ 0

𝑧
We know that 𝑍(𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑎 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

It follows that
𝑧
𝑍(2𝑘 ) = 𝑧−2 , 𝑘 ≥ 0

Ex2. The z-transform of: 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒌, 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎 is …………….

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑘] , 𝑘 ≥ 0

𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
We know that 𝑧(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

It follows that

Page 18 of 72
 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠3
𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑘) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+1

Ex3. The z-transform of: 𝒆𝒂𝒌 , 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎 is …………….

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑒 𝑎𝑘 ] , 𝑘 ≥ 0

We know that
𝑧
𝑍(𝑎𝑘 ) = 𝑧−𝑎

It follows that

𝑍(𝑒 𝑎𝑘 ) = 𝑍[(𝑒 𝑎 ) 𝑘 ]
𝑧
𝑍(𝑒 𝑎𝑘 ) = 𝑧−𝑒 𝑎

Ex4. 𝒁(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝜽) =………

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] , 𝑛 ≥ 0

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
We know that 𝑧(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

It follows that
𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

Ex5. Find z-transform of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒌, 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] , 𝑘 ≥ 0

We know that
𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

It follows that
𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+1

Ex6. Find 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2𝑛] , 𝑛 ≥ 0

We know that
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)

Page 19 of 72
 1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2𝑛 = 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(2𝑛))

1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2𝑛 = 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑛)

Taking Z-transform of both sides

1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2𝑛] = 2 𝑍(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑛)

1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2𝑛] = 2 [𝑍(1) − 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑛)]

1 𝑧 𝑧 2 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑧 2 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2𝑛] = 2 [𝑧−1 − 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠4+1] [ ∵ 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 , 𝑛 ≥ 0]

Ex7. Find 𝒁[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝟐𝒌] , 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑘 ] , 𝑘 ≥ 0

We know that
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑘 = 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3(2𝑘) + 3cos(2𝑘))

1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑘 = 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠6k + 3 cos2k)

1
𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑘] = 4 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠6k + 3 cos2k)

1
𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑘] = 4 [𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑘) + 3 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑘)]

1 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠6 (𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠2) 𝑧 2 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎

𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑘] = 4 [𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠6+1 + 3 ] [ ∵ 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑘 ) = 2 , 𝑘 ≥ 0]
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠2+1 𝑧 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1

1 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠6 3(𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠2)

𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑘] = 4 [𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠6+1 + 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠2+1]

Ex8. Find 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝒏] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑛] , 𝑛 ≥ 0

We know that
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 = 4 (3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)

1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑛 = 4 (3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛)

Taking Z-transform of both sides

Page 20 of 72
 1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑛] = 4 𝑍(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛)

1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑛] = 4 [3 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛) − 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛)]

1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑛] = 4 [3 − 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠3+1] [∵ 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 ]
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠1+1

1 3𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑛] = 4 [𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠1+1 − 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠3+1]

Ex9. Find Z-transform of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒏

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛]

We know that
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)]

1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑛 + 5𝑛) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑛 − 5𝑛)]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−2𝑛)]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛 𝑐o𝑠5𝑛 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛] [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
2

Taking Z-transform of both sides

1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛] = 2 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛]

1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛] = 2 [𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑛) − 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛)]

1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛] = 2 [𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠8+1 − z2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠2+1] [∵ 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 ]

Ex10. Find 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒌 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟕𝒌]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑘]

We know that
1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵)]

1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑘 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑘 − 7𝑘) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑘 + 7𝑘)]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑘 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(−5𝑘) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑘]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑘 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑘 − c𝑜𝑠9𝑘] [∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]

Page 21 of 72
Taking Z-transform of both sides
1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑘] = 2 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑘]

1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑘] = [𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑘) − 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑘)]
2

1 𝑧 2−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠9 𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑘] = 2 [𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1 − 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠9+1] [ ∵ 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑘) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 ]

Ex11. Find 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟒𝒏]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑛]

We know that
1
𝑆𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sinh(A − B)]

1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑛 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 4𝑛) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(3𝑛 − 4𝑛)]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑛 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(7𝑛) + sinh(−𝑛)]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑛 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(7𝑛) + {−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑛}]

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑛 = 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ7𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑛] [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜃]

Taking Z-transform of both sides

1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜sℎ4𝑛] = 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ7𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑛]
2

1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑛] = 2 [𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ7𝑛) − 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑛)]

1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ7 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ4𝑛] = 2 [𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ7+1 − 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ1+1] [∵ 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑠𝑎+1 ]

Ex12. Find 𝒁[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒏]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛]

We know that
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝐴 − 𝐵)]

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎn 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑛 + 2𝑛) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑛 − 2𝑛)]

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎn 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(−𝑛)]

Page 22 of 72
 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛 = 2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑛] [∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝜃]

Taking Z-transform of both sides

1
𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛] = 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑛]
2

1
𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛] = 2 [𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑛) + 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑛)]

1 𝑧 2−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ1 𝑧 2−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎

𝑍[c𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛] = 2 [𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1 + 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ1+1] [∵𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1 ]

Ex13. Find 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝟐 𝒏]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑛]

We know that
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝜃 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝜃 − 1)

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑛 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛 − 1)

Taking Z-transform of both sides

1
𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑛) = 2 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛 − 1)

1
𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑛) = 2 [𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛) − 𝑍(1)]

1 𝑧 2−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑧 𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎
𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑛) = [ − ] [∵𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛) = ]
2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2+1 𝑧−1 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1

Ex14. Find 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟓𝒏 + 𝟑)]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)]

We know that

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛3

Taking Z-transform of both sides

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛3]

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛 ]

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑛) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑛)

Page 23 of 72
 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
Using 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 , 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 (𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5 )𝑠𝑖𝑛3

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = +
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3(𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜s5) 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = {∵ − = }
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑠𝑖𝑛3

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] =
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑐𝑜𝑠3−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑠𝑖𝑛3+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1

𝑧 (𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑐𝑜𝑠3− 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑠𝑖𝑛3)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1

𝑧 sin(5−3)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛2+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠5+1

Ex15. For 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜶 + 𝒌)] =………

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘)]

We know that

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘

Taking Z-transform of both sides

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘)] = 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘]

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘)] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘)

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎

Using 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑘) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 , 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑘) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1

𝑧 2 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛1
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘)] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐o𝑠1+1 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠1+1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼(𝑧 2 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠1)+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛1

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘)] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠1+1

𝑧 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼−𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛1

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘)] =
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠1+1

Page 24 of 72
 𝑧 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼+𝑧(𝑠𝑖𝑛1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼−𝑐𝑜𝑠1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘)] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠1+1

𝑧 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼+𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛(1−𝛼)
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝑘)] = [ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵]
𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠1+1

Ex16. Find 𝒁[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉(𝟑𝒌 + 𝟓)]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)]

We know that

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

Taking Z-transform of both sides

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5]

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑘)

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎

Using 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑘) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1 , 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑘) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑧 2−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 (𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3)𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = +
𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5(𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3)

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5−𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5−𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5− 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3−5)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝐴 − 𝐵) ]
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(−2)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] = [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜃]
𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

−𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑘 + 5)] =
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

Page 25 of 72
Home Assignment-2 10 Marks

Ex1. Find Z-transform of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑛 (02 Marks)

Ex2. Find 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑛] (02 Marks)

Ex3. Find 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 5𝑛] (02 Marks)

Ex4. Find 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑛] (02 Marks)

𝑘𝜋
Ex5. Find 𝑍 [cos ( 3 + 5)] (02 Marks)

Properties of Z-transform

Change of Scale property: If 𝑍 [𝑓(𝑛)] = F(𝑧) then

𝑧
(i) 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 𝑓(𝑛)] = F (𝑎)

(ii) 𝑍[𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑓(𝑛)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 −𝑎 )

(iii) 𝑍 [𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 𝑎 )

Ex1. For 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎 , 𝒁[𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒌] =………

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘], 𝑘 ≥ 0

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
Now, 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+1 = 𝐹(𝑧)……. (1) [∵ 𝑧(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 ]

𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝐹 ( ) {∵ 𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑓 (𝑘)] = 𝐹 ( )}
𝑎 𝑎

𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝑧 2
𝑎
𝑧
[∵ By (1)]
( ) −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+1
𝑎 𝑎

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝑧2 𝑎𝑧
𝑎
𝑎2
[Making Adjustment]
−2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠3+ 2
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝑧2 𝑎𝑧
𝑎
𝑎2
−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+ 2
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑘 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐
𝑍[𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝑎
𝑧2 −2𝑎𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+𝑎2
{∵ − + = }
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑎2

𝑎 2 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝑎(𝑧 2 −2az 𝑐𝑜𝑠3+𝑎2)

𝑎𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠3+𝑎2

Page 26 of 72
Ex2. For 𝒌 ≥ 𝟎 , 𝒁[𝟐𝒌 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟑𝒌] =……..

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘]

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
Now, 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = = 𝐹(𝑧) …….(1) [∵ 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑘) = ]
𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1

𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = 𝐹 (𝑎) {∵ 𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑓 (𝑘)] = 𝐹 (𝑎)}

𝑧
𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = 𝐹 (2) {∵ 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 2}

𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3
𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = 𝑧 2
2
𝑧
[ ∵ By (1)]
( ) −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1
2 2

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3
𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = 𝑧2 𝑧
2
−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1
4 2

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3

𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = 𝑧2 𝑧
2
4
{Adjustment}
− 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+
4 4 4

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3
𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = 𝑧2 4𝑧
2
4
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+
4 4 4

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐
𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = 2
𝑧2 −4𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+4
{∵ − + = }
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
4

𝑎
𝑘 4 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑎𝑑
𝑍[2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = {∵ 𝑏
𝑐 = }
2(𝑧 2−4𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+4) 𝑏𝑐
𝑑

2𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3
𝑍[2𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑘] = 𝑧 2−4𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+4

𝒏𝝅
Ex3. Find 𝒁 [𝟑𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐 + 𝜽)]

𝑛𝜋
Ans: We have to find 𝑍 [3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)]

𝑛𝜋
First we find 𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)]

Using sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 2

Taking Z-Transform of both sides

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
2 2

Page 27 of 72
 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 𝑍 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑧 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 2

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎

Using 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 , 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1
𝜋 𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 2 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 +1
2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝑧 (1) 𝑧 2 −𝑧 (0) 𝜋 𝜋
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 (0)+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑧 2−2𝑧 (0)+1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 {∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0 }
2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝑧 𝑧 2−0
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 𝑧 2−0+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑧 2 −0+1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑛𝜋 𝑧 𝑧2
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 𝑧 2+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑧 2+1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑛𝜋 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = +
𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2+1

𝑛𝜋 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏

𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = {∵ + = }
𝑧 2+1 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

𝑛𝜋 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = = F(z) ........ (1)
𝑧 2 +1

𝑛𝜋 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 [3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 𝐹 (𝑎) {∵ 𝑍[𝑎𝑘 𝑓(𝑘)] = 𝐹 (𝑎)}

𝑛𝜋 𝑧
𝑍 [3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 𝐹 (3) {∵ 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 3}

𝑧 𝑧 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍 [3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 3
𝑧 2
3
[ ∵ By (1)]
( ) +1
3

𝑧 𝑧2
𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍 [3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 3
𝑧2
9
+1
9

3𝑧 𝑧2
𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍 [3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 9
𝑧2
9
9
{Adjustment}
+
9 9

3𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑧2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑛𝜋 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
𝑍 [3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = 9
𝑧2 +9
{∵ + = }
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
9

𝑎
𝑛𝜋 3𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑎
𝑍 [3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃)] = {∵ 𝑐
𝑏 =𝑏 }
𝑧 2+9
𝑐

Page 28 of 72
Ex4. Find 𝒁[𝐞𝟐𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟑𝒏 + 𝟓)]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[e2𝑛 sinh(3𝑛 + 5)]

First we find 𝑍[sinh(3𝑛 + 5)]

Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

Taking Z-transform of both sides

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5]

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3𝑛) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑛)

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎

Using 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1 , 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑧 2 −𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5 (𝑧 2−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3)𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = +
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5(𝑧 2−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3)

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5−𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5−𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ3 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5− 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3−5)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝐴 − 𝐵) ]
𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(−2)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑧 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2)+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜃]
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

−𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2+𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(3𝑛 + 5)] = = F(z) .............(1)
𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

𝑍[e2𝑛 sinh(3𝑛 + 5)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 −𝑎 ) {∵ 𝑍[𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑓(𝑛)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 −𝑎 )}

𝑍[e2𝑛 sinh(3𝑛 + 5)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 −2 ) {∵ Here 𝑎 = 2 }

−(𝑧 𝑒 −2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2+(𝑧 𝑒 −2 ) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

𝑍[e2𝑛 sinh(3𝑛 + 5)] = (𝑧 𝑒 −2 )2−2 (𝑧 𝑒 −2)𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

Page 29 of 72
 −(𝑧 𝑒 −2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2+(𝑧 ) 2( 𝑒 −2) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5
𝑍[e2𝑛 sinh(3𝑛 + 5)] = (𝑧 𝑒 −2)2 −2 (𝑧 𝑒 −2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

−𝑧 𝑒 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 + 𝑧 2 e−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5

𝑍[e2𝑛 sinh(3𝑛 + 5)] = {∵ (em )n = emn }
𝑧 2e−4−2 𝑧 𝑒 −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3+1

Ex5. Find 𝒁[𝐞−𝟓𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒏]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[e−5𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛]

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
Now, 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛2n] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠2+1 = 𝐹(𝑧)……. (1) [∵ 𝑧(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 ]

𝑍[e−5𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛] = F(𝑧 𝑒 𝑎 ) {∵ 𝑍[𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 𝑎 )}

𝑍[e−5𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛] = F(𝑧 𝑒 5 ) {∵ Here 𝑎 = 5}

(𝑧 𝑒 5 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
𝑍[e−5𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛] = (𝑧 {∵ By(1)}
𝑒 5 )2−2(𝑧 𝑒 5 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2+1

(𝑧 𝑒 5 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
𝑍[e−5𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛] = (𝑧)2( 𝑒 5)2 −2(𝑧 𝑒 5 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2+1

𝑧 𝑒 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
𝑍[e−5𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛] = z2 e10 −2𝑧 𝑒 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2+1 {∵ (em )n = emn }

Ex6. Find 𝒁[𝐞−𝟑𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅 + 𝟏)]

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[e−3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)]

First we find 𝑍[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)]

Using cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛1

𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1) = (1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 − (0) 𝑠𝑖𝑛1 {∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 = 1, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 = 0}

𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 − 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠1

Taking Z-Transform of both sides

𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)] = 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠1]

𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 𝑍[1]

𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 {∵ 𝑍(1) = }
𝑧−1 𝑧−1

𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠1
𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)] = = 𝐹 (𝑧) ........... (1)
𝑧−1

Page 30 of 72
𝑍[e−3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 𝑎 ) {∵ 𝑍[𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 𝑎 )}

𝑍[e−3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)] = F(𝑧 𝑒 3 ) {∵ Here 𝑎 = 3}

𝑧 𝑒 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠1
𝑍[e−3𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 1)] = {∵ By(1)}
𝑧 𝑒 3 −1

Home Assignment-3 10 Marks

Ex1. Find 𝑍[6𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ5𝑛] (02 Marks)

Ex2. Find 𝑍[𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] (02 Marks)

Ex3. Find 𝑍[𝑒 −4𝑛 sin(𝑛 + 1)] (02 Marks)

Ex4. Find 𝑍[2𝑛 sin(2𝑛 + 3)] (04 Marks)

Multiplication by n property

𝑑 𝑝
If 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧) then 𝑍[𝑛𝑝 𝑓 (𝑛)] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝐹(𝑧)

Ex1. Find 𝒁[𝒏] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑛] , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑍[𝑛 (1)] , 𝑛 ≥ 0

𝑧
Now, 𝑍(1) = 𝑧−1 = 𝐹 (𝑧) .......... (1)

𝑑 𝑝 𝑑 𝑝
𝑍[𝑛 (1)] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝐹(𝑧) {∵ 𝑍[𝑛𝑝 𝑓(𝑛)] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 ) 𝐹 (𝑧) }
𝑑𝑧

𝑑 1 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1)1 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ) {∵ 𝑝 = 1 & by(1)}
𝑧−1

𝑑 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1) (𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ) 𝑧−1

𝑑 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1) (𝑧) [𝑑𝑧 ]
𝑧−1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢− 𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑣 𝑣

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−1) 𝑧−𝑧 (𝑧−1)
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1) (𝑧) [ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
]
(𝑧−1)2

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−1)(1)−𝑧 ( 𝑧− 1)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1) (𝑧) [ ]
(𝑧−1)2

(𝑧−1) −𝑧 (1−0)
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1) (𝑧) [ ]
(𝑧−1)2

Page 31 of 72
 (𝑧−1) −𝑧 (1)
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1) (𝑧) [ ]
(𝑧−1)2

𝑧−1−𝑧
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1) (𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)2]

−1
𝑍[𝑛] = (−1) (𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)2]

(−1) (𝑧)(−1)
𝑍[𝑛 ] = (𝑧−1)2

𝑧
𝑍[𝑛 ] =
(𝑧−1)2

Ex2. Find 𝒁[𝒏𝟐 ] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑛2 ] , 𝑛 ≥ 0 i.e. 𝑍[𝑛2 (1)] , 𝑛 ≥ 0

𝑧
Now, 𝑍(1) = = 𝐹 (𝑧) .......... (1)
𝑧−1

𝑑 𝑝 𝑑 𝑝
𝑍[𝑛2 (1)] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ) 𝐹 (𝑧) {∵ 𝑍[𝑛𝑝 𝑓(𝑛)] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 ) 𝐹(𝑧) }
𝑑𝑧

𝑑 2 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (−1)2 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ) {∵ 𝑝 = 2 & By(1)}
𝑧−1

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (1) (𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ) (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) {∵ 𝑎 2 = 𝑎 𝑎 }
𝑧−1

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ) (𝑧) [𝑑𝑧 ]
𝑧−1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢− 𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑣 𝑣

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 (𝑧−1) 𝑧−𝑧 (𝑧−1)
2]
𝑍[𝑛 = (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) (𝑧) [ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
]
(𝑧−1)2

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 (𝑧−1)(1)−𝑧 ( 𝑧− 1)
2] 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑍[𝑛 = (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) (𝑧) [ ]
(𝑧−1)2

𝑑 (𝑧−1) −𝑧 (1−0)
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) (𝑧) [ ]
(𝑧−1)2

𝑑 (𝑧−1) −𝑧 (1)
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (𝑧 ) (𝑧 ) [ ]
𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1)2

𝑑 𝑧−1−𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) (𝑧) [(𝑧−1)2 ]

𝑑 −1
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) (𝑧) [(𝑧−1)2 ]

Page 32 of 72
 𝑑 (𝑧)(−1)
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)2 ]

𝑑 −𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) [(𝑧−1)2 ]

𝑑 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = − (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) [(𝑧−1)2]

𝑑 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [𝑑𝑧 ]
(𝑧−1)2

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢− 𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑣 𝑣

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−1)2 𝑧−𝑧 (𝑧−1)2
2]
𝑍[𝑛 = −(𝑧) [ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
{(𝑧−1)2 }2
]

𝑑
(𝑧−1)2 (1) − 𝑧 2 (𝑧−1)2−1 (𝑧−1) d d
2] {f(z)}n = n {f(z)}n−1 f(z)}
𝑍[𝑛 = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)4
𝑑𝑧
] {∵
dz dz

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−1)2 − 2𝑧 (𝑧−1)1 ( 𝑧− 1)
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)4
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
]

(𝑧−1)2 − 2𝑧 (𝑧−1) (1−0)

𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)4
]

(𝑧−1)2 − 2𝑧 (𝑧−1) (1)

𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)4
]

(𝑧−1)2 − 2𝑧 (𝑧−1)
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)4
]

(𝑧−1){(𝑧−1) − 2𝑧 }
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)4
]

{(𝑧−1) − 2𝑧 }
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)3
]

(𝑧−1) − 2𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)3
]

𝑧−1−2𝑧
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [ (𝑧−1)3
]

−𝑧−1
𝑍[𝑛2 ] = −(𝑧) [(𝑧−1)3 ]

𝑧 (−𝑧−1)
𝑍[𝑛 2 ] = − (𝑧−1)3

−𝑧 (−𝑧−1)
𝑍[𝑛 2 ] = (𝑧−1) 3

Page 33 of 72
 𝑧(𝑧+1)
𝑍[𝑛 2 ] = (𝑧−1)3

Ex3. 𝒁(𝒏 𝒂𝒏 ) =………

Ans: We have to find 𝑍(𝑛 𝑎𝑛 ) i. e. 𝑍( 𝑎𝑛 𝑛)

𝑧
Now, 𝑍[𝑛] = (𝑧−1) 2 = 𝐹(𝑧) ………. (1)

𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 𝑛 ] = 𝐹 (𝑎 ) {∵ 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 𝑓 (𝑛)] = 𝐹 (𝑎) }

𝑧
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 𝑛 ] = z
𝑎
2 [ ∵ By (1)]
( −1)
a

𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 𝑛 ] = z
𝑎
1 2
( − )
a 1

𝑧
𝑛
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 ] = 𝑎
z−a 2
( )
a

𝑧
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 𝑛 ] = 𝑎
(𝑧−𝑎) 2
{∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑎2

𝑎
𝑎 2z 𝑎𝑑
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 𝑛] = a(𝑧−𝑎) 2 {∵ 𝑏
𝑐 = }
𝑏𝑐
𝑑

𝑎𝑧
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 𝑛] = (𝑧−𝑎) 2

Ex4. Find 𝒁[𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝜽] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

Ans: We have to find 𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] , 𝑛 ≥ 0

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
Now, 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = 𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1 = F(z) ............(1) [∵ 𝑧(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 ]

𝑑 𝑝 𝑑 𝑝
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝐹 (𝑧) {∵ 𝑍[𝑛𝑝 𝑓(𝑛)] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 ) 𝐹 (𝑧) }
𝑑𝑧

𝑑 1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1)1 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) {∵ 𝑝 = 1 & By(1)}
𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1

𝑑 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1

𝑑 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧) [𝑑𝑧 ]
𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1

𝑑 𝑧
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [𝑑𝑧 ]
𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1

Page 34 of 72
 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢− 𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑣 𝑣2

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1) 𝑧 −𝑧 (𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
]
(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1) (1) − 𝑧 ( 𝑧 − 2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+ 1)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [ ]
(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1) (1) – 𝑧 (2z−2 (1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+0)

𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [ ]
(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1) − 𝑧 (2z−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [ ]
(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1) − (2z2 −2z 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [ ]
(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1−2z2 +2z 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [ ]
(𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

−𝑧 2 +1
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (−1) (𝑧)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [(𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2]

(−1) (𝑧) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (−𝑧 2+1)

𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

(𝑧) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (−1) (−𝑧 2+1)

𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (𝑧 2−2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑧 2−1)
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

𝑧 (𝑧 2−1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃] = (𝑧 2 −2 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1)2

𝒏𝝅 𝝅
Ex5. Find 𝒁 [𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝟐 + 𝟒 )] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

𝑛𝜋 𝜋
Ans: Wwe have to find 𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] , 𝑛 ≥ 0

𝑛𝜋 𝜋
First we find the 𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )]

Using cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4
2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 {∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = }
2 √ 2 2 √2 4 √2 √2

Page 35 of 72
 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 ) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
√2 2 2

Taking Z-transform of both sides

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = 𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
√2 2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ 𝑍 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) − 𝑍 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )]
√2 2 2

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑧 2−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎

Using 𝑍(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 , 𝑍(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1
𝜋 𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 2 −𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜋+1 − 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋2+1 ]
√2 2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑧 (1) 𝑧 2 −𝑧 (0) 𝜋 𝜋
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ − 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 (0)+1 ] {∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0}
√2 𝑧 2−2𝑧 (0)+1 2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑧 𝑧 2−0
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ − 𝑧 2 −0+1 ]
√2 𝑧 2−0+1

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑧 𝑧2
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ − 𝑧 2+1 ]
√2 𝑧 2+1

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑧−𝑧 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ ] {∵ − = }
√2 𝑧 2+1 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑧−𝑧 2
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ ] = F(z) ............(1)
√2 𝑧 2+1

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑑 𝑝 𝑑 𝑝
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝐹(𝑧) {∵ 𝑍[𝑛𝑝 𝑓 (𝑛)] = (−1)𝑝 (𝑧 ) 𝐹 (𝑧) }
𝑑𝑧

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑑 1 1 𝑧−𝑧 2
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1)1 (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) [ ] {∵ 𝑝 = 1 & By(1)}
√2 𝑧 2 +1

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑑 1 𝑧−𝑧 2
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) (𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ) [ ]
√2 𝑧 2+1

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑑 𝑧−𝑧 2
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) (𝑧 𝑑𝑧) [ 𝑧 2+1 ]
√2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑑 𝑧−𝑧 2
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) (𝑧 ) [ ]
√2 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 +1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢− 𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑣 𝑣

𝑑 𝑑
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 1 (𝑧 2+1) (𝑧−𝑧 2) – (𝑧−𝑧 2 ) (𝑧 2+1)
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) (𝑧 ) [ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
]
√2 (𝑧 2+1)2

Page 36 of 72
 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 (𝑧 2 +1) ( 𝑧− 𝑧 2 ) – (𝑧−𝑧 2 ) ( 𝑧 + 1)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2 +1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 (𝑧 2 +1) (1−2𝑧) – (𝑧−𝑧 2 ) (2𝑧+0)

𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2+1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 (𝑧 2 +1) (1−2𝑧) – (𝑧−𝑧 2) (2𝑧)

𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2+1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 𝑧 2 (1−2𝑧)+1 (1−2𝑧) – (2𝑧 2−2𝑧 3)

𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) [ ] {∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑) + 𝑏(𝑐 + 𝑑)}
√2 (𝑧 2+1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 𝑧 2−2𝑧 3+1−2𝑧 – 2𝑧 2+2𝑧 3

𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2+1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 −𝑧 2+1−2𝑧
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2 +1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 −𝑧 2−2𝑧+1
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2 +1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 −𝑧 2−2𝑧+1
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = (−1) [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2 +1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 (−1)(−𝑧 2 −2𝑧+1 )
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2+1)2

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 𝑧 2 +2𝑧−1
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 4 )] = [ ]
√2 (𝑧 2+1)2

Home Assignment-4 10 Marks

Ex1. Find 𝑍[(𝑛 + 1)2 ] (02 Marks)

Ex2. Find 𝑍[𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛] (04 Marks)

Ex3. Find 𝑍[𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛] (04 Marks)

Page 37 of 72
Division by n Property
𝑓(𝑛) ∞1
If 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧) then 𝑍 [ ] = ∫𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧

Note:
𝑓′ (𝑥)
(i) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑓(𝑥 )]

1 1 𝑥
(ii) ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎)

1 1 𝑥−𝑎
(iii) ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑥+𝑎)

𝑚
(iv) 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑛 )

(v) 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑚𝑛)

(vi) 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛

(vii) 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝑎 ∞ 𝜋
(viii) ∞ = 0 , = ∞ , 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (∞) =
𝑎 2

𝜋
(ix) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 = 2

𝒂𝒏 −𝒃𝒏
Ex1. Find: 𝒁 [ ] ,𝒏 ≥ 𝟎
𝒏

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏 𝑛
Ans: we have to find out 𝑍 [ ] ,𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑛

1
i.e. 𝑍 [𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 )]

Now, 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 ] = 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] − 𝑍[𝑏𝑛 ]

𝑧 z
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 ] = 𝑧−𝑎 − z−b = F(z) …….. (1)

1 ∞1 𝑓(𝑛) ∞1
𝑍 [𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 )] = ∫𝑧 𝐹 (𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 [∵𝑍 [ ] = ∫𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧]
𝑧 𝑛 𝑧

1 ∞1 𝑧 z
𝑍 [ (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 )] = ∫𝑧 [ − ] 𝑑𝑧 [∵ 𝐵𝑦(1)]
𝑛 𝑧 𝑧−𝑎 z−b

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 ∞ 𝑧 1 1
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [ − 𝑧−𝑏] 𝑑𝑧 {Taking z common}
𝑛 𝑧 𝑧−𝑎

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 ∞ 1 1
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [ − ] 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏

Page 38 of 72
 𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 1 1 ∞
𝑍[ ] = [∫ 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑧−𝑏 𝑑𝑧]
𝑛 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧

𝑓′ (𝑥)
Using ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑓(𝑥 )]
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑧 − 𝑎) + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑧 − 𝑏)]∞
𝑧
𝑛

𝑚
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑛 )

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 𝑧−𝑎 ∞
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑛 𝑧−𝑏 𝑧

𝑎 ∞
𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 𝑧(1− )
𝑧
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { 𝑏 }] {Adjustment for upper limit}
𝑛 𝑧(1− )
𝑧 𝑧

𝑎 ∞
𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 1−
𝑧
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { 𝑏 }]
𝑛 1−
𝑧 𝑧

𝑎
𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 1−
∞ 𝑧−𝑎
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { 𝑏 } − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−𝑏 )
𝑛 1−
∞

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 1−0 𝑧−𝑎

𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { } − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 1−0 𝑧−𝑏

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑎
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { } − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑏

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 𝑧−𝑎
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 𝑧−𝑏

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 𝑧−𝑎
𝑍[ ] = 0 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( ) {∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0}
𝑛 𝑧−𝑏

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 𝑧−𝑎
𝑍[ ] = −𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 𝑧−𝑏

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 𝑧−𝑎
𝑍[ ] = (−1) 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 𝑧−𝑏

Using 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 𝑧−𝑎 −1
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 𝑧−𝑏

𝑎 𝑛 −𝑏𝑛 𝑧−𝑏 𝑎 −1 𝑏
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( ) [∵ (𝑏 ) =𝑎]
𝑛 𝑧−𝑎

Page 39 of 72
 𝒂𝒏 +𝒃𝒏
Ex2. Find: 𝒁 [ ] ,𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝒏

𝑎 𝑛 +𝑏 𝑛
Ans: we have to find out 𝑍 [ ] , 𝑛 ≥ 1 i.e. 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … ∞
𝑛

1
i.e. 𝑍 [𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 )]

Now, 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = 𝑍[𝑎𝑛 ] + 𝑍[𝑏𝑛 ]

𝑓(𝑛) 𝑓(𝑛)
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑛=1 + ∑∞
𝑛=1
𝑧𝑛 𝑧𝑛

𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑧 𝑛 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑧 𝑛

𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 ( 𝑧 ) + ∑𝑛=1 ( 𝑧 ) [∵ = (𝑏 ) ]
𝑏𝑛

𝑎 1 𝑎 2 𝑎 3 𝑎 4 𝑏 1 𝑏 2 𝑏 3 𝑏 4
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = [( 𝑧 ) + (𝑧 ) + (𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ ] + [(𝑧 ) + (𝑧 ) + (𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ ]

𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 3 𝑎 4 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 3 𝑏 4
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = [( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ ] + [(𝑧 ) + (𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯ ]

𝑎
Both series on the RHS are geometric series whose sum = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
For first summation 𝑎 = 𝑧 , 𝑟 = 𝑧 & for second summation 𝑎 = 𝑧 , 𝑟 = 𝑧

𝑎 𝑎
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = 1−𝑟 + 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 ] = 𝑧
𝑎 + 𝑧
𝑏 , |𝑧 | < 1 , |𝑧 | < 1
1− 1−
𝑧 𝑧

𝑎 𝑏
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 ] = 𝑧
1 𝑎 + 1
𝑧
𝑏
− −
1 𝑧 1 𝑧

𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍[𝑎 𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 ] = 𝑧
𝑧−𝑎 + 𝑧
𝑧−𝑏 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑧 𝑧

𝑎
𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧 𝑎𝑑
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = 𝑧(𝑧−𝑎) + 𝑧(𝑧−𝑏) {∵ 𝑏
𝑐 = }
𝑏𝑐
𝑑

𝑎 𝑏
𝑍[𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ] = (𝑧−𝑎) + (𝑧−𝑏) = 𝐹(𝑧) ..............(1)

1 ∞1 𝑓(𝑛) ∞1
𝑍 [𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 )] = ∫𝑧 𝐹 (𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 [∵𝑍 [ ] = ∫𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧]
𝑧 𝑛 𝑧

1 ∞1 𝑎 𝑏
𝑍 [𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 )] = ∫𝑧 [(𝑧−𝑎) + (𝑧−𝑏)] 𝑑𝑧 [∵ 𝐵𝑦(1)]
𝑧

Page 40 of 72
 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ∞ 𝑎 𝑏
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [ + 𝑧(𝑧−𝑏)] 𝑑𝑧 ...........(P)
𝑛 𝑧(𝑧−𝑎)

By Partial fraction method

𝑎 𝐴 𝐵
= 𝑧 + 𝑧−𝑎 .............(Q)
𝑧(𝑧−𝑎)

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 1
Now, 𝐴 = [(𝑧−𝑎)] = (0−𝑎) = (−𝑎) = (−1) = −1
𝑧=0

𝑎 𝑎
𝐵 = [𝑧 ] =𝑎=1
𝑧=𝑎

Putting these values in equation (Q) we get

𝑎 −1 1
= + 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧(𝑧−𝑎) 𝑧

𝑏 −1 1
Similarly, 𝑧(𝑧−𝑏) = + 𝑧−𝑏
𝑧

Equation (P) becomes

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ∞ −1 1 −1 1
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [{ + 𝑧−𝑎} + { 𝑧 + 𝑧−𝑏}] 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ∞ 1 1 1 1
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [{− + } + {− + }] 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧 𝑧−𝑏

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ∞ 1 1 1 1
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [− + − 𝑧 + 𝑧−𝑏] 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧 𝑧−𝑎

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ∞ 1 1 1 1
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [ + − − ] 𝑑𝑧 [Rearrangement of terms}
𝑛 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏 𝑧 𝑧

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ∞ 1 1 1
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [ + 𝑧−𝑏 − 2 𝑧 ] 𝑑𝑧 {∵ −𝑎 − 𝑎 = −2𝑎}
𝑛 𝑧−𝑎

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ∞ 1 1 2
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 [ + 𝑧−𝑏 − 𝑧 ] 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧−𝑎

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 1 1 2 ∞
𝑍[ ] = [∫ 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑧−𝑏 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧]
𝑛 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 1 1 1 ∞
𝑍[ ] = [∫ 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑧−𝑏 𝑑𝑧 − 2 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧]
𝑛 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧

𝑓′ (𝑥)
Using ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑓(𝑥 )]
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑧 − 𝑎) + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑧 − 𝑏) − 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑧]∞
𝑧
𝑛

Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑚𝑛) & 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛

Page 41 of 72
 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔{(𝑧 − 𝑎)(𝑧 − 𝑏)} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑧 2 ]∞
𝑧
𝑛

𝑚
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑛 )

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏) ∞
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }]
𝑛 𝑧2 𝑧

𝑎 𝑏 ∞
𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑧(1− ) 𝑧(1− )
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }] {Adjustment for upper limit}
𝑛 𝑧2
𝑧

𝑎 𝑏 ∞
𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑧 2 (1− )(1− )
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }]
𝑛 𝑧2
𝑧

𝑎 𝑏 ∞
𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (1− )(1− )
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }]
𝑛 1
𝑧

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑎 𝑏 ∞
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 {(1 − ) (1 − )}]
𝑛 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 {(1 − ) (1 − )} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }
𝑛 ∞ ∞ 𝑧2

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔{(1 − 0)(1 − 0)} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }
𝑛 𝑧2

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔{(1)(1)} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }
𝑛 𝑧2

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔{1} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }
𝑛 𝑧2

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }
𝑛 𝑧2

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍[ ] = 0 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { } {∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0}
𝑛 𝑧2

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍[ ] = −𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }
𝑛 𝑧2

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍[ ] = (−1) 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }
𝑛 𝑧2

Using 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏) −1
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }
𝑛 𝑧2

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑧2 𝑎 −1 𝑏
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 {
(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)
} [∵ ( ) = ]
𝑛 𝑏 𝑎

Page 42 of 72
 𝟓𝒏
Ex3. Find 𝒁 [ 𝒏 ] , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏

5𝑛
Ans: we have to find out 𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] , 𝑛 ≥ 1 i.e. 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … ∞

1
i.e. 𝑍 [𝑛 5𝑛 ]

5𝑛 𝑓(𝑛)
Now, 𝑍[5𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑧 𝑛 {∵ 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=1 }
𝑧𝑛

5 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍[5𝑛 ] = ∑∞
𝑛=1 ( ) [∵ =( ) ]
𝑧 𝑏𝑛 𝑏

5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4
𝑍 [ 5𝑛 ] = ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯

5 5 2 5 3 5 4
𝑍 [ 5𝑛 ] = ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑧 ) + ⋯

𝑎
This is geometric series whose sum = 1−𝑟 , |𝑟| < 1

5 5
For first summation 𝑎 = 𝑧 , 𝑟 = 𝑧

𝑎
𝑍 [ 5𝑛 ] = , |𝑟 | < 1
1−𝑟

5
5
𝑍 [ 5𝑛 ] = 𝑧
5 , |𝑧 | < 1
1−
𝑧

5
𝑍 [ 5𝑛 ] = 𝑧
1 5
−
1 𝑧

5
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑍 [ 5𝑛 ] = 𝑧
𝑧−5 {∵ − = }
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑧

𝑎
5 𝑎
𝑍 [ 5𝑛 ] = = 𝐹(𝑧) ....... (1) {∵ 𝑐
𝑏 = }
𝑧−5 𝑏
𝑐

5𝑛 ∞1 𝑓(𝑛) ∞1
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = ∫𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 [∵ 𝑍 [ ] = ∫𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧]
𝑧 𝑛 𝑧

5𝑛 ∞1 5
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧 {∵ By(1)}
𝑧 𝑧−5

5𝑛 ∞ 5
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧 .............. (P)
𝑧(𝑧−5)

By Partial fraction method

5 𝐴 𝐵
= + ............. (Q)
𝑧(𝑧−5) 𝑧 𝑧−5

Page 43 of 72
 5 5 5 1
Now, 𝐴 = [(𝑧−5)] = (0−5) = (−5) = (−1) = −1
𝑧=0

5 𝑎
𝐵 = [𝑧 ] =𝑎=1
𝑧=𝑎

Putting these values in equation (Q) we get

5 −1 1
= + 𝑧−5
𝑧(𝑧−5) 𝑧

Equation (P) becomes

5𝑛 ∞ −1 1
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = ∫𝑧 [ 𝑧 + 𝑧−5] 𝑑𝑧

5𝑛 1 1 ∞
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = [− ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑧−5 𝑑𝑧]
𝑧

𝑓′ (𝑥)
Using ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔[𝑓(𝑥 )]
𝑓(𝑥)

5𝑛
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = [−𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑧 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑧 − 5)]∞
𝑧

5𝑛
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑧 − 5) − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑧]∞
𝑧

𝑚
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑛 )

5𝑛 𝑧−5 ∞
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑧 𝑧

5 ∞
5𝑛 𝑧(1− )
𝑧
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { }] {Adjustment for upper limit}
𝑧
𝑧

5𝑛 5 ∞
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 {(1 − 𝑧 )}]
𝑧

5𝑛 5 𝑧−5
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 {(1 − ∞)} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑧

5𝑛 𝑧−5
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔{(1 − 0)} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑧

5𝑛 𝑧−5
𝑍 [ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 𝑧

5𝑛 𝑧−5
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = 0 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑧

5𝑛 𝑧−5
𝑍 [ ] = − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 𝑧

Page 44 of 72
 5𝑛 𝑧−5
𝑍 [ 𝑛 ] = (−1) 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑧

Using 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑧−5 −1
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛 𝑧

𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑧 𝑎 −1 𝑏
𝑍[ ] = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( ) [∵ (𝑏 ) =𝑎]
𝑛 𝑧−5

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏
Ex4. Find 𝒁 [ ] ,𝒏 ≥ 𝟎
𝒏

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛
Ans: We have to find out 𝑍 [ ] , 𝑛≥0
𝑛

1
i.e. 𝑍 [𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛]

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
Now, 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1 = 𝐹(𝑧) ………… (1)

1 ∞1 𝑓(𝑛) ∞1
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛] = ∫𝑧 𝐹 (𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 [∵𝑍 [ ] = ∫𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧]
𝑧 𝑛 𝑧

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [∵ 𝐵𝑦(1)]
𝑛 𝑧 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧 {Adjustment, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1}
𝑛 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎+(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎)2+(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎)2

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ 𝑛
] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∫𝑧
(𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎)2+(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎)2
𝑑𝑧 [∵ 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ]

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎)2+(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎)2

1 1 𝑥
Using ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∞
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )]
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑧

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∞
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )]
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑧

Page 45 of 72
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ∞
𝑍[ ] = [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )]
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑧

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎

𝑍[ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 ∞ 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
𝑍[ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
𝑍[ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (∞) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝜋 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
𝑍[ ] = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

𝜋
Using 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 = 2

𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎
𝑍[ ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( )
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒏
Ex5. Find 𝒁 [ ] ,𝒏 ≥ 𝟎
𝒏

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛
Ans: We have to find out 𝑍 [ ] , 𝑛≥0
𝑛

1
i.e. 𝑍 [𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛]

𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
Now, 𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛] = 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1 = 𝐹(𝑧) ………… (1)

1 ∞1 𝑓(𝑛) ∞1
𝑍 [𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛] = ∫𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 [∵𝑍 [ ] = ∫𝑧 𝐹 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧]
𝑧 𝑛 𝑧

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 ∞1 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [∵ 𝐵𝑦(1)]
𝑛 𝑧 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
𝑍[ ] = ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+1

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧 {Adjustment, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝜃 = 1}
𝑛 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 𝑧 2−2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎)2 −(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎)2

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [∵ 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ]
𝑛 (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎)2−(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎)2

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 ∞ 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∫𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛 (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎)2−(𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎)2

Page 46 of 72
 1 1 𝑥−𝑎
Using ∫ 𝑥 2−𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑥+𝑎)

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∞
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 [ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 )]
𝑛 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑧

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∞
𝑍[ ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 [ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑛 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑧

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∞
𝑍[ ] = [ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑛 2 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑧

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧{1− − }
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[ ] = [ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 }] {Adjustment for upper limit}
𝑛 2 𝑧{1− + }
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 {1− − }
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[ ] = [ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 { 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 }]
𝑛 2 {1− + }
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 {1− − } 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
∞ ∞
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 } − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎)]
𝑛 2 {1− + }
∞ ∞

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 {1− 0 − 0} 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 { {1− } − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑛 2 0+ 0} 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 {1} 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔 {{1}} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑛 2 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔{1} − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑛 2 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
𝑍[ ] = [𝐿𝑜𝑔1 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑛 2 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
𝑍[ ] = [0 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )] {∵ 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0}
𝑛 2 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
𝑍[ 𝑛
] = [−𝐿𝑜𝑔 (
2 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
)]

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
𝑍[ ] = [(−1) 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )]
𝑛 2 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎

Using 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 −1
𝑍[ ]= 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎)
𝑛 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎+𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑎 −1 𝑏
𝑍[ ]= 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎−𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎) [∵ (𝑏 ) =𝑎]
𝑛 2

Page 47 of 72
Home Assignment-5 15 Marks
5𝑛 +4𝑛 +𝑛
Ex1. Find 𝑍 [ ],𝑛 ≥ 1 (05 Marks)
𝑛

𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛
3
Ex2. Find 𝑍 [ ] (05 Marks)
𝑛

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5𝑛
Ex3. Find 𝑍 [ ] (05 Marks)
𝑛

Inverse Z-transform by Residue method: (Inversion integral method)

Procedure of finding Inverse Z-transform by Residue method

Step1: Let the given function as 𝑓(𝑧)

Step2: Find out poles by equation denominator to zero.

Step3: Multiply 𝑓(𝑧) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

Step4: Find residue at the pole by using following two formulae

(i) If 𝑓(𝑧) has a simple pole (pole of order one) at 𝑧 = 𝑎 then

Residue of 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑧 𝑛−1 at 𝑧 = 𝑎 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎

(ii) If 𝑓(𝑧) has a pole of order 𝑚 at 𝑧 = 𝑎 then

1 𝑑𝑟−1
Residue of 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑧 𝑛−1 at 𝑧 = 𝑎 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]
𝑧=𝑎

Step5: Required function is 𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝒛
Ex1. Find 𝒁−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟑)]

𝑧
Ans: Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−3) .......... (1)

To find the pole equate denominator to zero.

(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3) = 0

𝑧 − 1 = 0 ,𝑧 − 3 = 0

𝑧=1 , 𝑧=3

Here 𝑧 = 1, 𝑧 = 3 are the simple poles.

Now multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

Page 48 of 72
 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−3)

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−3)

𝑧 𝑛−1+1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−3) {𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }

𝑧𝑛
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−3) ............... (2)

Let, 𝑅1 =Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 1

𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)] 𝑧=𝑎

𝑧𝑛
𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 1) ]
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−3) 𝑧=1

𝑧𝑛
𝑅1 = [ (𝑧−3)] 𝑧=1

(1)𝑛
𝑅1 = 1−3

1
𝑅1 = −2 {(1)𝑛 = 1}

1
𝑅1 = − 2

Also, 𝑅2 =Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 3

𝑅2 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧)] 𝑧=𝑎

𝑧𝑛
𝑅2 = [(𝑧 − 3) ]
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−3) 𝑧=3

𝑧𝑛
𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−1)] 𝑧=3

3𝑛
𝑅2 = 3−1

3𝑛
𝑅2 = 2

Required function is

𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
1 3𝑛
𝑓 (𝑛 ) = − 2 + 2

Page 49 of 72
 𝒛𝟐
Ex2. Find: 𝒁−𝟏 [ 𝟏 𝟏 ]
(𝒛− )(𝒛− )
𝟒 𝟓

𝑧2
Ans: Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 1 1 ………. (1)
(𝑧− )(𝑧− )
4 5

To find poles equating denominator to zero.

1 1
(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 5) = 0

1 1
𝑧−4= 0, 𝑧−5 =0 {𝑎𝑏 = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0}

1 1
𝑧 = 4 ,𝑧 = 5

1 1
Here 𝑧 = 4 and 𝑧 = 5 are the simple poles.

Now multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 2
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = 1 1
(𝑧− )(𝑧− )
4 5

𝑧 𝑛−1+2
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = 1 1 {𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }
(𝑧− )(𝑧− )
4 5

𝑧 𝑛+1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = 1 1 ………… (2)
(𝑧− )(𝑧− )
4 5

1
Now, 𝑅1 =Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 4

𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑧 𝑛+1
𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 4) 1 1 ] [By (2)]
(𝑧− )(𝑧− ) 1
4 5 𝑧=
4

𝑧 𝑛+1
𝑅1 = [ 1 ]
(𝑧− ) 1
5 𝑧=
4

1 𝑛+1
( )
4
𝑅1 = 1 1
( − )
4 5

1 𝑛+1
( )
4
𝑅1 = 1
( )
20

Page 50 of 72
 1 𝑛+1
20( ) 𝑎 𝑎𝑐
4
𝑅1 = {𝑏 = }
1 𝑏
𝑐

1 𝑛+1
𝑅1 = 20 (4)

1 𝑛 1 1
𝑅1 = 20 (4) (4) {𝑎𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 }

1 𝑛 1
𝑅1 = 20 (4) (4)

1 𝑛
𝑅1 = 5 (4)

1
Also, , 𝑅2 =Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 5

𝑅2 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑧 𝑛+1
𝑅2 = [(𝑧 − 5) 1 1 ] [By (2)]
(𝑧− )(𝑧− ) 1
4 5 𝑧=
5

𝑧 𝑛+1
𝑅2 = [ 1 ]
(𝑧− ) 1
4 𝑧=
5

1 𝑛+1
( )
5
𝑅2 = 1 1
( − )
5 4

1 𝑛+1
( )
5
𝑅2 = 1
(− )
20

1 𝑛+1
20( ) 𝑎 𝑎𝑐
5
𝑅2 = (−1)
{𝑏 = }
𝑏
𝑐

1 𝑛+1
𝑅2 = −20 (5)

1 𝑛 1 1
𝑅2 = −20 (5) (5) {𝑎𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 }

1 𝑛 1
𝑅2 = −20 (5) (5)

1 𝑛
𝑅2 = −4 (5)

Required function is

Page 51 of 72
𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑓 (𝑛 ) = 5 ( ) − 4 ( )
4 5

𝒛
Ex3. Find 𝒁−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 ]

𝑧
Ans : Let, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2 ……… (1)

To find poles equating denominator to zero.

(𝑧 − 1)2 = 0

𝑧−1 =0

𝑧=1

Here 𝑧 = 1 is a pole of order two.

Now multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2

𝑧 𝑛−1+1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = {𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }
(𝑧−1)2

𝑧𝑛
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2 ……….. (2)

Now, 𝑅 1 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 1

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅1 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]
𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑑2−1 𝑧𝑛
𝑅1 = (2−1)! [𝑑𝑧 2−1 (𝑧 − 1) 2 ] [By (2)]
(𝑧−1)2 𝑧=1

1 𝑑
𝑅1 = [ 𝑧𝑛]
(1)! 𝑑𝑧 𝑧=1

1 𝑑
𝑅1 = 1 [ 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 ]𝑧=1 [ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
𝑑𝑥

𝑅1 = [ 𝑛 (1)𝑛−1 ]

𝑅1 = 𝑛 (1) [∵ (1)𝑛−1 = 1]

Page 52 of 72
𝑅1 = 𝑛

Required function is

𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1

𝑓 (𝑛 ) = 𝑛
𝒛+𝟏
Ex4. Find: 𝒁−𝟏 [𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛+𝟏]

𝑧+1
Ans: Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧+1

Now, 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = 𝑧 2 − 1𝑧 − 1𝑧 + 1

𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = 𝑧(𝑧 − 1) − (𝑧 − 1)

𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 1)

𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑧 − 1)2
𝑧+1
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2 ………….. (1)

To find poles equating denominator to zero.

(𝑧 − 1)2 = 0

𝑧−1 =0

𝑧=1

Here 𝑧 = 1 is a pole of order two.

Now multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧+1)
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = ……….. (2)
(𝑧−1)2

Now, 𝑅1 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 1 (It is pole of order two i.e. 𝑟 = 2)

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅1 = [ (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]
(𝑟−1)! 𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑑2−1 𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧+1)

𝑅1 = (2−1)! [𝑑𝑧 2−1 (𝑧 − 1)2 ]
(𝑧−1)2 𝑧=1

1 𝑑1
𝑅1 = (1)! [𝑑𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧 + 1)]
𝑧=1

Page 53 of 72
 1 𝑑
𝑅1 = 1! [𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑛−1 (𝑧 + 1)]
𝑧=1

1 𝑑
𝑅1 = 1 [𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑛−1 )]
𝑧=1

𝑑
𝑅1 = [𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 𝑛−1+1 + 𝑧 𝑛−1 )] {𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }
𝑧=1

𝑑
𝑅1 = [𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 𝑛−1 )]
𝑧=1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑅1 = [ 𝑧𝑛 + 𝑧 𝑛−1 ]
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧=1

𝑑
𝑅1 = [𝑛𝑧 𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑧 𝑛—1−1 ]𝑧=1 [ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
𝑑𝑥

𝑅1 = [𝑛𝑧 𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑧 𝑛—2 ]𝑧=1

𝑅1 = 𝑛(1)𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)(1)𝑛−2

𝑅1 = 𝑛(1) + (𝑛 − 1)(1) {(1)𝑛−1 = 1 , (1)𝑛−2 = 1}

𝑅1 = 𝑛 + (𝑛 − 1)

𝑅1 = 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 1

𝑅1 = 2𝑛 − 1

Required function is

𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1

𝑓 (𝑛) = 2𝑛 − 1

𝒛(𝟑𝒛𝟐 −𝟔𝒛+𝟒)
Ex5. Find: 𝒁−𝟏 [ (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛−𝟐) ]

𝑧(3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)
Ans: Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1) 2 (𝑧−2)
...........(1)

To find poles equating denominator to zero.

(𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 − 2) = 0

(𝑧 − 1)2 = 0 , 𝑧 − 2 = 0 {𝑎𝑏 = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0}

𝑧−1=0, 𝑧−2 =0

𝑧 = 1 ,𝑧 = 2

Page 54 of 72
Here 𝑧 = 2 is a simple pole and 𝑧 = 1 is a pole of order two.

Now multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−2)

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 1(3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−2)

𝑧 𝑛−1+1 (3𝑧 2−6𝑧+4)

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1) 2 (𝑧−2)
{𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }

𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2−6𝑧+4)
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1) 2 (𝑧−2)
...............(2)

Now, 𝑅1 =Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 2

𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎

𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)
𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 2) (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−2)
] [By (2)]
𝑧=2

𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)
𝑅1 = [ (𝑧−1)2
]
𝑧=2

2𝑛 (3(2)2 −6(2)+4)
𝑅1 = (2−1)2

2𝑛 (3(4) −12+4)
𝑅1 = (1)2

2𝑛 (12−12+4)
𝑅1 = 1

2𝑛 (4)
𝑅1 = 1

𝑅1 = 2𝑛 (4)

𝑅1 = 2𝑛 22 {Adjustment}

𝑅1 = 2𝑛+2 {𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }

Now, 𝑅2 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 1 (It is pole of order two i.e. 𝑟 = 2)

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅2 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑑2−1 𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)

𝑅2 = (2−1)! [𝑑𝑧 2−1 (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−2)
]
𝑧=1

Page 55 of 72
 1 𝑑1 𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)
𝑅2 = (1)! [𝑑𝑧 1 (𝑧−2)
]
𝑧=1

1 𝑑 𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2−6𝑧+4)
𝑅2 = 1 [𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−2)
]
𝑧=1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢−𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Using 𝑑𝑧 = 2
𝑣 𝑣

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
(𝑧−2) 𝑧 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)−𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) (𝑧−2)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−2)2
]
𝑧=1

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Using 𝑑𝑧 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑣+𝑣 𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧

𝑑 𝑑 𝑛 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−2){𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2−6𝑧+4)+(3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) 𝑧 }−𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) ( 𝑧− 2)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−2) 2
] 𝑅2 =
𝑧=1
𝑑 𝑑 𝑛 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−2){𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2−6𝑧+4)+(3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) 𝑧 }−𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2−6𝑧+4) ( 𝑧− 2)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
[ ]
(𝑧−2)2
𝑧=1

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−2){𝑧 𝑛 ( 3𝑧 2− 6𝑧+ 4)+(3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 }−𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) (1−0 ) 𝑑
𝑅2 = [ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧−2) 2
] [ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
𝑑𝑥
𝑧=1

(𝑧−2){𝑧 𝑛 (3(2𝑧)−6(1)+0)+(3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 }−𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2−6𝑧+4) (1)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−2)2
]
𝑧=1

(𝑧−2){𝑧 𝑛 (6𝑧−6+0)+(3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 }−𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−2) 2
]
𝑧=1

(𝑧−2){𝑧 𝑛 (6𝑧−6)+(3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 }−𝑧 𝑛 (3𝑧 2 −6𝑧+4)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−2) 2
]
𝑧=1

(1−2){1𝑛 (6(1)−6)+(3(1)2−6(1)+4) 𝑛 (1)𝑛−1 }−1𝑛 (3(1)2 −6(1)+4)

𝑅2 = (1−2)2

(−1){1𝑛 (6−6)+(3(1)−6+4) 𝑛 (1)𝑛−1}−1𝑛 (3(1) −6+4)

𝑅2 = {∵ (1)𝑛 = 1 , (1)𝑛−1 = 1}
(−1)2

(−1){(1)(0)+(3−6+4) 𝑛 (1)}−(1)(3−6+4)
𝑅2 = 1

(−1){(1)(0)+(1) 𝑛}−(1)(1)
𝑅2 = 1

(−1){0+𝑛}−(1)(1)
𝑅2 = 1

(−1){𝑛}−(1)(1)
𝑅2 = 1

−𝑛−1
𝑅2 =
1

Page 56 of 72
𝑅2 = −𝑛 − 1

Required function is

𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑓 (𝑛) = 2𝑛+2 + (−𝑛 − 1)

𝟒𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛
Ex6. Find: 𝒁−𝟏 [𝒛𝟑 −𝟓𝒛𝟐 +𝟖𝒛−𝟒]

4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
Ans: Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2+8𝑧−4

First we factorise the denominator (𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 − 4)

By trial method we observe that 𝑧 = 1 i.e. (𝑧 − 1) is a first factor of above polynomial

By synthetic division method

1 1 −5 8 −4

1 −4 4

1 −4 4 0

Other factor = 1𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 4

Other factor = 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 4

Other factor = 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 4

Other factor = 𝑧(𝑧 − 2) − 2(𝑧 − 2)

Other factor = (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 2)

Other factor = (𝑧 − 2)2

𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 − 4 = (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)2
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2+8𝑧−4

4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2 ............ (1)

To find poles equating denominator to zero.

(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)2 = 0

Page 57 of 72
𝑧 − 1 = 0 , (𝑧 − 2)2 = 0 {∵ 𝑎𝑏 = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0}

𝑧−1=0, 𝑧−2 =0

𝑧 = 1 ,𝑧 = 2

Here 𝑧 = 1 is a simple pole and 𝑧 = 2 is a pole of order two.

Now multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 (4𝑧 2−2𝑧)

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧(4𝑧−2)
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 1(4𝑧−2)
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2

𝑧 𝑛−1+1 (4𝑧−2)
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2
{𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }

𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2)
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2 ................(2)

Now, 𝑅1 =Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 1

𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎

𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2)
𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2 𝑧=1
] [∵ By (2)]

𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2)
𝑅1 = [ (𝑧−2)2
]
𝑧=1

1𝑛 (4(1)−2)
𝑅1 = (1−2)2

(1)(4−2)
𝑅1 = (−1) 2

(1)(2)
𝑅1 = 1

𝑅1 = 2

Now, 𝑅2 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 2 (It is pole of order two i.e. 𝑟 = 2)

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅2 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑑2−1 𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2)
𝑅2 = (2−1)! [𝑑𝑧 2−1 (𝑧 − 2)2 ]
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2 𝑧=2

Page 58 of 72
 1 𝑑1 𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2)
𝑅2 = (1)! [𝑑𝑧 1 (𝑧−1)
]
𝑧=2

1 𝑑 𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2)
𝑅2 = 1 [𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1)
]
𝑧=2

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢−𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Using 𝑑𝑧 = 2
𝑣 𝑣

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
(𝑧−1) 𝑧 (4𝑧−2) −𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2) (𝑧−1)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−1)2
]
𝑧=2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Using 𝑑𝑧 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑣+𝑣 𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−1){𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2)+(4𝑧−2) 𝑧 𝑛}−𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2) ( 𝑧 − 1 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−1) 2
] 𝑅2 =
𝑧=2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−1){𝑧 𝑛 ( 4𝑧− 2)+(4𝑧−2) 𝑧 𝑛 }−𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2) ( 𝑧 − 1 )
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
[ ]
(𝑧−1)2
𝑧=2

(𝑧−1){𝑧 𝑛 (4(1)−0)+(4𝑧−2) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1}−𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2) (1−0 ) 𝑑

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−1)2
] [∵ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
𝑧=2 𝑑𝑥

(𝑧−1){𝑧 𝑛 (4+0)+(4𝑧−2) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1}−𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2) (1−0 )

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−1)2
]
𝑧=2

(𝑧−1){𝑧 𝑛 (4)+(4𝑧−2) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 }−𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2) (1)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−1)2
]
𝑧=2

(𝑧−1){4𝑧 𝑛 +(4𝑧−2) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 }−𝑧 𝑛 (4𝑧−2)

𝑅2 = [ (2−1)2
]
𝑧=2

(2−1){4 2𝑛 +(4(2)−2) 𝑛 2𝑛−1}−𝑧 𝑛 (4(2)−2)

𝑅2 = (1)2

(1){4 2𝑛 +(8−2) 𝑛 2𝑛−1}−2𝑛 (8−2)

𝑅2 = 1

(1){4 2𝑛 +(6) 𝑛 2𝑛−1 }−2𝑛 (6)

𝑅2 = 1

{4 2𝑛 +6𝑛 2𝑛−1 }−2𝑛 (6)

𝑅2 = 1

4 2𝑛 +6𝑛 2𝑛−1−2𝑛 (6)

𝑅2 = 1

𝑅2 = 4 2𝑛 + 6𝑛 2𝑛−1 − 2𝑛 (6)

𝑅2 = 4 2𝑛 + 6𝑛 2𝑛 2−1 − 2𝑛 (6) {∵ 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 }

𝑅2 = 2𝑛 [4 + 6𝑛 2−1 − (6)]
Page 59 of 72
 1 1
𝑅2 = 2𝑛 [4 + 6𝑛 (2) − 6] {∵ 𝑎−1 = }
𝑎

𝑅2 = 2𝑛 [4 + 3𝑛 − 6]

𝑅2 = 2𝑛 [3𝑛 − 2]

Required function is

𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑓 (𝑛) = 2 + 2𝑛 [3𝑛 − 2]

𝒛𝟑
Ex7. Find 𝒁−𝟏 [ 𝟏 ]
(𝒛− )(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐
𝟐

𝑧3
Ans: Let , 𝑓 (𝑧) = 1 ……. (1)
(𝑧− )(𝑧−1)2
2

To find poles equating denominator to zero.

1
(𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 1)2 = 0

1
𝑧 − 2 = 0 , (𝑧 − 1)2 = 0

1
𝑧−2 , 𝑧−1 =0

1
𝑧=2 , 𝑧=1

1
Here 𝑧 = 2 is a simple pole and 𝑧 = 1 is a pole of order two.

Now multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 3
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = 1
(𝑧− )(𝑧−1)2
2

𝑧 𝑛−1+3
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = 1 {∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }
(𝑧− )(𝑧−1)2
2

𝑧 𝑛+2
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = 1 ………. (2)
(𝑧− )(𝑧−1)2
2

1
Now, 𝑅1 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 2

𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)] 𝑧=𝑎

Page 60 of 72
 1 𝑧 𝑛+2
𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 2) 1 ] 𝑧=1
(𝑧− )(𝑧−1)2 2
2

𝑧 𝑛+2
𝑅1 = [ (𝑧−1)2 ] 𝑧=1
2

1 𝑛+2
( )
2
𝑅1 = 1 2
( −1)
2

1 𝑛+2
( )
2
𝑅1 = 1 2
(− )
2

1 𝑛+2
( )
2
𝑅1 = 1
4

1 𝑛+2
4( ) 𝑎 𝑎𝑏
2
𝑅1 = {∵ 1 = }
1 1
𝑏

1 𝑛+2
𝑅1 = 4 (2)

1 𝑛 1 2
𝑅1 = 4 ( ) ( ) {∵ 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 }
2 2

1 𝑛 1
𝑅1 = 4 (2) (4)

1 𝑛
𝑅1 = (2)

Also, 𝑅2 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 1(It is a pole of order two i.e. 𝑟 = 2)

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅2 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]
𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑑2−1 𝑧 𝑛+2
𝑅2 = (2−1)! [𝑑𝑧 2−1 (𝑧 − 1) 2 1 ]
(𝑧− )(𝑧−1)2
2 𝑧=1

1 𝑑1 𝑧 𝑛+2
𝑅2 = 1! [𝑑𝑧 1 1 ]
(𝑧− )
2 𝑧=1

1 𝑑 𝑧 𝑛+2
𝑅2 = 1 [𝑑𝑧 1 ]
(𝑧− )
2 𝑧=1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢−𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Using 𝑑𝑧 =
𝑣 𝑣2

Page 61 of 72
 1 𝑑 𝑛+2 𝑑 1
(𝑧− ) 𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑛+2 (𝑧− )
2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑅2 = [ 1 2
]
(𝑧− )
2 𝑧=1

1 𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑧− ) (𝑛+2) 𝑧 𝑛+2−1 −𝑧 𝑛+2 ( 𝑧− ) 𝑑
𝑅2 = [ 2
1 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 2
] [∵ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
(𝑧− ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑧=1

1
(𝑧− ) (𝑛+2) 𝑧 𝑛+1−𝑧 𝑛+2 (1−0)
2
𝑅2 = [ 1 2
]
(𝑧− )
2 𝑧=1

1
(𝑧− ) (𝑛+2) 𝑧 𝑛+1−𝑧 𝑛+2 (1)
2
𝑅2 = [ 1 2
]
(𝑧− )
2 𝑧=1

1
(1− ) (𝑛+2) (1)𝑛+1−(1)𝑛+2 (1)
2
𝑅2 = 1 2
(1− )
2

1
(1− ) (𝑛+2)(1)−(1) (1)
𝑅2 = 2
1 2
[∵ (1)𝑛+1 = (1)𝑛+2 = 1]
(1− )
2

1
( ) (𝑛+2)− 1
2
𝑅2 = 1 2
( )
2

1 1
𝑛+ 2− 1
2 2
𝑅2 = 1 2
( )
2

𝑛
+1− 1
2
𝑅2 = 1
4

𝑛
2
𝑅2 = 1
4

𝑎
4𝑛 𝑏 𝑎𝑑
𝑅2 = 2(1) {∵ 𝑐 = }
𝑏𝑐
𝑑

4𝑛
𝑅2 = 2

𝑅2 = 2𝑛

Required function is

𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1 +𝑅2

Page 62 of 72
 1 𝑛
𝑓 (𝑛) = (2) + 2𝑛

Home Assignment-6 10 Marks

3𝑧 2+2𝑧
Ex1. Find 𝑍 −1 [𝑧 2 −3𝑧+2] (05 Marks)

9𝑧 3
Ex2. Find 𝑍 −1 [ 1 2
] (05 Marks)
(𝑧−2) (𝑧− )
3

Difference Equation: A relation between 𝑓(𝑛) and its successive values

𝑓(𝑛 + 1), 𝑓 (𝑛 + 2), 𝑓 (𝑛 + 3), … is called a difference equation.

The expression for 𝑓(𝑛) in term of 𝑛 which satisfies the equation is called its solution.

To solve difference equations following formulae are useful

If 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝑓(𝑧) then

1. 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛 + 1)] = 𝑧 𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑧 𝑓(0)

2. 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛 + 2)] = 𝑧 2 𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑓 (0) − 𝑧 𝑓 (1)

3. 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑧 3 𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑧 3 𝑓 (0) − 𝑧 2 𝑓 (1) − 𝑧 𝑓(2)

4. 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛 − 1)] = 𝑧 −1 𝑓(𝑧)

5. 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛 − 2)] = 𝑧 −2 𝑓(𝑧)

6. 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛 − 3)] = 𝑧 −3 𝑓(𝑧)

Method of solving Difference equation:

Step1: Write given difference equation

Step2: Take Z-transform on both sides of the given difference equation

Step3: Use formulae of Z-transform

Step4: Solve the resulting equation for 𝑓(𝑧)

Step5: Find inverse Z-transform of 𝑓(𝑧) using residue method.

Page 63 of 72
Ex1. Solve: 𝒇(𝒏 + 𝟐) + 𝟔 𝒇(𝒏 + 𝟏) + 𝟗 𝒇(𝒏) = 𝟐𝒏 with 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎 , 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟎 using z-
transform

Ans: Given difference equation is

𝑓 (𝑛 + 2) + 6 𝑓 (𝑛 + 1) + 9 𝑓 (𝑛 ) = 2𝑛

Taking z-transform of both sides

𝑍[𝑓(𝑛 + 2)] + 6 𝑍[𝑓 (𝑛 + 1)] + 9 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝑍[2𝑛 ]

𝑧 𝑧
[𝑧 2 𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑓 (0) − 𝑧 𝑓 (1)] + 6[𝑧 𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓 (0)] + 9 𝑓(𝑧) = {∵ 𝑍(𝑎𝑛 ) = }
𝑧−2 𝑧−𝑎

Given 𝑓 (0) = 0 , 𝑓 (1) = 0

𝑧
[𝑧 2 𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 (0) − 𝑧 (0)] + 6[𝑧 𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑧 (0)] + 9 𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧−2

𝑧
[𝑧 2 𝑓(𝑧) − 0 − 0] + 6[𝑧 𝑓 (𝑧) − 0] + 9𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧−2

𝑧
[𝑧 2 𝑓(𝑧)] + 6[𝑧 𝑓 (𝑧)] + 9𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧−2

𝑧
𝑧 2 𝑓 (𝑧) + 6𝑧 𝑓(𝑧) + 9𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧−2

𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9)𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧−2

𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−2)(𝑧 2 +6𝑧 +9)

Now, 𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9 = 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 3𝑧 + 9

𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9 = 𝑧(𝑧 + 3) + 3(𝑧 + 3)

𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9 = (𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 3) {∵ 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏)}

𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 9 = (𝑧 + 3)2
𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2 ……… (1)

To find poles equating denominator to zero.

(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 3)2 = 0

(𝑧 − 2) = 0 , (𝑧 + 3)2 = 0

(𝑧 − 2) = 0 , (𝑧 + 3) = 0

𝑧 = 2 , 𝑧 = −3

Page 64 of 72
𝑧 = 2 is a simple pole & 𝑧 = −3 is a pole of order two.

Multiplying equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2

𝑧 𝑛−1+1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2 {∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }

𝑧𝑛
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2 ………. (2)

Now, 𝑅1 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 2

𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)] 𝑧=𝑎

𝑧𝑛
𝑅1 = [(𝑧 − 2) ]
(𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2 𝑧=2

𝑧𝑛
𝑅1 = [ (𝑧+3)2 ]
𝑧=2

(2)𝑛
𝑅1 = (2+3)2

(2)𝑛
𝑅1 = (5)2

(2)𝑛
𝑅1 = 25

Also, 𝑅2 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = −3 (It is a pole of order 2 i.e. 𝑟 = 2)

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅2 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]
𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑑2−1 𝑧𝑛
𝑅2 = (2−1)! [𝑑𝑧 2−1 (𝑧 + 3) 2 ]
(𝑧−2)(𝑧+3)2 𝑧=−3

1 𝑑 𝑧𝑛
𝑅2 = 1! [𝑑𝑧 ]
(𝑧−2) 𝑧=−3

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢−𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Using 𝑑𝑧 = 2
𝑣 𝑣

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
1 (𝑧−2) 𝑧 −𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧−2)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅2 = 1 [ (𝑧−2)2
]
𝑧=−3

Page 65 of 72
 𝑑 𝑑
1 (𝑧−2) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −𝑧 𝑛 ( 𝑧− 2) 𝑑
𝑅2 = 1 [ (𝑧−2)2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
] [∵ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
𝑑𝑥
𝑧=−3

(𝑧−2) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −𝑧 𝑛(1−0)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−2)2
]
𝑧=−3

(𝑧−2) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −𝑧 𝑛(1)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−2)2
]
𝑧=−3

(𝑧−2) 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −𝑧 𝑛
𝑅2 = [ (𝑧−2)2
]
𝑧=−3

(−3−2) 𝑛 (−3)𝑛−1−(−3)𝑛
𝑅2 = (−3−2) 2

(−5) 𝑛 (−3)𝑛 (−3)−1−(−3)𝑛

𝑅2 = {∵ 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 }
(−5)2

(−3)𝑛 [(−5) 𝑛 (−3)−1−1]

𝑅2 = [Taking (−3)𝑛 common]
25

1
(−3)𝑛 [(−5) 𝑛 (−3)−1] 1
𝑅2 = {∵ 𝑎−1 = }
25 𝑎

5𝑛
(−3)𝑛 ( −1)
3
𝑅2 = 25

5𝑛 1
(−3)𝑛 ( − ) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
3 1
𝑅2 = {∵ − = }
25 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑

5𝑛−3
(−3)𝑛 ( )
3
𝑅2 =
25

(−3)𝑛 (5𝑛−3)
𝑅2 = 25(3)

(−3)𝑛 (5𝑛−3)
𝑅2 = 75

Required function is

𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1 +𝑅2
(2)𝑛 (−3)𝑛 (5𝑛−3)
𝑓 (𝑛 ) = +
25 75

Ex2. Solve: 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎

Ans: Given difference equation is

𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛

Page 66 of 72
Taking z-transform of both sides

𝑍[𝑦𝑛+2 ] + 2 𝑍[𝑦𝑛+1 ] + 𝑍[𝑦𝑛 ] = 𝑍[𝑛]

𝑧 𝑧
[𝑧 2 𝑦(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑧 𝑦(1)] + 2[𝑧 𝑦(𝑧) − 𝑧 𝑦(0)] + 𝑦(𝑧) = {∵ 𝑍(𝑛) = (𝑧−1)2 }
(𝑧−1) 2

Given𝑦0 = 𝑦1 = 0 , 𝑦(0) = 0 , 𝑦(1) = 0

𝑧
[𝑧 2 𝑦(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 (0) − 𝑧 (0)] + 2[𝑧 𝑦(𝑧) − 𝑧 (0)] + 𝑦(𝑧) =
(𝑧−1)2

𝑧
[ 𝑧 2 𝑦 (𝑧 ) − 0 − 0] + 2[ 𝑧 𝑦 (𝑧 ) − 0] + 𝑦 (𝑧 ) =
(𝑧−1)2

𝑧
[𝑧 2 𝑦(𝑧)] + 2[𝑧 𝑦(𝑧)] + 𝑦(𝑧) =
(𝑧−1)2

𝑧
𝑧 2 𝑦(𝑧) + 2𝑧 𝑦(𝑧) + 𝑦(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2

𝑧
(𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1)𝑦(𝑧) =
(𝑧−1)2

𝑧
𝑦(𝑧) = (𝑧 2+2𝑧+1) (𝑧−1)2

Now, 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 = 𝑧 2 + 1𝑧 + 1𝑧 + 9

𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 = 𝑍(𝑧 + 1) + 1(𝑧 + 1)

𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 + 1) {∵ 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏)}

𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑧 + 1)2
𝑧
𝑦(𝑧) = (𝑧 2+2𝑧+1) (𝑧−1)2

𝑧
𝑦(𝑧) = (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−1)2 ..............(1)

To find poles equating denominator to zero.

(𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 1)2 = 0

(𝑧 + 1)2 = 0 , (𝑧 − 1)2 = 0

(𝑧 + 1) = 0 , (𝑧 − 1) = 0

𝑧 + 1 = 0, 𝑧 − 1 = 0

𝑧 = −1 , 𝑧 = 1

𝑧 = −1 & 𝑧 = 1 both are the poles of order two.

Page 67 of 72
Multiplying equation (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑦(𝑧) = (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−1)2

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑦(𝑧) = (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−1)2

𝑧 𝑛−1+1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑦(𝑧) = (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−1)2 {∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }

𝑧𝑛
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑦(𝑧) = (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−1)2 ................(2)

Also, 𝑅1 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = −1 (It is a pole of order 2 i.e. 𝑟 = 2)

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅1 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]
𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑑2−1 𝑧𝑛
𝑅1 = (2−1)! [𝑑𝑧 2−1 (𝑧 − (−1)) 2 (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−1)2 𝑧 =−1
]

1 𝑑1 𝑧𝑛
𝑅1 = 1! [𝑑𝑧 1 (𝑧 + 1)2 ]
(𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−1) 2 𝑧 =−1

1 𝑑 𝑧𝑛
𝑅1 = [ ]
1 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 𝑧=−1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢−𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Using 𝑑𝑧 =
𝑣 𝑣2

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
(𝑧−1) 2 𝑧 −𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧−1)2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅1 = [ {(𝑧−1)2 }2
]
𝑧=−1

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
(𝑧−1) 2 𝑧 −𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧−1)2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅1 = [ {(𝑧−1)2 }2
]
𝑧=−1

𝑑
(𝑧−1) 2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1−𝑧 𝑛 2 (𝑧−1)2−1 (𝑧−1) 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑅1 = [ 𝑑𝑧
] [∵ 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1 & [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑥) ]
(𝑧−1)4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑧=−1

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧−1) 2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1−𝑧 𝑛 2 (𝑧−1)1 ( 𝑧 − 1)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅1 = [ (𝑧−1)4
]
𝑧=−1

(𝑧−1) 2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −2𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧−1) (1−0)

𝑅1 = [ (𝑧−1)4
]
𝑧=−1

(𝑧−1) 2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −2𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧−1) (1)

𝑅1 = [ (𝑧−1)4
]
𝑧=−1

(𝑧−1) 2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −2𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧−1)

𝑅1 = [ (𝑧−1)4
]
𝑧=−1

Page 68 of 72
 (−1−1)2 𝑛 (−1)𝑛−1 −2 (−1)𝑛 (−1−1)
𝑅1 = (−1−1)4

(−2)2 𝑛 (−1) 𝑛−1 −2 (−1)𝑛 (−2)

𝑅1 = (−2)4

(4) 𝑛 (−1)𝑛−1−2(−2) (−1) 𝑛

𝑅1 = 16

4𝑛 (−1)𝑛−1 +4 (−1) 𝑛
𝑅1 = 16

4𝑛 (−1)𝑛 (−1)−1 +4 (−1)𝑛

𝑅1 = {∵ 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 }
16

4 (−1)𝑛 [𝑛(−1) −1+1]

𝑅1 = 16

1
4 (−1)𝑛 [𝑛 (−1)+1] 1
𝑅1 = {∵ 𝑎−1 = }
16 𝑎

4 (−1)𝑛 [−𝑛+1]
𝑅1 = 16

4 (−1)𝑛 [1−𝑛]
𝑅1 = 16

(−1) 𝑛 (1−𝑛)
𝑅1 = 4

Also, 𝑅2 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 1 (It is a pole of order 2 i.e. 𝑟 = 2)

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅2 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]
𝑧=𝑎

1 𝑑2−1 𝑧𝑛
𝑅2 = (2−1)! [𝑑𝑧 2−1 (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧+1) 2 (𝑧−1)2 𝑧 =1
]

1 𝑑 𝑧𝑛
𝑅2 = 1! [𝑑𝑧 (𝑧+1)2 𝑧=−1
]

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢−𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Using 𝑑𝑧 =
𝑣 𝑣2

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
(𝑧+1)2 𝑧 −𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧+1)2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅2 = [ {(𝑧+1)2 }2
]
𝑧=1

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑
(𝑧+1)2 𝑧 −𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧+1)2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅2 = [ {(𝑧+1)2 }2
]
𝑧=−1

𝑑
(𝑧+1)2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −𝑧 𝑛 2 (𝑧+1)2−1 (𝑧+1) 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑅2 = [ 𝑑𝑧
] [∵ 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1 & [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑥) ]
(𝑧+1) 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑧=1

Page 69 of 72
 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑧+1)2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −𝑧 𝑛 2 (𝑧+1)1 ( 𝑧+ 1)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑅2 = [ (𝑧+1) 4
]
𝑧=1

(𝑧+1)2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −2𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧+1) (1+0)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧+1)4
]
𝑧=1

(𝑧+1)2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −2𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧+1) (1)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧+1)4
]
𝑧=1

(𝑧+1)2 𝑛 𝑧 𝑛−1 −2𝑧 𝑛 (𝑧+1)

𝑅2 = [ (𝑧+1)4
]
𝑧=1

(1+1)2 𝑛 (1)𝑛−1 −2 (1)𝑛 (1+1)

𝑅2 = (1+1)4

(2)2 𝑛 (1)−2(1) (2)

𝑅2 = {∵ (1)𝑛−1 = 1 , (1)𝑛 = 1}
(2)4

(4) 𝑛 (1)−4
𝑅2 = 16

4𝑛−4
𝑅2 = 16

4(𝑛−1)
𝑅2 = 16

(𝑛−1)
𝑅2 = 4

Required function is

𝑓 (𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑅1 +𝑅2
(−1) 𝑛 (1−𝑛) (𝑛−1)
𝑓 (𝑛 ) = 4
+ 4

Ex3. Solve by z-transform

𝒇(𝒏) − 𝟐𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟏) + 𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟐) = 𝟏 using Z-Transform

OR 𝒚𝒏 − 𝟐 𝒚𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒚𝒏−𝟐 = 𝟏

Ans: We have

𝑓(𝑛) − 2𝑓(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑓 (𝑛 − 2) = 1

Taking z-transform of both sides

𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] − 2𝑍[𝑓 (𝑛 − 1)] + 𝑍[𝑓 (𝑛 − 2)] = 𝑍[1]

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 𝑧 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) − 2 𝑧 −1 𝑓 (𝑧) + 𝑧 −2 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧−1 {∵ 𝑍[1] = }
𝑧−1

𝑧
𝑓(𝑧)[1 − 2 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 ] = 𝑧−1

2 1 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) [1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ] = 𝑧−1

𝑧2 2𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) [𝑧 2 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 ] = 𝑧−1 {Adjustment}

𝑧 2−2𝑧+1 𝑧 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐
𝑓 (𝑧 ) [ ]= {∵ −𝑑+𝑑 = }
𝑧2 𝑧−1 𝑑 𝑑

𝑧 2𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2−2𝑧+1) (𝑧−1)

Now, 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = 𝑧 2 − 1𝑧 − 1𝑧 + 9

𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = 𝑍(𝑧 − 1) − 1(𝑧 − 1)

𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 1) {∵ 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏)}

𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = (𝑧 − 1)2
𝑧 2𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2−2𝑧+1) (𝑧−1)

𝑧 2𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−1)

𝑧2
𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)3 …………. (1)

To find poles equating denominator to zero

(𝑧 − 1)3 = 0

𝑧−1 =0

𝑧 = 1 is a pole of order three

Multiplying (1) by 𝑧 𝑛−1

𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑧 2
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)3

𝑧 𝑛−1+2
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = {∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 }
(𝑧−1)3

𝑧 𝑛+1
𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)3 ………… (2)

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Now, 𝑅1 = Residue of 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 1 (It is a pole of order three i.e. 𝑟 = 3}

1 𝑑𝑟−1
𝑅1 = (𝑟−1)! [𝑑𝑧 𝑟−1 (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑟 𝑧 𝑛−1 𝑓 (𝑧)]
𝑧=1

1 𝑑3−1 𝑧 𝑛+1
𝑅1 = (3−1)! [𝑑𝑧 3−1 (𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧−1)3]
𝑧=1

1 𝑑2
𝑅1 = 2! [𝑑𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑛+1 ]
𝑧=1

1
𝑅1 = [𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑧 𝑛−1 ]𝑧=1
2

1
𝑅1 = 2 [𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(1)𝑛−1 ]

1
𝑅1 = 2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) [∵ (1)𝑛−1 = 1]

Required function is

𝑓(𝑛) = Sum of residues

𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑅1
1
𝑓(𝑛) = 2 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)

Home Assignment-7 15 Marks

1 1 𝑛
Ex1. Solve the difference equation: 𝑓 (𝑛 + 1) + 2 𝑓(𝑛) = (2) , 𝑛 ≥ 0 if 𝑓(0) = 0

Ex2. Solve: 6𝑦𝑘+2 − 𝑦𝑘+1 − 𝑦𝑘 = 0 with 𝑦(0) = 𝑦(1) = 1

Ex3. Solve: 𝑦𝑛 + 3𝑦𝑛−1 − 4𝑦𝑛−2 = 1 with 𝑦(0) = 3 , 𝑦(1) = −2

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