Chapter 13

Vector Integral Calculus

INTEGRATION OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS :-
LINE, SURFACE AND VOLUME INTEGRALS: LINE INTEGRALS :- Let r = f(t)
represents, a continuously differentiable curve denoted by C and f(r) be a

continuous vector point function. Then dr is a unit vector function along the
ds
tangent at and point P on the curve. The component of the vector

functionF along this tangent is F. dr which is a function of s for pOints on the

ds

curve. Then f F. drds ds = f F.dr is called the line integral or tangent line integral of
c c

F (r) along C.
Let F = t F1 + J F2 + k F3
and r = i x+ J y+ k z
:. d r = i dx+ Jdy+ k dz
B

A
:. f F.dr = f(Fit + F21 + F3 k ).(dxt + dYl + dzk)
=f(Fldx + F2dy + F3 dz )
=f(F dx +F dy +F dZ)dt
I dt 2 dt 3 dt

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J- - II, (dX
:. F.dr=
c dt I,
dy
dt
dZ) dt
F,-+F2-+F)-
dt
where tt and t2 are the values of the parameter t for extermities A and B of the arc
of the curve C.
Again, if r = xi +y J +zk
dr dx ~ dy ~ dz A

:.-=-l+-J+-k
ds ds ds ds

J- - J-
c c
dr ds
:. F.dr = F.-
ds
=f5'(F
5,
dx +F
ds I 2
dy +F dY)dS
ds 3 ds

where S1 and S2 are the values of s for the extermities of A and B of the arc C.
Illustrative Examples
Ie
Example :- If F = 3xy i - y2 Jevaluate F.dr , where C is the curve in the xy plane
y= 2x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 2).
(B.P.S.C 2002).
Solution :- In the xy plane z = 0, hence d r = dx i + dy J
:. Ie F.dr = Ie (3xyi - y2J).(dxi + dy1)
=Ie3xydx- Iey 2dy
put Y = 2x2 :. dy = 4x dx and x varies from 0 to 1.
:. J/.dr = J~3x(2x2)dx - J~ (2X2)2.4xdx

=J~6xJdx-J~16x5dx
=[~X4 _~X6J'
4 6 0

7
=--Answer.
6
Example 2:- Evaluate Ie F.dr, where F= xy t +yz J +zx k and where C is
r = i t+ Jt2+ k t3, t varying from -1 to +1.
Solution:- The equation of the curve in parametric form is
x = t, Y = t2, Z = t3
:. F = xyi +yz J +zxk
~F = t3 t +t5 J +t4k

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 Vector Intewal Calculus

dr dx ~ dy ': dz A

Also - = - l + - J + - k
dt dt dt dt
= i +2t J +3t k
2

:. F. dr = t3+2t6+3t6
dt
= t3+5t6

:. - -= JF.-dt
JF.dr - dr
c dt c

=t(e +St 6
)dt

=[£..+
4
se]1
7_1
10
=- Answer.
7
Example 3:- Evaluate t F.dr, where F =(X2+y2) i -2xy Jand the curve C is the
rectangle in the xy plane bounded by y = 0, x = a, y = b, x = 0
(V.P.T.V. 2002, V.P.P.C.S 1997)
Solution:- In the xy plane, z=O
_ A A

:. r = xi +y j
r
=>d = dx i +dy J
y=b (a, b)
(0, b) Cf----------.B

x=a
x=O

(0,0) 0 y= 0 A (a, 0)
:. t t
F.dr = {(X2 +y2)dx - 2xydy} (i)
Now f F.dr = r
c JOA
F.dr + J F.dr + J P.dr + r
AB BC Jco
P.dr (ii)
Along OA, y = 0
:.dy = 0 and x varies from 0 to a
Along AB , x = a
:.dx = 0 and y varies from 0 to b

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Along BC, Y = b
° °
:. dy = and x varies from a to
Along CO, x =
°
°
:. dx = and y varies from b to
Hence from (i) and (ii) we get
°
Ie F.dr = f: 2
x dx - J: 2aydy + r (x + b )dx + f: ody
2 2

a3
=--ab 2 _a
3
_ _ b2a
3 3
= - 2ab2 Answer
Example 4:- Compute the work done by the force F = (2y+3) i +xy J +(yz-
x) k when it moves a particle from the point (0, 0, 0) to the point (2, 1,3) along the
curve x = 2t2, Y = t, Z = t 5
Solution:-
x = 2t2, Y = t, Z = t3
:.dx = 4 t dt, dy = dt, dz = 3t2dt
At point (0, 0, 0),
x= 0, t = 0, Y = 0, t = 0, Z = 0, t =
At point (2, 1, 1)
°
x= 2, t = 1, Y = 1, t = 1, Z = 1, t = 1
r
d = dx i +dy J +dz k
= 4t dti +dt J +3t2 dtk
F = (2t+3) i +2t5 J + (t4_2t2) k
F .d r = [(2t+3) i +2t5 J +(t4_2t2) k]. [4t dt i +dt J +3t2 dt k]
= (8t2+12t) dt + 2t5 dt + (3t6-6t4) dt
work done = Ie F.dr

=f~ (Se + 12t)dt + f>e dt + f~ (3t6 - 4

6t )dt

=[se + 12e]1 +[2t6]1 +[~_ 6e]1

32060750

=(~+6 )+~+(%-~)
S
=8- Answer.
35

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 Vector Integral Calculus

t
Example 5:- Evaluate the line integral (y2 dx - x 2 dy) about the triangle whose
vertices are (I, 0), (0,1) and (-I, 0).
(P.T.U 1999)
Solution:- Let A (I, 0), B(O, 1) and C (-I, 0) be the points of curves as shown in
figure.
y

c A
--~------------~------------~-+X
(-1,0) o (1,0)

Line integral along AB :

Equation of AB is ~ + = I
1 1
r
or x+y = 1
=> dx + dy =0
Consider f(y 2 dx-x 2dy)=f {(I-X)2dx-x 2 (-dx)}
AB All

=fAB (1 + x 2
-
2
2x + x )dx
=f AB
(1+2x2_2x)dx

=f~ (1 + 2X2 - 2x)dx

=[x+ 2;' -2;'1 =-j

Example 6:- Evaluate Sf F.il ds, where F= yz i +ZX) +yx k and 5 is that of the
s
surface of the sphere X2+y2+Z2= a 2 which lies in the first octant.
(U.P.T.V. 2005, MDU 2002)

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Solution:- The given equation of the sphere is (j> == X2+y2+Z2 -a2 = 0

grad <I> = f1<1> = 2xi +2y J +2zk
it = Unit normal in the direction of grad <I>

or it = xi +y J +z k
Also dS = it .dS
Let F = yz i +ZX J +xy k
:.it.k = Z
and F.it=(yzi+zxJ +xyk).(xi+yJ+zk)
=3xy Z
y

z ds

R
y

o~----~~~~---x
y=O

Now f(yzi +zxJ + xyk).dS = IfF. it d'An.k

5 R
XdAY, ' where R is the projection of the surface

S.
=If 3xy Z dxdy
R Z

=3 fa fJa2-x2 xydydx
y=o
x=o

=3 j x[~2]Ja'-x' dx
x=o 0

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 Vector Integral Calculus

Green's Theorem in Cartesian form :-

If C be a regular closed curve in the xy plane and S be the region bounded by C
then

J (Pdx+Qdy) = JJ(oQ - OP)dXd Ywhere P and Q are Continuously differential

c sox oy
functions inside and on C.
X
Example 1:- Evaluate J(e- sinydx+e-xcosydy)by Green's theorem wher: C is
c
n ), and (0,
the rectangle whose vertices are (0,0), (n, 0), (n, 2" "" n/2).

(I.A.S 1999, U.P.T.V. SC 2006 - 07)

Solution :- Comparing the given line integral with the integral on the left of

J (Pdx+Qdy) = JJ(OQ - OP)dXd Ywe have P = e- X sin y, Q = e- X cos y

c s ox oy
:. -
oP = e- X cos y &
oQ
- = -e- cos y
X

oy ox
y

o 1-'-(0_'_rt1_2-r-).----_B-,(rt, rt 12)

o dxdy
(0,0) A (rt,O) X

Z
Hence by Green's theorem (Cartesian form) we have the given integral
= J (_e- cosy _e- x cosy)dxdy
X
.
5
" ,,/2
=-2 J J e- x cosydxdy
x=Oy=O

=-2[ _e- x
J: (sin y)~/2
= 2 (e-n -l) (1)
=2(e-n -1) Answer

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Jc
Example 2:- Apply Greenls theorem to evaluate (2X2 - y2) dx + (x 2 + y2) dy where

C is the boundary of the area enclosed by the x axis and the upper half of circle
x2+y2 = a 2.
(V.P.T.V.2005)
Solution ;- Comparing the given integral with the integral on the left of

Jc (Pdx+Qdy) = JJ[OQ - OP)dXd Ywe have

s ox oY
P = 2x2 _y2, Q = x2 +y2
. oP _ oQ
.. oy - -2y , a; = 2x
y

XI ~----------~--"r----+----------~X

yl
Hence by Greenls theorem, we have the given integral
= JJ (2x + 2y)dxdy
5
d Ja _x
2 1

=2 f fy=o (x + y)dxdy
X=-d

J[xy + ~2 ).J.
2 2

=2 _X dx
-d 0

a a

=2 JxJa 2 - 2
x dx+ J(a 2
-
2
x )dx
-a -a

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 Vector Integral Calculus

•
= 0 +2 J( a2- X2) dx
o

= 2( 2;3)= ~a3 Answer

J
Example 3:- Using Green's theorem, evaluate (x 2 ydx + x2 dy) where C is the
c
boundary described counter clockwise of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0),
(1,1).
(U.P.T.U.2004)
Solution:- Comparing the given integral with the integral on the left of

J(Pdx+Qdy) = JJ(aaxQ - ap)dXdY

C 5ay
Hence P = x2y, Q = x2
. ap _ 2 aQ
.. - - x -=2x
ay , ax
y

B (1, 1)

(O?O) y = 0 A (1, 0) x

Hence by Green's theorem, we have the given integral

JJ
= (2x - x2)dxdy
5
I JX
= Jx=o v)2x - x-)dxdy
,

= J~ (2x - x ) (y)~dx
2

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= f~ (2x - x )dx
2 J

"(~x;<I
2 I 5
=---=-Answer.
3 4 12
Example 4:- Verify Green's theorem in the plane for f(xy + y2)dx + x2dy where C
c
is the closed curve of the region bounded by y = x and y = x2
(P.T.V. 2000, 05, V.T.o. 2004)
Solution:- Here P = xy+y2 , Q = x2

:. ap = x + 2y aQ = 2x
ay , ax
y

~~~--------~x

Let R be the region bounded by C,

Along C1 y = x2 1

:. dy = 2xdx and the limit of x are 0 to 1.

f
:. Line integral along Cl = (Pdx + Qdy)
c,

=f~ (xy + y2)dx + x2 dy

= f~[{ x.x 2 + (X 2)2}dx + x2.2xdx ]
= f~ {(Xl + X4 )dx + 2xJ dX}
=f~(3x3 +x4)dx

"[~x'<I "(~+i)"~~
Along C21 y=x from point A to 0 , dy = dx, and the limits of yare 1 to O.
Line integral along

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 Vector Integral Calculus

C2 = J (Pdx + Qdy)
c,
= f {(xy + y2)dx + x 2dy}

= f{(y2 +y2)dy+y 2dy}

= r (2y2 + y2)dy

= f3y2dy=[y3T =-1
Therefore, line integral along C
=.!.2._I= __
1
20 20
i.e. J(Pdx+Qdy)= __
1 (i)
c ... 20
Now

JJ(OQ
R
- OP)dXdY = JJ[ 2x- (x + 2y)Jdxdy
ox oy R
I x

= J J (x - 2y)dydx
o x2
I

=J(xy - y2 ):,dx
o
I
= J(x 2 _x 2 _x 3 +x4)dx
o
I
3
= J (X4 - x )dx
o

= [x; - :
From (i) & (ii)
1(~- ±)
= =- ;0 (ii)

[(PdX+Qd Y) = Jf( ~~ - ~; )dXdY

Hence Green1s theorem is verified.
Example 5:- Evaluate J(y-sinx)dx+cosxdy, where C is the triangle formed by
c

y = 0, x= ~ , y = ~ x, by using Green1s theorem.

2 1t

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Solution:- The vertices of the triangle OED are (0, 0), ( ~ , 0) and ( ~ ,~ )
2 2 2
Now by Green's theorem, we have

f(Pdx+Qdy) = fJ(OQ
C
- OP)dXdY
ox oy 5

Here P = y-sin x , Q = cos x

:. oP = I oQ = -sinx
oy 'ax
y
o (~2' ~)
2
1t
x= -
2

2x
11/2 n
:.R.H.s= f f (-sinx-l)dxdy
o y=O
1l
=- fo /\1 + sin x)[y ]~x/1I
=--2 i1l/2 (x + xsinx)dx
1t 0

= _~[~ + x(-cosx) _1(_SinX)]1I/2

1t 2 0

=-~[~.: +1]
= -[ ~+~]Answer
Example 6:- Verify Green's theorem in the
2
plane ~ (3x - 8y 2) dx + (4 Y- 6 xy) dy where C is the boundary of the region
c
defined by y =.JX, y = x2.
Solution:- y =.JX i.e y2 =x and y =x2 are two parabolas which intersect at (0, 0)
and (1, 1)
we have

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 Vector Integral Calculus

J(Pdx +Qdy) = J (Pdx +Qdy)+ J (Pdx+Qdy)

c c, c,
y

----~~+-~--------~x

Along Cl; x2= y; :. dy = 2xdx and limits of x are from 0 to 1.

I

:. Line integral along C1 becomes J {(3x 2 - SX4 )dx + (4X2 - 6x 3 )2xdx}

o
I

= J(3X2 +Sx 3 -20x 4)dx

o
= 1 + 2 -4 =-1
Along C2, y2 =x, :.2ydy = dx and limits of yare from 1 to O.
:. Line integral along C2 becomes
o
J(3y4 - Sy2 )2ydy + (4y - 6y2 . y)dy
I
o
= J( 6y 5 - 22y 3 + 4y)dy
I

= -[ 6.~-22.~+4.~]= %
:. Line integral along C = -1 + ~ =~ (i)
2 2
Q
Again J(Pdx+Qdy)= JJ(a - ap)dXd Y
C 5 ax ay

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=Ij[ :x (4y - 6xy) - a~ (3x 2- 8y2)]dXdY

= If (-6y + 16y )dxdy
5

I IJX
= Ix=o y=x' lOy dx d Y

= II
x=o
[5y2J~
x
dx

= 5I~(x - X4 )dx = 5(~-~)

=5.~
10
3
= (ii)
2
Hence from (i) and (ii) the Green's theorem is verified.
Exainple 7:- Apply Green's theorem to prove that the area enclosed by a plane
I
curve is ~ xdy - ydx. Hence find the area of an ellipse whose semi- major and
2c
minor axes are of lengths a and b.
(V.T.V.2000).

Solution:- By Green's theorem ~(Pdx+Qdy)

c
= If[a - ~P)dXdY
Q
ax oy
5

Letp=-r and Q = ~
2 2

:. ~(-rdX+~dY)
c 2 2
= If{~(~)_~(-r)}dXdY
ax 2 oy 2 5

= If(~+~)dXdy
5 2 2
= If dxdy
5
= Area of a closed curve
:. Area of a closed curve
=~~(xdy - ydx)
2c
Let the equation of ellipse be
x2 y2
-+-=1
a 2 b2

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 Vector Inteval Calculus

Area of ellipse =..!.~(xdy-ydx)

2c
where C is ellipse
x2 y2
-+-=1
2 2
a b
i.e. x= a cos t, y = b sin t and t varies from 0 to 2n.
:. Required area of ellipse
=~f:" ab(cos 2 t+sin 2 t)dt
a:
= [t]~"
.: -dx = -a sln
. t, -dy = b cos t
dt dt
= nab
Gauss Divergence Theorem:
Statement :- If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface 5 and F is a vector
point function with continuous derivatives, then
fv
f F.nds = divFdV
s
where n is unit outward drawn normal vector to the surface s.
Example 1: If V is the volume enclosed by a closed surface 5 and F =
xi +2y J+3zk show that fF.nds = 6V
5

Solution:- Given F = xi +2y J +3z k

:. div F=v.F
A 0 A 0 A 0) (A A A)
=( i-+ j-+k- . xi +2yj +3zk
ox ay oz
o 0
= -(x) + -(2y) + -(3z)
0
ox ay oz
= 1+2+3 = 6
:. By Gauss theorem we have

5
f
f F.nds = divFdv
v

=f6dV
v
= 6V Hence proved.
Example 2:- Using Gauss divergence theorem, Prove that

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Stoke's Theorem: If F is any continuously differentiable vector point function

and S is a surface bounded by a curve C, then

C
f
f F.dr = CurlF.nds
5
Where n is unit outward drawn normal vector at any point of the surface S.
Example 1: Verify stoke's theorem for F = (2x-y) i - yz21 - y2z k where S is the
upper half surface of the sphere X2+y2+Z2=1 and C is its boundary.
(V.P.T.V. 2001, LA.S 2004, B.P.S.C 2001)
Solution: The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy plane of radius unity and
centre at the origin. The parametric equations of C will be x= cos t, Y = sin t, z= 0,
r
o::s; t::s; 21t consequently, the position vector of any point on the circle is =xi + Yl .
Hence.

c
f
fF.dr = {(2x - y)i - yz2] - y2zk }.(idx + jdy)
(

= f(2x - y) dx - f yzZ dy
( (

2
=fo " (2cos t - sin t)( -sin t)dt
=f:" -(2cost - sin t)sin tdt
=f:"sin 2 tdt- CIt sin2tdt
=4J,f"/2
o
. 2 d (coS2t)2"
sm t t+ - -
2 0
f1T3
= 41212· +!(1-1)
212 2
4.~
=~
2
=1t (i)
Also
j k

Curl F=-
- a a a
ax ay az
2x-y _yz2 _y2 z
= i (-2 yz + 2yz) + J (0) + k (1)

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 Vector Integral Calculus

=k
Then J curlF.nds = Jk.nds
5 5

..ods= dx~y
n.k
= JJ dxdy
R

where R is the projection of S on the xy plane.

Therefore

JJ dxdy = L:~Jy:~~dXdy
R

r1r M dxdy
=4JoJo
=4J:~h-X2dx
2
.: J J(a
2
-x2)dx=~J(a2 _X2) + ~ sin-1 ~
=n QQ
From (i) and (ii) we get
J curlF.nds = JF.dr
• c
Hence stoke's theorem is verified.
Example 2: Verify stoke's theorem whenF = y i + zJ +xk and surface S is the
part of the sphere x2+y2+z2=1 above the xy plane.
(U.P.P.C.S. 2003)
Solution: Stoke's theorem is
JF.dr = J curl F.n ds
C 5
where C is the unit circle X2+y2 =1, z =0 and r = xi + y J +z k
~ d r = dx i + dy J +dz k
.o. F.dr = (yi +zl + xk).(dxi +dYI +dzk)
= ydx + zdy + xdz
So
JF.dr = J ydx+ J zdy+ J xdz
c c c c

The parametric equations of the circle is

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x = cos t, y= sin t, 0 ~ t ~ 21t Z = 0, dz = 0

Therefore
fF .dr = f ydx
c c

=f:7! sin t( -sin t)dt

.,' x = cos t, Y = sin t
=> dx = -sin t dt
= -J
r2 7! 2
sin tdt
o
r27! 2
= -4Jo sin tdt

=-4 rnrn
2rw
!../n../n
=-4=2_ _
2
= -1t (i)
Again
k i j
d d d
CurlF =
dX dy dZ
Y Z x
=-t- j-k
Let n be the outward unit normal to the surface X2+y2+Z2 =1 at point (x,y,z), then
eI> = x2 +y2 + Z2 -1

del> =2x, del> =2y, del> =2z

dX dy dZ
grad eI> 2xi + 2Yl + 2zk
= = -;==::;=====:===::=-
A

.n
.. Igradel>l J(2X)2 +(2yf + (2Z)2
= xi +YJ +zk
:. X2+y2+Z2 =1
:. CurlF.n = - (x+y+z)

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 Vector Inte~al Calculus

X
Using spherical polar coordinates
x = r sine cosq, = sine cosq, .,. r = 1
Y= r sine sinq, = sine sinq,
z = r cose = cose
and ds = sine de dq,
In first octant e = 0 to rtf2, q, = 0 to 2rt
curl F.il = - (sine cosq, + sine sinq, + cose)
:. J curlF.ilds = - t:02J.2:o (sin e cosq, + sin esin q, + cos e) sin ededq,
5

=- fo" /2[ sin e sinq, - sin 8cos q, + q,cose]~n sine de

= -2rt r / cosesinede
n 2
Jo
= -rt[ _ co~ 2e 1/2
= -rt (ii)
From (i) & (ii) we get
J curlF.ilds =JF.dr
s r
Hence stoke's theorem is verified.
Example 3: Verify stoke's theorem for the function F = z i + x J+y k where C is
the unit circle in xy- plane bounding the hemisphere Z= ~( 1- x 2 _ y2)
(I.A.S. 1993, U.P.P.C.S. 1999, U.P.T.U.(C.O) 2003)
Solution: Stoke's theorem is J F.dr =J Curl F.il ds where C is the unit circle
c s
r
X2+y2 =1, z = 0 and = xi + y J+z k
r
~ d = dx i + dy J +dz k

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F.dr = (zi + xJ + yk ).(dxi + dYJ + dzk)

= zdx+xdy+ydz
so JF.dr = J zdx + J xdy + J ydz
c C c c

The parametric equations of the curve is .x= cos t, Y = sin t, 0 ::;; t ::;; 21t, z = 0, dz = 0
Therefore,
JF.dr= J xdy
c c
211
= J costcostdt
o
.: x = cos t
y=sint
=> dy = cos t dt
211
2
= J cos tdt
o
11/2
2
= 4 J cos tdt
o

=
4·rm~
2[2
4).[[
= 21212
2
=JicJic
=1t
i.e. JF.dr = 1t (i)

i j k
0 0 0
Again curl F =
ax oy oz
z x y
=t+J+k
Letn be the outward unit normal to the surface x2+y2+Z2 = 1 at point (x,y, z),
Then
ell == X2+y2+Z2_1

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 Vector Integral Calculus

, grad<\>
:. n = Igrad<\>1
_ 2xi+2YJ+2zk
- ~(2X)2 +(2y)2 + (2Z)2
= xi +y J +z k .: X2+y2+Z2 =1
I
Therefore, curl F.il. = (i + + k ).( xi + Yl + zk)
= x+y+z
using spherical polar coordinates
x = r sine cos<\> = sine cos<\> .: r = 1
Y = r sine sin<\> = sine sin<\>
z = r cose = cose
and ds = sine de d<\>
In first octant e =0 to Tt/2 and <\> =0 to 2Tt
curl F.il. = sine cos<\> + sine sin<\> + cose
ft/22ft

:. J curl F.il.ds = J J (sinecos<\> + sin esin <\> + cos e) sin eded<\>

5 8=0,=0
ft/2

= J [sinesin<\> - sinecos<\> + <\>cose]~" sinede

o
,,/2
= 2Tt J cosesinede
o
,,/2
=Tt J sin 2ede
o

=Tt[ _ cO~2e 1/2

= -"2Tt [cos Tt - cos 0]
=-~[-1-11

=-~(-2)
=Tt (ii)
From (i) and (ii) we get
J curlF.il.ds =JF.dr
s c
Which verifies Stoke1s theorem

339
 A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I

Example 4: Verify stoke's theorem for F = (X2+y2) i -2xy Jtaken round the
rectangle bounded by the lines x= ± a, y =0, y =b
(V.P.T.V. 2003, V.P.P.e.S. 1997)
Solution:
y
y=b B (a, b)

x =-a x=a

L..L.~-L-.L..J,-L-L-L.:r-'-L....L-J,_ _• X
o (-a, 0) y = 0 A (a, 0)

Let C denote the boundary of the rectangle ABED, then

~F.dr= ~[(X2 + y2)i - 2xyJ].(idx + JdY)
c c

= ~[(X2 + y2 )dx - 2xydy ]

c
The curve C consists of four lines AB, BE, ED and DA.
Along AB, x=a, dx = 0 and y varies from 0 to b
:. f [(2
x + y2 )dx - 2xydy ] = -2aydy
AB
f:
= _a[y2 J: = -ab2 (i)
Along BE, y= b, dy = 0 and x varies from a to-a
-d

:. f [( x2 + y2 )dx - 2xydy ] = f (X2 + b )dx

~ d
2

]-d
=[ ~ + b
3 2
x d

2a 2
=---2ab2 (ii)
3
Along ED, x= -a, dx = 0 and y varies from b to 0
o
:. f[(x
ro
2
+y2)dx-2xydy J= 2aydy f
b

= a[y2I = -ab2 (iii)

Along DA, y = O. dy =0 and x varies from -a to a.

340
 Vector Integral Calculus

o
:. f [(X2 +y2)dx-2xydy J= fx2dx
DA -d

3
2a
=- (iv)
3
Adding (i) (ii) (iii) and (iv), we get
3 3
,f, - - 2 2a 2 2 2a
rF.dr=-ab ---2ab -ab + -
( 3 3
=-4ab2 (v)
Now,
i j k
0 0 0
Curl F= -
ox Or oz
x 2 +y2 -2xy 0
= (-2y - 2y) k
=-4yk
For the surface S, n = k
CurlF.n= - 4yk. k = - 4y
b •

:. If CurlF.nds = f f -4ydxdy
s O-d
b

= J -4y[xtdy
o

=-8aJ: ydy

=-8a[y;I
= - 4ab2 (vi)
The equality of (v) and (vi) verifies Stoke's theorem.
Example 5: Verify Stoke's theorem for the function F = x2I +xy J integrated
round the square whose sides are x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = a in the plane z =0.
. (LA.S. 2006)
Solution: Given F = x2I +xy J

341
 A Textbook ofEn~neerin~ Mathematics Volume - I

j k

:. Curl F =
a a a
ax oy oz
0
X" xy 0
=y k
Y j

y=a
B
C
'"

x=O' x=a

o y=O A x

Here n =k (n is perpendicular to xy plane)

If CurlF.nds = If yk.kdxdy
5 5

• •
= fdxfYdY
o 0

=a(~2 = ~ I (i)

Now fF.dr = f( x i + xyJ).( dxt + dYJ)

2
c c

(ii)

Where C is the path OABCO as shown above.

f F.dr = f F.dr + f F.dr + f F.dr + f F.dr (iii)
OABCO OA AB Be co
Along OA, y = 0, dy =0
3 3
f F.df = fx2dx = (X3 )d = a3
OA 0
(iv)
0

Along AB, x= 0, dx =0

342
 Vector Integral Calculus

· (y2)d = -(
a 2 a
3
J P.dr = Jay dy = a - a )=- (v)
AB 0 2 0 2 2
Along BC, y =a, dy =0
o 3
JP.dr= J x2dx= Jx2dx=-~ (vi)
Be Be 3 d

Along CO, x =0, dx =0

co co
f
J P.dr = (x 2dx + xydy) = 0 (viii)

_ _ a 3 a 3 a3
From (iii), JF.dr =-+---+0
c 323
Vsing (iv) (v) (vi) & (vii)
=- (viii)
2
From Equations (i) and (viii), we have
fF.dr = Sf Curl P.it ds
c s
Hence Stoke's theorem is verified.
Example 6 : Evaluate ~ P.dr by Stoke's theorem, where P = y2 i +x2J- (x+z) k and
c
C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices at (0, 0, 0), (I, 0, 0) and (I, I, 0)
(V.P.T.V.2001)
Solution: Since Z- coordinates of each vertex of the triangle is zero, therefore,
the triangle lies in the xy plane and it =k
j k
- a a a
Curl F =ax ay az
Z
y~ X -(x+z)
= J+2(x-y) k

B (I, 1)

o A (I, 0)

343
 A Textbook o(Elzgineering Mathematics Volume - I

:. Curl F.il = [J + 2(x - y)k J.k

=2(x-y)
The equation of line OB is y = x By stoke's theorem,
~ F.dr = If Curl F.il ds
I x
= f f 2(x-y)dxdy
x=O y=o

=2.[,[ xy- y: dx L
= 2L(x 2
- x; )dX
I 2

=2f~dx
o 2
1
2
= f x dx
o

=[ ~11
1
=-
3
Example 7: Apply Stoke's theorem evaluate f[(x + y)dx + (2x -z}dy + (y +z)dz ]
c
where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0,
6).
Solution: Hence F = (x+y) i +(2x-z) J + (y+z) k
i j k
:. Curl F = 0 0 0
ox oy oz
x+ Y 2x-z y+z
A A

= 2i+k

344
 Vector Integral Calculus

Also equation of the plane through A, B, C is

~+r+~=l
236
or 3x +2y + z = 6
Let <I> == 3x + 2y + z-6 =0
Normal to the plane ABC is
a a a ) (3x+2y+z-6)
( i ax + j ax + k ax
~ ~ ~
V'<I> =

= 3i +2 J+ k
~ ~ ~

~ 3i + 2j + k
Unit normal vector n = J(3)2 + (2)2 + (1)2
3i +2J + k
=-J14-;=:14=--
:.JfCurlF.nds= Jf(2i+k). ~(3i+2J+k)ds
• • . . . 14
where S is the triangle ABC
= ~ ( 6 + 1) Jf ds
. . . 14 5

7
= r:;-; (Area of !!. ABC)
. . . 14
It is difficult to find area of!!. ABC, so we change ds to d ~~YI ,where Sf dxdy is
n.k
l
area of!!. OAB

345
 A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I

7 Ifdxdy
=M s In.kl
7 If dxdy
=M 11M
=7If dxdy
R

= 7 (Area of ~ OAB)
1 x
= 7 (- x2 3)
2
=21 (i)
Since we know Stoke's theorem is given by
pF.dr = If CurlF.nds (ii)

Therefore, from (i) and (ii) we have

p[(x + y)dx +(2x -z)dy +(y + z)dzJ =21
c

Example 8: IfF = (x-z) i +(x3+yZ) J- 3xy2k and S is the surface of the curve
3na4
z = a - ~X2 + y2 above the xy-plane, show that If Curl P.ds = -4 -
s

Solution: Here P = (x-z) i +(x3+yz) J- 3xy2k (i)

By Stoke's theorem, we have
If CurlF.ds = pF.dr (ii)

where S is the surface x2+y2 = a 2, z=o above the xy-plane.

F.dr = [(x-z) i +(x 3 +yz) J - 3xy2k ].(dx i +dy J +dz k)
= (x-z)dx + (x 3+yz)dy-3xy2 dz (iii)
Let x = a cosS so that dx = -a sinS dS and y = a sinS so that dy = a cosS dS
211
f
pP.dr= {(acosS)(-asinSdS)+a3 cos 3 S. a cos SdS}
c 0

.,' z = 0 ,'. dz = 0

346
 Vector Integral Calculus

2n 2n
= _a 2
J J
sinS cosSdS + a 4 cos 4SdS
o 0
2n
=a 4Jcos 4SdS
o
nl2
= 4a4 Jo cos SdS4

=4a 4 ~2[3~
[131[1
=4a4122212
4
4 3
=a -1t
4
3 4
(iv)
=-1ta
4

~ JJ CurIF.ds = ~1ta4
s

Using (ii) & (iv)

EXERCISE
1. Suppose F = x3 i +y J+z k is the force field. Find the work done by F along the
line from the (1, 2, 3) to (3, 5, 7).
(U.P.T.U.2005)
Answer. 50.5 units
J
2. Evaluate F.dr where F = xy i +(X2+y2) Jand C is the arc of the curve y = x2-4
c
from (2, 0) to (4,12) in the xy-plane.
Ans.732
J
3. Evaluate F.dr for F = 3x2i +(2xz-y) J+z k along the path of the carve x2= 4y, 3x3
c
= 8z from x = 0 to x = 2
Ans.16
-- - iy - jx
4. Compute F.dr, where F = J
r
2
x +y
2 and C is the circle X2+y2=1 traversed

counter clockwise.
Ans. -21t

347
 A Textbook ofEIl~illeering Mathematics Volume - I

5. Find the circulation ofF round the curve C, where F = y i +z J+x k and C is the
circle X2+y2 = 1, Z = 0
Ans. -n
Hint Circulation = f F.dr
6. Find the work done in moving a particle once around a circle C in the xy-
plane, if the circle has centre at the origin and radius 2 and if the force field is
given by F = (2x-y+2z) i +(X+y-Z2) J+(3x-2y-5z) k
Ans.81t
7. Evaluate ff (yzi + zXJ + xyk ).ds where S is the surface of the sphere X2+y2+z2 =a2
in the first octant.
3a 4
Ans.-
8
8. ifF = (X2_y2) i +2xy J and;: = xi +y J find the value of IF. df around the
rectangle boundary x = 0, y = 0 x = a, y = b
(U.P.T.U 2002)
Ans.2ab2
9. Evaluate f[(cosxsiny - xy)dx +sinxcosydy JbY Green's theorem where C is
c
the circle X2+y2 =1
Ans.O
10. Evaluate IF. it ds where F = 4xy i + yz) - xZk where and S is the surface of the
5
cube bounded by the planes x =0, x = 2, Y = 0, Y = 2, z = 0, z = 2
Ans.32
11. Prove that Iff CurlF dv =ff it x F ds
12. Prove that I it x (a x r)ds = 2aV , where V is the volume enclosed by the surface
s

S and a is a constant vector.

13. Verify Gauss's divergence theorem for F = y i +x J+Z2 k and S is the surface of
the cylinder bounded by X2+y2 = a 2; z = 0; z = h
14. Verify divergence theorem for F = 4xz i _y2 J+ yz k and S the surface of the
cube bounded by the planes x=O, x = 2, Y = 0, Y = 2, z = 0, Z = 2

348
 Vector Integral Calculus

15. Verify Gauss's theorem and show that

H(X 3 - yz)i - 2X2Yl + 2k ].nds

5
=; 5
where S denotes the surface of the cube

bounded by the planes x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0, z = a.

16. Evaluate Sf (yzi + zXJ + xy k ) ds where S is the surface of the sphere x2+y2+Z2 =
s

a 2 in the first octant.

(U.P.T.U 2004)
Ans.O
17. Verify the divergence theorem for the function F = 2x2y i - y2 J+ 4XZ2 k taken
over the region in the first octant bounded by y2+Z2 = 9 and x = 2.
18. Evaluate by stoke's theorem p(ex dx + 2y dy - dZ) where C is the carve
X2+y2 = 4, Z = 2
Ans.O
19. Apply stoke's theorem to find the value of f (ydx + zdy + xdz) where C is the
curve of intersection X2+y2+Z2 = a 2 and x+z = a
(JNTU 1999)
,
-na-
Ans. J2

p
20 Evaluate 2y 3 dx + x3 dy + zdz where C is the trace of the cone intersected by
<'

the plane z = 4 and S is the surface of the cone z = Jx

+ y2 below z = 4 2

(PTU 2006)
Ans.192n
21. Use Stoke's theorem to evaluate f Curl'F.nds over the open hemispherical
surface X2+y2+Z2 =a2, z > 0 where F = y i + ZX J + y k
Hint: The boundary of hemispherical surface is circle of radius a in the plane z =
O. The parametric equations of the circle are x = a cosS, y = b sinS, z = 0
r r
Here = xi + y J+ Zk ,d = dx i + dy J + dz k , X2+y2 = a 2, z = 0
using stoke's theorem
fF.dr = f (yi + zx) + yk).(dxi + dy} + dzk)
c ('

we get
~ f CurlF.nds = f ydx
5 c

349
 A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I

271

= f asin(-asinS)dS
o
2 271
=
2 0
f
-~ 2sin2 SdS
2 271

=-~ f(1-cos2S)dS
2 0
271
= -~[S _ sin2SJ
2 2 0

= -7m2 Answer
Tick the Correct Answer of the Choices Given Below :-
f
1. The value of F.dr for F = 3x2i + (2xz-y) J+ zk along the path of the curve x2 =
c
4y, 3x3 = 8z from x = 0 to x = 2 is
(i) 8 (ii) 16
(iii) 4 (iv) 10
Ans. (ii)

2. IfF = i;' - j~ evaluate fF.dr where C is the circle X2+y2 =1 transversed counter
x +y c

clockwise
(i) 1t (ii) -1t
(iii) 2 1t (iv) -2 1t
Ans. (iv)
f
3. The value of F.dr for F = x2i +xy} and C is the curve y2 = x joining (0, 0) to
c

(1, 1) is
(i) 2. .. ) - 3
(11
12 12
... ) 5 (iv) 1
(111 -
12
Ans. (i)
f
4. If F = (3X2+6y) i - 14yz J + 20xz2k , Then the value of line integral F.dr form (0,
c
0,0) to (1, 1, 1) along the path x = t, Y = t2, Z = t3 is
(i) 2 (ii) 5
(iii) 7 (iv) ~
2
Ans. (ii)

350
 Vector Intewal Calculus

2
5. The value of the line integral J[(x + xY)dx +(X2 +y2)dYJ ,where C is the
c
square formed by the lines y = ±1 and x = ±1 is
(i) ° (ii) 1
(iii) -1 (iv) .!
2
Ans. (i)
6. The circulation ofF round the curve C, where F = y i + ~ J+ x k and C is the
circle X2+y2 =1, z =
(i) 1t (ii)
°
-1t
••. ) 1t (.) 1t
( III - IV - -
2 2
Ans. (ii)
7. IfF = 2y i - Z J + x k then the value of J F x dr along the curve x= cos t, Y = sin t,

° =1t/2
c
Z =2cost from t = t is
(i) i + J (ii) i-J
(. .)(2 -4'1t)~
III 1+
( 1t-"21)~J (iv) (2-~)i-( 1t+~)J
Ans. (iii)
8. The value of J F.dr where F = xy i +(X2+y2) Jand C is the x axis is from x = 2 to x
c
= 4 and the line x =4 from y =0 to Y =12 is
(i) 768 (ii) 785
(iii) 763 (iv) 764
Ans. (i)
9. The circulation ofF around C, where F = ex sin y i +eX cos y J and C is the

rectangle whose vertices are (0,0), (1, 0), (1, ~ ), (0, ~ ) is

2 2
(i) ° (ii) 1
(iii) -1 (iv) -.!
2
Ans. (i)
10. The vector function A defined by A =(sin y+z cos x) i +(x cos y+sinz) J+ (y
cos z+sin x) k is irrotatinal. Then function cp is given by (Given A = Vcp)
(i) x sin y - y sin z - z sin x + c
(ii) x sin y + y sin z + z sin x + c
(iii) x cos Y + Y cos z + z sin x + c

351
 A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I

(iv) x cos Y + Y cos z - z sin x + c

Ans. (ii)
11. Consider a vector field F = (X2 - y2 + x) i -(2xy+y) J Then the field is
(i) Solenoidal
(ii) irrotational
(iii) Solenoidal and irrotational
(iv) None of the above
(V.P.T.V.2009)
Ans. (iii)
12. Consider a vector field F = (X2 - y2 + x) i -(2xy+y) J . Then cjl is given by:
(GivenF = V<I»
x3 x2 y2 3 2 2
(i)-- xy 2 + - - - ") X
( 11 -+xy
2
-X- -Y-
3 2 2 3 2 2
3 2 2
. x3 2 x2 y2
"') X
( III --xy
2
-X- -Y
- (lV) --xy - - - -
3 2 2 3 2 2
Ans. (i)
13. The value of ffF.nds ,whereF = z2i +xy J- y2k and S is the surface bounded
s
by the region x2+y2 = 4 z = 0, z = 3 is

(i) -26 (ii) 26

(iii) 13 (iv) -13
Ans. (ii)
14. IfF = 4xz i - y2 J+ yz k and S is the surface of the cube bounded by the planes
x = 0, x = 1, Y = 0, Y =1, z=O, z=1 Then the value of ffF.nds is
5

(i) ! ") -3
(11
2 2
"') -5
(III (iv) Z.
2 2
Ans. (ii)
15. If V is the volume enclosed by a closed surface S and F = xi +2y J+3z k . Then
fF.nds is
5

(i) 3V (ii) 6V
(iii) 9V (iv) 12V
Ans. (ii)

352
 Vector Integral Calculus

16. The value of F.nds ,where S is a closed surface is

5

(i) 3V (ii) 6V
(iii) 9V (iv) 0
Ans. (i)
17. The value of Jnds ,where S is a closed surface is
5

(i) 3V (ii) 6V
(iii) 9V (iv) 0
Ans. (iv)
18. The value of Jn .(v x F), where Fis a vector point function and S is a closed
s

surface is
(i) 3V (ii) 6V
(iii) 9V (iv) 0
Ans. (iv)
J
19. The value of F.n ds , for F = 4x i - 2y2 J +Z2 k taken over the region S bounded
5

by X2+y2 = 4, Z =0 and Z =3 is

(i) 38n (ii) 84n

(iii) 83n (iv) 48n
Ans. (ii)
20. The value of F x n ds , for any closed surface S is
s

(i)1 (ii) -1
(iii) 3 (iv) 0
Ans. (iv)
21. The value of Jnx VcI>ds ,for a closed surface S is
5

(i) 2a (ii) -2a

(iii) 3 a (iv) 0
Ans. (iv)
22. The value of Jn x (a x r)ds where V is the volume enclosed by the surface S
5

a
and is a constant vector is

(i) 2a (ii) 2a V
(iii) -2 a (iv) 0

353
 A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I

Ans. (ii)
23. The value of J( e- xsin ydx + e- xcos ydy) where C is the rectangle with vertices
c

(0, 0), (1t, 0), (1t, ~ ), (0, ~ ) is

2 2'
(i) 2(e -1)
1t
(ii) 2 (e- -l)
1t

(iii) 2(e1t +1) (iv) 2(e-" +1)

Ans. (ii)
f
24. The value of (X2y dx + x 2 dy) ,where C is the boundary described counter
c
clockwise of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1) is
(i) 0 (ii) !2
... ) 5 (iv) -!
(111 -
12 2
Ans. (iii)
f
25. The value of (X2 + xy)dx + (X2 + y2 )dy where C is the square formed by the
c

lines y = ±1, x = ±1 is
(i) 0 (ii) !2
... ) 5 (iv) -!
(111 -
12 2
Ans. (i)
f
26. The value of (ex dx + 2y dy - dz) , where C is the curve X2+y2 =4, z = 0 is
c

(i) 0 .. ) -1
(11
2
... ) 5
(111 -
12
Ans. (i)
27. The value of the f (xydx + xy2dy) where C is the square in the xy-plane with
c
vertices (1,1) (-1, 1),'(-1, -1), (1, -1) is

(1.) -1 (11
.. ) -2
3 3
... ) -4
(111 (.IV ) -4
5 3
Ans. (iv)

354
 Vector Integral Calculus

f
28. The value of P.df where P = y2 i + X2] - (x+z) k and C is the boundary of the
5

triangle with vertices at (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0) is

(I.) -1 (")
11 -2
3 3
"') -4
(111 (.IV ) -4
5 3
Ans. (i)
f
29. The value of (yz dx + xz dy + xy dz) , where C is the curve x2+ y2 =1, z = y2
c

(i) a (ii) 1
(iii) 2 (iv) -2
Ans. (i)
30. The value of~r.dr is
c
(i) 0 (ii) 1
(iii) 2 (iv) 3
Ans. (i)
31. A necessary and sufficient condition that line integral fA.dr = 0 for every
c
closed curve C is that
(i) div A =0 (ii) curl A= 0
(iii) div A 0 * (iv) curl A 0 *
Ans. (ii)
32. The value of surface integral If (yzdydz + zxdzdx + xydxdy), where 5 is the
5

surface of the sphere x2+y2+z2=1 is

(i) 41t (ii) 0
3
(iii) 41t (iv) 121t
Ans. (ii)
33. If P =axi + by] +czk a, b, c are constants, then If F.ds where 5 is the surface of
a unit sphere, is
(i) 0 (ii) 41t (a+b+c)
3
(iii) i1t (a+b+c)2 (iv) none of these
3
Ans. (ii)

355
 A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics Volume - I

Indicate True or False for the following Statements:-

1. In case f is single valued, and integral is take round a closed curve, the
terminal points A and B coincide, and fs = fA
(True/False)
Ans.True
2. Green's theorem is a special case of Stoke's theorem
(True/False)
Ans. True
3. The Gauss divergence theorem is applicable for a region V if it is bounded by
two closed surfaces S1 and ~ one which lies within the other.
(True/False)
Ans.True
f
4. The value of it x (i x r) ds is equal to zero where i is a constant vector.
5

(True/False)
Ans. False
5. For a closed surface S, the integral fit x V~ds vanishes identically
5

(True/False)
Ans. True
f
6. IfS be any closed surface, then CurlF.dr =0
5

(True/False)
Ans. True
7. If V represents the velocity of a fluid particle and C is a closed curve, then the
integral ~ V.dr is called the circulation of V round the curve C.
c
(True/False)
Ans. True
8. If the circulation of V round every closed curve in it region D Vanishes, then
V is said to be irrotational in D.
(True/False)
Ans. True
9. Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called a surface integral.
(True/False)
Ans. True
10. Gauss divergence theorem is the relation between surface integral and line
integral.
(True/False)
Ans. False

356
 Vector Integral Calculus

11. Gauss divergence theorem gives the relation between surface and volume
integrals.
(True/False)
Ans. True
12. Stokes theorem gives the relation between surface and volume integral.
(True/False)
Ans. False
13. Stoke's theorem gives the relation between line and surface integrals.
(True/False)
Ans.True

357