Q1. Write a short note on interrupt structure of 8051.

Ans1. There are six types of interrupts in 8051:

Timer Interrupts:
1) Timer 0 (TF0)
2) Timer 1 (TF1)
External Hardware Interrupts:
3) INT 0
4) INT 1
Serial Communication Interrupts:
5) Receive and Transmit Interrupts (RI & TI)
6) Reset Interrupt
• In ROM, fixed amount of space, and a memory address is given to each interrupt, hence
when an interrupt occurs microcontroller jumps to that particular address of the
interrupts in the memory.
Following are the address allotted to the interrupts where interrupt program (ISR) is
saved and is called ad INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE

INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE

Interrupts ROM Location

Reset 0000

INT 0 0003

TF0 000B

INT 1 0013

TF1 001B

RI & TI 0023
 • The timer and serial interrupts are internally produced by the microcontroller.
• The external interrupts are produced by additional interfacing devices or
switches that are externally connected with the microcontroller at pin no.
12(P3.2) and pin no. 13(P3.3)
• These external interrupts can be level triggered or edge triggered and are called
as hardware interrupts.
• SFRs involved with interrupts are as follows:
• Interrupt Enable Register (IE) : It is used to enable or disable any interrupt.
• Interrupt Priority Register (IP) : It is used to change the priority levels of the
interrupt i. e. which interrupt will be executed first.
• Timer Control Register (TCON) : Used to monitor Timer Interrupts and
External Hardware Interrupts.
Q2. Write a program in C language to enable hardware interrupts INT0 and INT1.
Ans 2.
#include < reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
IE=0X85;
}
Q3. Write down the steps to program ADC 0809.
Ans 3. Following are the steps to program ADC 0809
1) Select the analog channel by providing bits to A, B, and C address according to
following table:

Selected C B A
Analog
Channel
IN0 0 0 0
IN1 0 0 1
IN2 0 1 0
IN3 0 1 1
IN4 1 0 0
IN5 1 0 1
IN6 1 1 0
IN7 1 1 1
 2) Activate the ALE (Address Latch Enable) pin. It needs a L to H pulse to latch in the
address.
3) Activate SC (Start of Conversion) by an L to H pulse to initiate the conversion.
4) Monitor EOC (end of conversion) to see whether conversion is finished. H to L
output indicates that the data is converted and is ready to be picked up. If we do
not use EOC, we can read the converted digital data after a brief time delay.
5) Activate OE (output enable) to read data out of the ADC chip. A L to H pulse to the
OE pin will bring digital data out of the chip. OE is same as RD pin in other ADC
chip.

Q4. Draw the IE register and explain the functions of bits EA, ET0 and EX0.
Ans 4.
Interrupt Enable Register (IE)

• Upon reset all interrupts are disabled (masked). They must be enabled by
software by using IE register for the microcontroller to respond to them. This
register is responsible for enabling (unmasking) and disabling (masking) the
interrupts. It is a bit addressable register.
• EA (IE.7) : It is called as Enable all . If EA =1, all interrupts are enabled, if EA =0 ,
no interrupt will be responded , even if the associated bit in the IE register is
high.
• IE. 6 : Not implemented, reserved for future use.
• ET2(IE.5) : Enables or disables timer 2 overflow.
• ES (IE.4) : Enables or disables the serial port interrupt.
• ET1 (IE.3) : Enables or disables the timer 1 overflow interrupt.
• EX1 (IE.2) : Enables or disables the external interrupt 1.
• ET1 (IE.1) : Enables or disables the timer 0 overflow interrupt.
• EX0 (IE.0) : Enables or disables the external interrupt 0.
Q5. Write down the steps in executing on an interrupt.
Ans 5. Steps followed by 8051 while occurrence of an Interrupt
1) It finishes the instruction it is executing and saves the address of the next
instruction (PC) on the stack.
 2) It also saves the current status of all the interrupts internally (i.e. not on the
stack).
3) It jumps to a fixed location in memory called the interrupt vector table that
holds the address of the interrupt service routine.
4) The microcontroller gets the address of the ISR from the interrupt vector
table and jumps to it. It starts to execute the interrupt service subroutine
until it reaches the last instruction of the subroutine which is RETI (return
from interrupt).
5) After executing RETI instruction, the microcontroller returns to the place
where it was interrupted. First, it gets the program counter (PC) address
from the stack by popping the top two bytes of the stack into the PC.
Then it starts to execute from that address.
Q6. Draw and explain interfacing diagram of ADC with 8051.
Ans 6.

• Since physical world data is analog(continuous) and digital

computer/microcontrollers use binary or digital value, hence ADC is needed to
convert analog signals to digital numbers so that microcontroller can read and
process them.
A physical quantity is converted to electrical (voltage, current) signals using a device
called as transducer or sensors. ADC is used to translate analog signals to digital signals.
ADC 0809 has 8 different analog inputs, and produce 8-bit data output.
8 different analog inputs of ADC can be selected by using A B C input pin.
 Selected
Analog C B A
Channel
IN0 0 0 0
IN1 0 0 1
IN2 0 1 0
IN3 0 1 1
IN4 1 0 0
IN5 1 0 1
IN6 1 1 0
IN7 1 1 1

Microcontroller sends a LOW to HIGH level signal to ALE pin (its active-high pin) of ADC
to enable the latch in the address.
By applying HIGH to LOW Level signal to SC (Start Conversion), ADC starts analog to
digital conversion.
EOC (end of conversion) pin is monitored to see whether the conversion is finished. H
to L output indicates that the data is converted and is ready to be picked up.
After this, microcontroller enables the output line by applying a LOW to HIGH signal to
OE pin of ADC0809.
Q7. Explain interrupt structure of 8051 microcontroller with neat diagram
Ans 7. Same as answer 1,
Q8. Explain Interrupt Priority Register of 8051 Microcontroller.
Ans 8. Interrupt Priority Register (IP)
• The priorities are assigned to the interrupts to decide which interrupt will be
executed if more than one interrupts are activated at the same time.
• The following table shows the interrupt priority

External Interrupt 0 (INT0) Highest Priority

Timer Interrupt 0 (TF0)

External Interrupt 1 (INT 1)

Timer Interrupt 1 (TF1)

Serial Communication (RI & TI) Lowest Priority

• The priority of interrupts can be changed by assigning higher priorities to any

other interrupts by clearing or setting the individual bit in the Interrupt priority
(IP) register.
• Interrupt Priority Register is a bit addressable register.

Priority bit = 1 assigns high priority. Priority bit = 0 assigns low priority.
-- IP.7 : Reserved
-- IP.6 : Reserved
PT2 IP.5 : Timer 2 interrupt priority bit(8052 only)
PS IP. 4 : Serial port interrupt priority bit
PT1 IP.3 : Timer 1 interrupt priority bit
PX1 IP.2 : External interrupt 1 priority bit
PT0 IP.1 : Timer 0 interrupt priority bit
PX0 IP.0 : External interrupt 0 priority bit

Q9. Write short note on Interrupt enable register.

Ans 9. Same as answer 4.
Q10. Write a program to turn off LED for connected to Port 0 when interrupt
0 occurs and turn it on when interrupt 1 occurs.
Solution:
# include<reg51.h>
void EXT_interrupt0 (void) interrupt 0
{
P0=0;
}
void EXT_interrupt1 (void) interrupt 2
{
P0=1;
}
void main ()
{
IE=0X85;
IP=0X05;
while(1);
}
Q11. Explain the SOC, EOC, ALE & OE pin of ADC 0809.
Ans 11.
1) ALE : It is Address Latch Enable pin. It needs a L to H pulse to latch in the
address.
2) SOC : It is start of conversion pin. A L to H pulse is used to activate SOC pin to
initiate the conversion.
3) EOC : It indicates end of conversion. Monitor EOC (end of conversion) to see
whether conversion is finished. H to L output indicates that the data is converted
and is ready to be picked up. If we do not use EOC, we can read the converted
digital data after a brief time delay.
 4) OE : It is output enable pin. OE (output enable) pin is activated to read data out of
the ADC chip. A L to H pulse to the OE pin will bring digital data out of the chip.
OE is same as RD pin in other ADC chip.

Q12. Write a C program to toggle bits of port1 when an external hardware

interrupt 0 occurs.
#include<reg51.h>
void EXT_interrupt0 (void) interrupt 0
{
P1=~P1;
}
void main ()
{
IE=0X81;
IP=0X01;
while(1);
}

Q13.Write a program in C language to assign highest priority to INT1 interrupt.

Discuss the sequence in which the interrupts are served if INT1 is assigned the
highest priority.
Ans 13.
#include<reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
IP = 0X04;
}
If INT 1 is assigned highest priority , in following sequence interrupts will be served :
1) INT 1
2) INT 0
 3) TF0
4) TF1
5) RI+TI
Q14. Explain the function of following pins of ADC 0809
1) ADD A, ADD B and ADD C
2) EOC
3) START OF CONVERSION
4) OUTPUT ENABLE
Ans 14.
1) ADD A, ADD B and ADD C : These are address pins. The 8 analog input
channels are multiplexed and selected with the use of these pins, according to
the following table:
Selected
Analog ADD C ADD B ADD A
Channel
IN0 0 0 0
IN1 0 0 1
IN2 0 1 0
IN3 0 1 1
IN4 1 0 0
IN5 1 0 1
IN6 1 1 0
IN7 1 1 1

2,3,4 points same as answer 11

Q15. Draw a flowchart to read ADC.
Ans 15. Draw the flowchart for steps mention in answer 3.