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Programming
Object-Oriented Programming in PHP
Object-Oriented Programming
- Models a program into objects
- Use “class” to create a template for objects
- Four pillars of OOP:
1. Abstraction
2. Encapsulation
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
Reasons of adapting OOP
- Clear and more structured application
- Prevent repetition in creating parts of program (DRY → Don’t Repeat Yourself)
- Create reusable application
 Class and Object
- Class → template for objects
- Objects → instance of classes
Attributes and Methods
- Attributes → identity / characteristic that is inside a class
- Methods → behavior / activity that could be done by a class

Example: we could model a student as a class

Attributes of Student: name, ID, major, grade

Methods of Student: study, payTuition, academicLeave

 Abstraction
- Abstraction is the process of hiding internal details of an application
- Define things in a simpler term
- Create a boundary between programs

Example: What has two feet, two wings, and a beak?

 Example: character.php
<?php
class Character {
// define attributes
public $name;
public $health;

function getName() {
return $this->name;
}

function getHealth() {
return $this->health;
}

function getHit($damage=1) {
$this->health -= $damage;
}
}
?>
 Example: main.php
<?php
require_once("character.php");
// create object
$warrior = new Character();

// set attributes
$warrior->name = "Baraka";
$warrior->health = 100;

// call the object method

$warrior->getHit(30);
echo("{$warrior->getName()} health is now {$warrior->getHealth()}");
?>
 Note about this approach
- Need to add the attributes one by one
- Could be defined using a more subtle approach: constructor
- Adding constructor with parameters will help
Constructor and Destructor
Constructor → to construct / create object from a class

Destructor → to clean up data after the object is instantiated and used

 Example: character.php
<?php
class Character {
// define attributes
public $name;
public $health;

function __construct($name, $health=100) {

$this->name = $name;
$this->health = $health;
}
Notice we directly set
function __destruct() { attributes inside constructor
echo("Object cleaned: {$this->name}<br/>");
}

function getName() {
return $this->name;
}

function getHealth() {
return $this->health;
}

function getHit($damage=1) {
$this->health -= $damage;
}
}
?>
 Example: main.php (changed)
<?php
require_once("character.php");
// create objects We could instantiate objects
$warrior = new Character("Baraka"); from class easily now
$ninja = new Character("Sub Zero", 300);

// call the object method

$warrior->getHit(30);
$ninja->getHit(70);
echo("{$warrior->getName()}. Health: {$warrior->getHealth()}<br/>");
echo("{$ninja->getName()}. Health: {$ninja->getHealth()}<br/>");
?>
Abstract Class
- Used as the template for another classes
- Same as class, but cannot be instantiated into objects
- Cannot use new keyword

P.S: Talk about this later in the discussion

 Example: character.php with abstract class
<?php
abstract class Character {
private $name;
private $health;

abstract public function getName();

abstract public function getHealth();
abstract public function getHit($damage);
}

$myChar = new Character(); // ERROR!

?>

You cannot create object from abstract class

Accessing Static Attributes / Functions
- Using static keyword and “::”
- Attributes and Methods with static could be accessed without creating object
- We could use this anywhere in the program
 Example: accessing static attributes / methods
<?php
class Character {
public static $characterCount = 0;
public $name;
public $health;

public function __construct($name, $health=100) {

$this->name = $name;
$this->health = $health;
Character::$characterCount++;
}
}

$warrior = new Character("Warrior", 100);

$ninja = new Character("Ninja", 90);
echo(Character::$characterCount);
?>
 Encapsulation
Hide information from outside. As in other languages, we have several access modifiers:

1. Public: property or method can be accessed from everywhere. This is default

2. Protected: property or method can be accessed within the class and by classes
derived from that class
3. Private: property or method can ONLY be accessed within the class
 Example: character.php with encapsulation
<?php
class Character {
// private attributes cannot be accessed outside!
private $name;
private $health;

public function __construct($name, $health=100) {

$this->name = $name;
$this->health = $health;
}

public function getName() {

return $this->name;
}

private function getHealth() {

return $this->health;
}

public function getHit($damage=1) {

$this->health -= $damage;
}
}
?>
 main.php

<?php
require_once("character.php");
// create object
$warrior = new Character("Baraka");
$ninja = new Character("Sub Zero", 300);

// call the object method

$warrior->getHit(30);
$ninja->getHit(70);

// error, accessing private attributes/methods

echo($warrior->name);
echo($ninja->getHealth());
?>
Overcoming Issues
- Use the concept of accessor and mutator to change or get data
- Accessor → to access or get a data
- Mutator → to mutate/change or set data
- Sometimes people call it setter and getter methods
 Example: character.php with setter and getter methods
<?php
class Character {
private $name;
private $health;

public function __construct($name, $health=100) {

$this->name = $name;
$this->health = $health;
}

public function getName() {

return $this->name;
}

public function setName($name) {

$this->name = $name;
}

// ... create the same for health

// ... other methods as previous
}
?>
 main.php calling the character class with getter and setter methods

<?php
require_once("character.php");
// create object
$warrior = new Character("Baraka");
$warrior->setName("Kung Lao");
echo("Change name to {$warrior->getName()}");
?>
 Inheritance
- Inheritance lets us to reuse a part of a program
- Inheritance makes program creation easier
- Has a parent-child relationship
- Parent class is called as the “super” class
- Children class is called as the “sub” class
- If a class “inherits” from a superclass, every public / protected attributes and
methods are accessible
- By doing this, we do not need to re-create a certain part of our program
 Case
In a game, we have multiple options for weapons like sword, axes, guns, bows, etc

Each weapon will have several similar characteristics such as:

1. Name
2. Damage

We could utilize the inheritance to simulate how the weapon is constructed in a game

Create these files:

1. weapon.php → contains the base class for the weapon

2. sword.php → contains the inheriting class
3. index.php → contains the main logic
 Example: weapon.php
<?php
class Weapon {
protected $name;
protected $damage;
public function __construct($name="", $damage=0) {
$this->name = $name;
$this->damage = $damage;
}
public function setName($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
public function setDamage($damage) {
$this->damage = max($damage, 0);
}
public function getName() {
return $this->name;
}
public function getDamage() {
return $this->damage;
}
public function getInfo() {
echo("Name: {$this->name}<br/>");
echo("Damage: {$this->damage}<br/>");
}
}
?>
 Example: sword.php
<?php
require_once("weapon.php");

class Sword extends Weapon {

private $sharpness;

public function __construct($name, $damage, $sharpness=0) {

parent::__construct($name, $damage);
$this->sharpness = $sharpness;
}

public function setSharpness($sharpness) {

$this->sharpness = $sharpness;
}

public function getSharpness() {

return $this->sharpness;
}

public function getInfo() {

parent::getInfo();
echo("Sharpness: {$this->sharpness}<br/>");
}
}
?>
 Example: index.php
<?php
require_once("sword.php");
$saber = new Sword("Saber", 100, 100);
echo($saber->getInfo());

$saber->setDamage(200);
$saber->setSharpness(1000);
echo($saber->getInfo());
?>
 Polymorphism
- Polymorphism means: many shapes
- Ability of an object to have different implementations but sharing the same interface
(in this case, functions / methods)
- Polymorphism could be simulated by using abstract class / interface
- Using the concept of method overriding / overloading
- Overriding → replace the implementation of the method / function with the same name
- Overloading → replace the implementation of the method / function with additional parameters
 Overriding vs Overloading
Overloading: Overriding:

- Known as Static / Compile-Time - Known as Dynamic / Run-Time

polymorphism polymorphism
- Methods are located in the same class, - Methods are located in the different
with same name but different class (children) with same name and
parameters same parameters

*note: in PHP, overloading could not be

done as easily as in other languages
 Let’s have a case
Still using our game example. Think about this:

- What if we want a projectile (shooting) weapon?

- Mainly two types of projectile: guns and bows
- Both guns and bows could do something called as “shoot”
- Bow could shoot only 1 arrow or multiple arrows
- Guns could shoot only 1 bullet or burst

Knowing this let’s design the classes!

 Example: projectile.php
<?php
abstract class Projectile {
protected $ammo;

abstract public function getAmmo();

abstract public function setAmmo($ammo);
abstract public function shoot();
}
?>
 Example: bow.php (left) and gun.php (right)
<?php <?php
require_once('projectile.php'); require_once('projectile.php');

class Bow extends Projectile { class Gun extends Projectile {

public function getAmmo() { public function getAmmo() {
return $this->ammo; return $this->ammo;
} }

public function setAmmo($ammo) { public function setAmmo($ammo) {

$this->ammo = $ammo; $this->ammo = $ammo;
} }

public function shoot() { public function shoot() {

// decrement ammo by 1 // decrement ammo by 2
$this->ammo--; $this->ammo -= 2;
} }
} Notice how the method is the same. }
?> This is called as overriding ?>
 Example: main.php
<?php
require('bow.php');
require('gun.php');

$bow = new Bow;

$gun = new Gun;

$bow->setAmmo(3);
$gun->setAmmo(100);
Take a look how we define the
$bow->shoot();
functions with same name, but for a
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) { totally different object
$gun->shoot();
}

echo("Bow Ammo: {$bow->getAmmo()}<br/>");

echo("Gun Ammo: {$gun->getAmmo()}<br/>");

?>
 PHP Namespace
- Qualifiers to organize files in a project / application
- Using namespace, we could differentiate classes with same name but located in
different folder

Example of a case:

In your computer, you could have these conditions

1. C:\xampp\htdocs\Office\employee.php
2. C:\xampp\htdocs\Factory\employee.php

Question: When you create a project, how would be be able to differentiate between
employee.php in Office or in Factory folder?
 Example: employee.php inside Factory folder
<?php
namespace Factory; Add namespace at the beginning of
the file to show this is in the area /
class Employee { domain of Factory
private $name;

public function __construct($name) {

$this->name = $name;
}

public function getName() {

return $this->name;
}

public function getSalaryInfo() {

return "Daily";
}
}
?>
 Example: employee.php inside Office folder
<?php
namespace Office;

class Employee {
private $name;

public function __construct($name) {

$this->name = $name;
}

public function getName() {

return $this->name;
}

public function getSalaryInfo() {

return "Monthly";
}
}
?>
 Example: main.php

<?php
require("Factory/employee.php");
require("Office/employee.php");

$empOffice = new \Office\Employee("John");

$empFactory = new \Factory\Employee("Bob");

echo($empOffice->getName() . "<br/>");
echo($empOffice->getSalaryInfo() . "<br/>");

echo($empFactory->getName() . "<br/>");
echo($empFactory->getSalaryInfo() . "<br/>");
?>
 Exercise
Create a class that simulates the employee data in a company.

An employee has attributes:

1. Name
2. ID
3. Gender
4. Salary

An employee could:

1. Get his/her salary

2. Get his/her data (name, ID and Gender)
3. Be given a bonus (using method)
References
https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_oop_what_is.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_oop_classes_objects.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_oop_inheritance.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_oop_classes_abstract.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_oop_static_methods.asp

https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.namespaces.rationale.php

https://www.codecademy.com/resources/blog/what-is-inheritance/

https://stackify.com/oop-concept-polymorphism/