International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017, pp. 369–385, Article ID: IJMET_08_08_041

Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=8&Issue=8
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

A REVIEW ON SHEET METAL FORMING AND

ITS LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF SANDWICH
MATERIALS
K.Logesh
Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

V.K.Bupesh Raja
Professor & Head, Department of Automobile Engineering,
Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

J.Veerendra Rayudu, N.Sai Ganesh, R.Ali Azmath Shaik

UG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Veltech Dr.RR & Dr.SR University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT:
In recent years, there had been continuous research and development in the sheet
metal forming processes, in order to satisfy the modern applications. Forming and its
characterization play a vital role due to the limiting characteristics of metals being
formed and the forming process parameters. The sandwich materials created rapid
revolutions in the field of sheet metal manufacturing process due to their unique
characteristics, such as high strength to weight. However due to their composite
nature, during forming process many problems may arise. Hence the rate of material
flow, the die cavity must be controlled so that better quality can be achieved in order
to prevent defects like wrinkling, lining, tracing and tearing. This paper, basically
aims to discuss the different types of metal forming processes, Forming Limit Diagram
(FLD), fabrication of sandwich material to achieve excellent properties, applications,
their merits and demerits corresponding to sandwich materials. The Forming
characteristics and parameters which influences the sheet metal forming were
discussed, viz. density, Poisson’s ratio, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, total
elongation, strain hardening coefficient, plastic strain ratio etc., Deep drawing
process is discussed in depth in this paper for designing sandwich metal forming die
and punch. In addition to the design and experimental setup for determining the
forming characteristics of sandwich material the conceptual design is also discussed.
Keyword: Metal Forming Process, sandwich Material, Forming Characteristics,
Forming Limit Diagram (FLD), Deep Drawing process, Forming Defects.

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 K.Logesh, V.K.Bupesh Raja, J.Veerendra Rayudu, N.Sai Ganesh, R.Ali Azmath Shaik

Cite this Article: K.Logesh, V.K.Bupesh Raja, J.Veerendra Rayudu, N.Sai Ganesh
and R.Ali Azmath Shaik, A Review on Sheet Metal Forming and its Latest
Development of Sandwich Materials, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Technology 8(8), 2017,pp. 369–385.
http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=8&Issue=8

1. INTRODUCTION
The current modern advancement has requested a superior comprehension of sheet metal
formability i.e., the capacity to be framed into craved shape and size keeping in mind the
order to meet ones necessities [1]. Although numerous materials can be shaped, this paper is
confined to the framing of sheet metals and their most recent advancements viz. sandwich
materials [2-3]. Sheet metal shaping being one of the most seasoned systems has been honed
by old Greeks and has been creatively connected through the ages by the blacksmith [4].
In the recent era, sandwich sheets and metal–plastic laminates have been developed in
order to reduce the weight of vehicles and improve the sound-damping properties of materials
[5-7]. The automotive industry has always paved path for new developments in sheet metal
forming. For instance, the power-law strain hardening connection was just in view of the way
that gentle steel complies with this connection great [8]. This connection, together with the
strain hardening coefficient, is by and large utilized notwithstanding the way that numerous
other material structures don't take after this connection [9]. The accentuation on expanded
fuel effectiveness in vehicles and the push to lessen ozone harming substance outflows is
driving examination into cutting edge lightweight materials. Certain investigation by Institute
for Energy and Environmental Research (IEER) found that a lessening of 100 kg mass of
traveler vehicles would bring about fuel funds in the vicinity of 300 and 800 liters over the
lifetime of light vehicles and to more than 2500 liters for mass transport vehicles, for
example, taxis and buses10. Lessening the mass of traveler vehicles by 100 kg likewise
decreases the CO2 identical ozone harming substance outflows by around 9 gram for every
kilometer.
The constantly progressing interest for new body shapes has prompted an constant
increment in the interest for understanding sheet metal formability [1,3]. Stamp shaping is
broadly utilized as a part of car and buyer merchandise businesses because of the capacity to
mass create metal segments. Presently a day composite are made utilized widely in car
applications, it is important to have the capacity to utilize a current innovation and further
comprehend the learning to make parts out of these materials11. Give us a chance to consider
a case of the aluminum sandwich sheet metal which is the material that is created by
following two aluminum skins to one polypropylene or some other light texture or plastic or
glass center. At the point when this has an indistinguishable twisting firmness from a steel
sheet, it is 65% lighter than the steel and 30% lighter than aluminum alloy9. Along these
lines, it is advised only as great substitutive materials for a steel body to enhance the fuel
proficiency. Through aluminum sandwich sheet, however has generally bring down
formability than that of the steel sheet for car application. Lightweight, high formability,
damping resistance and low value sheet materials have been created with an appearance of
electric vehicle as of late [12-13].

1.1. Definition of Formability

A material shows great formability on the off chance that it goes through the forming
operations without displaying any issues [14]. Besides desired properties like great sound,
high flexural stiffness and vibration damping, formability of the composites are basically one

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 A Review on Sheet Metal Forming and its Latest Development of Sandwich Materials

of major concern that should be improved before any attempt is made to substitute solid metal
sheets with metal-plastic sandwich materials [14-15].
This definition however has a few inadequacies. The accomplishment of a shaping
procedure relies on upon three variables like-the material being framed (work piece), the
framing tooling and the procedure conditions like oil, clear holder settings and so on. A
deficiency in the framing procedure, for instance prompting disappointment or break may
have a cause in both of three, and frequently can be fathomed by changing any of these
variables [16]. This shows the down to earth meaning of formability is quite recently halfway
identified with the material. Subsequently a typical logical meaning of formability is: The
formability of a material is the level to which that material can be twisted (extended) before
crack happens [3]

1.2. Basic Formability parameter

Formability tests when being conducted at room temperature give rise to evaluation of various
formability parameters [13] such as:
• Plastic strain ratio (r)
It is the ratio of between width strains to thickness strain.
• Strain hardening exponent (n)
It is a phenomenon exhibited by most metals and alloys in the soft condition where by the
strength or hardness of the material increases with plastic deformation.
• Poisson Ratio (1/m)
Within the elastic limit, the ratio lateral dimension/longitudinal strain is represented by 1/m is
a constant for a particular material and is known as Poisson’s ratio.
• Density (ρ)
It defined in a qualitative manner, as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with a
constant volume. Its unit is Kg/m3.
• Yield strength (σy)
The maximum stress that can be applied without exceeding a specified value of permanent
strain is called yield strain. Its unit is N/m2.
• Ultimate tensile stress (σu)
The ratio of maximum load to initial cross-sectional area of the sample is called the Ultimate
Tensile Stress (UTS). Its unit is N/m2.
• Total Elongation (E Tot)
It is the aggregate sum of perpetual expansion in the way of the crack in the elastic test to
disappointment; normally communicated as a rate of the first gage length. Its unit is m or mm.

1.3. The Forming Limit Curve

In a distorting sheet, the strain state is characterized as the proportion between minor strain
and significant strain. The exploration in this field was spearheaded by Keeler, in view of the
perceptions of research works that as opposed to utilizing a basic worldwide list, the
neighborhood distortions must be considered [17-18]. The formability relies on upon the
strain state and further can be communicated as the alleged shaping breaking point bends
(FLC). In complex strain expresses the distortion is restricted by precariousness similarly as
in a tractable test. In instances of negative minor strain this can be broke down essentially, in
instances of positive real strain more mind boggling examination is required to be performed.
There are two strain expresses that permit high formability: profound draw and equi-biaxial.

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The FLC however is just legitimate under specific conditions: no twisting, straight strain way,
planar anxiety, no shear [1,4]. This is shown is Fig 1.

Figure 1 FLC constructed by Goodwin and Keeler [19]

The upside of Forming Limit Curves (FLCs) is that it can be effectively used to look at
the formability of two unique materials. When, all is said done for numerical examination of
framing conduct as far as possible charts [20]. FLDs can be acquired either tentatively or
numerically [21]. FLCs additionally permit the advancement of limited component
reenactment and the shaping of a material keeping in mind the end goal to decide the nearness
to disappointment of a planned part [22].

1.3.1. Strain State and Conventions

As said some time recently, the formability is identified with the strain state. The strain state
is the mix of the three main strains e1, e2 and e3. As its aggregate is thought to be zero, two
are sufficient to indicate the strain state and it is basic to utilize e1 and e2 for that. The
proportion between these two is ordinarily communicated as β: e2= β.e1 [1,3].

2. AN OVERVIEW OF EMERGING MATERIALS - SANDWICH

MATERIALS
A composite which consists of alternative bonded thin metal sheets and fiber reinforced layers
have been developed at Delft University of Technology, Netherlands [23]. There is a
constant pressure on the automotive industry to come up with lightweight structural solutions
to improve the vehicle’s fuel efficiency without compromising the structural performance
[24]. In addition, the design choices are subject to stringent cost constraints as innovations in
automotive engineering are seldom successful unless both performance and cost advantages
prevail. Sandwich materials provide an excellent specific weight, stiffness and strength
properties, but their uses are mostly limited due to low volume production and high
production costs [24]. However, the stiffness of advanced high strength steels is the same as
that of conventional steels. Hence, these materials do not provide better lightweight solutions.
Sandwich structures are known for their exceptionally-high flexural stiffness-to weight ratio.
These Materials have grown steadily, conquering new markets relentlessly. Sandwich structures
are usually made of two phases. One is reinforcement phase and other is matrix phase [25]. The
hidden outline idea is the division of two level sheets by a considerably thicker center layer of
low thickness as appeared in Fig 2.

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 A Review on Sheet Metal Forming and its Latest Development of Sandwich Materials

Figure 2 Schematic illustration of Sandwich structures layup [26]

Sheet metal and fiber reinforced plastics are normally picked as face sheet materials, it is a
direct result of the decision of that low thickness center layer heat metal and fiber
strengthened plastics are regularly picked as face sheet materials, it is a direct result of the
decision of that low thickness center layer materials is more perplexing [27]. As for essential
flexible and weight properties of the center layer, multi-usefulness and manufacturing
considerations becomes an integral factor [4,28].

2.1. Forming of sandwich panels

Sandwich structures with particular bended mid-planes are difficult to make. As a result, it
makes sandwich developments for the most part restricted to level board sort of structures
decreasing their extent of uses. In different fields like aviation and automative industries for
instance, complex three-dimensional shapes are made by changing over level spaces by means
of different sheet metal framing operations [29]. Subsequently, the improvement of another
formable sandwich sheet material that could be utilized with traditional sheet metal forming
technology is of great interest [30]. There are two main approaches for forming sandwich
structures into three-dimensional shapes: building the different component parts into the
required shape and assemble them to create the sandwich, or forming the sandwich structure
directly [31-32]. This is shown in Fig 3.

Figure 3 Simple representation of laminated sandwich panel [33]

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 K.Logesh, V.K.Bupesh Raja, J.Veerendra Rayudu, N.Sai Ganesh, R.Ali Azmath Shaik

3. METAL FORMING OPERATIONS FOR SANDWICH MATERIALS

Now a day though there are various methods being employed for the forming operations of
composites, viz, sandwich materials. Some of the most common as well as important methods
used specifically for the metal forming operation of the sandwich materials are Bending,
Shear, Incremental forming, Ultrasonic forming [1,13].

3.1. Bending
About all shaping operations include some measure of twisting. In a circumstance of twisting
joined with strain and pressure, the event of strengthening filaments at the sunken side makes
extra security, subsequently raising the formability [34]. This additionally brings down the
pressure drive [6,35]. A typical worry at the cutting instrument's contact has comparable
impact, despite littler extent. Twisting can likewise make shear, or cause between crystalline
crack in a portion of the materials at the arched side that clearly brings down the formability
[36].

Figure 4 The handkerchief-bending-test.

The sheet’s piece is bent twice (A-B-C); no cracking is allowed in the corner of the double
bend. Right a picture of an actual test carried out on 6 mm thick and high-strength steel [1]

3.2. Shear
There are three sorts of shear: in plane shear, thickness shear, and a straightforward out of
plane shear. Shaping by unadulterated shear can on a basic level make interminable
formability as there is no lessening in sheet thickness [37]. The circumstance of shear
consolidated with extend is more intricate, yet a few investigations have demonstrated the
way that it can raise the formability fundamentally after some time [1,13,38].

Figure 5 S-shaped part showing the difference between stretch and shear [1]

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 A Review on Sheet Metal Forming and its Latest Development of Sandwich Materials

3.3. Incremental Forming

In incremental shaping operations large amounts of disfigurement are effortlessly gotten. In
Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) elevated amounts of twisting are acquired by a blend of
impacts specified above: bowing and shear [39-40].

Figure 6 Schematic presentation of Incremental Sheet Forming [1]

3.4. Ultrasonic Forming

The use of vibrating instruments can improve the formability fundamentally. A major cause is
the abatement of grating between the work piece and the device, additionally the formability
in the strict sense can be expanded [41].
The utilization of a vibrating apparatus has been connected on a few sorts of framing
operations, and the advantages of vibrating instruments have been especially exhibited with
the end goal of profound drawing, divider pressing and wire drawing. Most such research has
been completed on ultrasonic profound drawing. For this situation, either the clear holder
ring, or the punch head, or both are vibrating. As the vibrating apparatus parts can make a
considerable amount of clamor, most applications utilize ultrasonic frequencies of more than
10 kHz (thus the name), albeit low recurrence (1–50 Hz) or basically ultra-high recurrence (1
MHz) have been connected and in addition the constrained vibration of hardware part requires
a decent lot of vitality. Thusly numerous applications utilize devices that are intended to have
a specific resounding mode in the required recurrence extend, prominently in the event of
radially vibrating rings [42-43].

3.5. Testing of Formability for sandwich structures

The point of formability testing is to judge if a specific material will pass a specific shaping
operation or not [16]. This requires an intensive comprehension of the connection between
press execution of a material everywhere, and its essential properties [37].
There are three sorts of formability testing: coordinate testing, simulative testing, and
roundabout testing. All are pertinent for the characterization of sandwich material formability
[3, 35].

3.5.1. Direct testing

It implies making the full-estimate part, either in press shop or research center. This kind of
testing extraordinarily exhibits most direct connection between material parameters and press
execution. These require much material (expansive spaces), extensive ventures (press and
tooling) and, if the tests are completed in the press-shop, loss of generation time. Most

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imperative of all it is costly and is when all is said in done exceptionally hard to make an
interpretation of the discoveries to different parts [44-46].

3.5.2. Simulative testing

It implies completing the fundamental framing operation, yet on a littler item regularly of
basic sort. This kind of testing permits the investigation of the impact of a few parameters
generally snappy and shoddy. In profound drawing this could be the drawing of a little round
and hollow item (the notable Swift-glass) This is utilized as a part of general to study impacts
of material parameters like anisotropy, thickness, frictional impacts, additionally device
parameters like kick the bucket span, punch sweep, unpleasantness, and process settings like
clear holder compel, oil and so on. Many tests that have been created in the past have turned
out to be out of date, for instance it is emphatically corresponded to parameters that can be
measured with roundabout testing; a great case of such is the Yoshida clasping test. That does
not imply that these tests have been an exercise in futility, despite what might be expected:
they have helped us to pick up a superior comprehension of the connection between material
parameters and press-conduct. As new and distinctive procedures do begin occasionally (like
incremental shaping), new simulative tests are required too [45].

3.5.3. Indirect testing

It implies deciding some parameter that is known to affect the press conduct in a test that
entirely is not a shaping operation. These tests are for the most part basic and fundamentally
require minimal material. Be that as it may, the making an interpretation of results into the
press conduct of the material while framing a mind boggling part is a long way from simple
and requires an exhaustive comprehension of the shaping procedure. For basic parts it is less
difficult: unadulterated profound drawing depends predominantly on strain solidifying
relation(r), while immaculate extending depends principally on strain solidifying co-
productive (n) [13].

Figure 7 Depicts all the parameters that influence the formability of a sandwich structure

3.6. Flow Parameters influencing formability of sandwich materials

There are various parameters that influence the forming nature of a sandwich structure.
Certain primary components are property of the material, process parametric influence and
other miscellaneous parameters. One must always consider these parameters in mind before
designing or manufacturing any complex sandwich structure [47]. Its flowchart is as follows.

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 A Review on Sheet Metal Forming and its Latest Development of Sandwich Materials

3.7. Formability criteria for sandwich materials

Diminishment of fuel utilization with synchronous change of solace, aloof and dynamic
security and comparable, speaks to an imperative objective of all auto makers. With that aim,
amid the most recent couple of years, materials for fabricate of diminished weight auto bodies
were progressively more utilized; such materials are: high quality steel and Al-sheet metals,
titanium and its compounds, sandwich and composite materials and comparative.
Contemplating the long haul use of for all intents and purposes no different materials with the
exception of low carbon steel sheets for that reason, move to use of rather new materials
prompts numerous innovative challenges.

Figure 8 Relates the criteria for the formability of sandwich structure

When outlining the innovation for the procedure of metal framing by profound drawing, it
is critical to know constraining formability, which can be characterized as capacity for
acknowledging maximal strains in given shaping conditions (stretch strain plot, speed,
temperature, tribiological conditions and so forth.). In that way, restricting formability is one
of delimiting components when characterizing formability that additionally incorporates
complex criteria for appearance of insecurity (wrinkles, limitation −thinning, diversion),
break and so on.

4. DEEP DRAWING PROCESS

4.1. Deep Drawing of sheet metals
Deep drawing is one of the most important sheet forming processes which is used in the
automotive, home appliance and aerospace fields. The limits of this process are the onset of
wrinkling, fracture and failure. Though it has to meet great demands in market for safer,
lighter and cheaper formed products, it is necessary to select the proper drawing parameters
which influence the drawing operation [48]. The advance researches on the deep drawing
process and its effective parameters include the following: Mohr and Straza (2005) showed
that unlike conventional flat sandwich panels, sandwich sheets, with a thickness of about 2
mm or even less, can be formed into three-dimensional shapes using traditional sheet metal
forming techniques such as stamping or draw bending. Mohr (2005) studied the formability of
two different sandwich plates with stainless steel face sheets, with stainless steel fibres and
steel perforated cores [49].
Deep drawing experiments and a detailed numerical and theoretical analysis of the
bending and unbending behaviour of the sandwich sheet revealed that cellular core structures

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of high relative density (>20%) are required to withstand the high shear loads during forming
[50-51]. With these results in mind, Seong (2010) designed map to create a bendable all metal
sandwich structure with a better core. It shows that the shear strength of core is increased as
the gap between bonding points between the core and the face sheet decreases. An
investigation was performed on the suitable experimental set-up and geometric conditions for
avoiding delamination failure during U-bending experiments on a welded sandwich plate.
Considerations on the core geometry to avoid face sheet buckling were thought of to design
an optimal sandwich sheet and carry on bending experiment [52].
In contrast to conventional structures like egg-box, the contact areas variation between the
core structure and the sandwich face sheets are ring shaped which reduces the risk of face
sheet wrinkling or dimpling when the sandwich material is subject to bending [53]. Fig 9
shows an illustration of the successful draw bending of a prototype made from this material.

Figure 9 Technical drawing of the experimental set-ups:

(a) four-point bending experiment, (b) draw bending experiment [54]

To have a detailed review the different interaction of the parameters in deep drawing for
producing a required shape say for example ,a cup the following notations have been used.
Do: Diameter of a circular sheet blank.
to : Thickness of the circular sheet blank.
Rd : Corner radius of the die opening.
Dp : Punch diameter.
Rp : Corner Radius of the punch.
WP : Plastic Work required for deep drawing
Vo : Initial volume of blank to be drawn
Vc : Volume of drawn cup.
R : Drawing Ratio Do/Dp.
ε:The effective strain.
σ: Effective stress.

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 A Review on Sheet Metal Forming and its Latest Development of Sandwich Materials

Figure 10 Experiment of bi-directional draw bending of a sandwich prototype along with its various
parameters [55]
Certain independent variables that govern punch force are:
• Properties of the sheet metal
• The ratio of blank dia to punch dia R
• Sheet thickness
• The clearance present between die and punch.
• Punch and die corner radii.
• Blank holder force.
• Speed of punch.

5. PROS & CONS

5.1. Pros of using metallic formed sandwich materials
• Making flying machine, vehicle structures and parts. At first the military applications
in the air ship industry set off the business utilization of composites after the Second
World War. The advancements in the sandwich structures permitted noteworthy
weight diminishment in auxiliary outline. Sandwich materials offer many focal points
when contrasted with other metallic amalgams, particularly where high quality and
firmness to measure proportion is concerned, they give phenomenal exhaustion
properties and consumption resistance in applications48.
• Better fire retardant property. With the help of various experimental analyses, we can
easily conclude as a sandwich material has a better fire retardant property compared to
any other basic metal [56].
• Possesses good mechanical properties. Sandwich materials can resist a larger amount
of strain and displacement compared to other metallic alloys, these can be finalized by
the analysis of the material structure. This intern provides a better mechanical property
to the sandwich materials [33, 57].
• Good corrosion resistant. This is an important characteristic of a sandwich material
i.e., their resistant ability to form ions in the presence of reactive electrolyte. This
improved nature provides a broader scope in the usage of sandwich materials [58-59].
• They are highly sustainable and typically have low maintenance. Sandwich structures
can be widely used in sandwich panels this kinds of panels can be in different types
such as FRP sandwich panel, aluminum composite panels etc. With an enhancement in

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their properties, the maintenance of sandwich materials gradually dips down. This is
also an improved physical phenomenon due to which the sandwich materials
sustainability is better compared to other alloys [57].

Figure 11 Representative graph that shows relation between modulus and strength of various
sandwich structures
The above plotted graph simply depicts the relationship between the specific strength and
modulus over the usage of various sandwich materials in comparison with the old and
conventional ones that are already used in various automotive and aviation industries, where
there is a greater requirement of new composites which provide better performance with
respect to low weight and a high stiffness & strength ratio. This could help them greatly in
improving the design, fuel efficiency, safety etc. [50-60].

5.2. Cons of using metallic formed Sandwich Materials

• Sandwich structures uses is more challenging and are less predictable.
• Sandwich structure health monitoring and nondestructive inspection of former is much
more difficult than for metals [37].
• They tend to absorb moisture.
• One of the most common types of layered composite failure is delamination, i.e.
debonding of one layer from another [49,61].
• They are expensive.

5.3. Applications of sandwich structures

Because of the incomprehensible beneficial properties of sandwich structures, they can be
utilized in various fields for better execution and proficiency. They assume a fundamental part
in enhancing the wellbeing measures where it is most extreme required. Sandwich materials
are chiefly utilized as a part of aviation and vehicle applications [62-63, 69]. Different
organizations have enthusiasm for substitute the conventional aluminum segments by
sandwich materials [64]. Fiber Metal Laminates being a type of sandwich materials have been
effectively brought into the Airbus A380 [62,65,66], other fiber metal overlays like both
ARALL and GLARE covers are presently being utilized as basic materials in airplanes.
ARALL has been produced for the lower wing skin boards of the more established Fokker 27
airplane and entryways of the Boeing C-17 [23, 48].

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 A Review on Sheet Metal Forming and its Latest Development of Sandwich Materials

6. CONCLUSION
In this work, the basic overview of the metal forming process in relation to the preparation of
sandwich materials is studied. Also certain important method of sandwich materials
formability, its criteria and parameters were reviewed in an elaborate manner. The pros and
cons of using sandwich materials at various day to day as well as a broader scale application
was discussed.
• The solution of using sandwich materials as an alternative for automotive and
aerospace applications was deemed beneficial in all aspects. With an improved
manufacturing process like metal forming, the sandwich materials could be put for a
better use.
• Though implemented in certain areas its awareness is comparatively lower, due to its
small drawbacks like cost, debonding, monitoring etc.
• Sandwich materials provide a better safety and an improved efficiency compared to
any metals that are being used traditionally under various applications.
• In future studies, various numerical and structural analyses can be done in order to
obtain an elaborate result over the actual conceptual model that has been developed
using this work.
Development for future
The present work is a first step towards the modeling of the better metallic sandwich sheet
materials with improved techniques for forming it. However, in order to ensure the validity of
the developed conceptual or theoretical model about the techniques for manufacturing the
sandwich materials, additional experimental and numerical studies are needed. It is
recommended to characterize the limits of the applicability of the proposed constitutive model
in future work. For instance, the utilization of the sandwich materials in aerospace requires a
lot of analysis and calculation as, it is a very precise unit that demands higher safety and
efficiency. A more elaborate flow rule and the introduction of additional state variables would
allow for a more precise description of the microstructure evolution.
The confrontation of the model predictions using different forming techniques with
experimental results on real prototype sheets is also an important task that needs to be
addressed in the future. Apart from validating the plasticity model further, future research
needs to investigate the forming limits of metallic sandwich sheet materials. Once the
prototype material becomes available in the form of large sheets, various tests like [67-68]
could be performed. It will be of particular interest to identify sandwich sheet specific damage
mechanisms (such as face sheet dimpling and de-lamination) and formulate the corresponding
forming limit diagrams, in order to have a better and safer conclusion about using such
materials in a wider scale of application Camille Bessel [57].

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