Python Classes

Classes
Agenda

1. Overview

2. Creating and Using a Class

3. Working with Classes and Instances

4. Inheritance

5. Importing Classes
1- Overview
• Programming Paradigms:
• Procedural Programming:
• Code written as a sequence of steps.
• Well-suited for data analysis and scripts.
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):
• Code written as interactions between objects.
• Ideal for building frameworks and tools.
• Promotes maintainable and reusable code!

• OOP (Object-Oriented Programming): A powerful approach to writing software.

• Classes: Represent real-world things and define general behavior for a category of objects.
• Objects: Instances of classes, each with the general behavior and the ability to hold unique traits.
• Instantiation: Creating an object from a class.
1- Overview
• Key Concepts in Classes:

• Specifying information to be stored (data).

• Defining actions that can be performed on the data (methods).

• Inheritance: Creating new classes that inherit functionality from existing ones (code
reusability).

• Benefits of Classes:

• Modeling real-world scenarios effectively.

• Improved code organization and readability.

• Easier collaboration with other programmers.

• Encourages logical thinking for problem-solving.

2- Creating and Using a Class
• Defining a Class:

• Introducing Classes: We define a class using the class keyword followed by the class
name (e.g., Customer).

• The Customer Class: This class represents a generic customer, not a specific one in
our database.

• Defining Attributes: We specify the information each customer instance will hold, like
email and phone_number.

• By convention, capitalized names refer to classes in Python.

• class definitions don't require parentheses when we're creating the class from scratch.

• This defines the blueprint for our customer objects.

2- Creating and Using a Class
• Defining a Class:

• Introducing Classes: We define a class using the class keyword followed by the class
name (e.g., Customer).
• The Customer Class: This class represents a generic customer, not a specific one in
our database.
• Defining Attributes: We specify the information each customer instance will hold, like
email and phone_number.
Example:
class Customer:
"""A simple representation of a customer"""
# ... (rest of the class definition will go here)

• By convention, capitalized names refer to classes in Python.

• class definitions don't require parentheses when we're creating the class from scratch.

• This defines the blueprint for our customer objects.

2- Creating and Using a Class
The __init__() Method - Customer Initialization

• Constructor:

• The __init__() method acts as the constructor for a class. It's called automatically
whenever we create a new object (instance) from the class.

• Think of it as the assembly line where our customer objects are built with their initial
attributes.

• Example:

class Customer:
"""A simple representation of a customer"""
def __init__(self, email, phone_number):
"""Initialize email and phone number attributes."""
self.email = email
self.phone_number = phone_number
# ... (rest of the class definition)
2- Creating and Using a Class
The __init__() Method - Customer Initialization

• self as the First Argument:

• The first argument within the __init__() method definition is always self. This argument
refers to the current object being created.

• It's like a special variable that holds a reference to the specific customer instance we're
working with.

• Defining Attributes by Assignment:

• Inside the __init__() method, we use assignment statements to define the object's
attributes. These attributes store the data specific to each customer.

• In our example, we assign the email and phone_number arguments passed to the method to
the corresponding attributes (self.email and self.phone_number).
2- Creating and Using a Class
The __init__() Method - Customer Initialization

• Defining Attributes by Assignment:

• Inside the __init__() method, we use assignment statements to define the object's
attributes. These attributes store the data specific to each customer.

• In our example, we assign the email and phone_number arguments passed to the method
to the corresponding attributes (self.email and self.phone_number).

• Referencing Attributes in Class:

• Once defined within __init__(), we can access and manipulate the customer's attributes
throughout the class using the self keyword.

• For example, self.email refers to the email address associated with the specific customer
object.
2- Creating and Using a Class
Instantiation:

• The process of creating a specific object (instance) from a class blueprint.

• Imagine using a cookie cutter (class) to create individual cookies (objects) from cookie dough.

• Syntax: object_name = ClassName(arguments)

• object_name is a chosen name for the new customer object.

• ClassName is the name of the class (e.g., Customer).

• arguments are the values passed to the class's __init__() method (if any).

Example: customer1 = Customer("[email protected]", "555-123-4567")

2- Creating and Using a Class
Class Methods: “Customer Actions”

Define the “place_order” and “cancel_order” methods then create two objects

class Customer:
"""A simple representation of a customer"""
def __init__(self, email, phone_number):
"""Initialize email and phone number attributes."""
self.email = email
self.phone_number = phone_number

def place_order(self):
"""Simulates a customer placing an order"""
print(f"Customer {self.email} placed an order!")

def cancel_order(self):
"""Simulates a customer canceling an order"""
print(f"Customer {self.email} cancelled an order.”)

# Create customer objects

customer1 = Customer("[email protected]", "555-123-4567")
customer2 = Customer("[email protected]", "123-456-7890")
2- Creating and Using a Class
place_order() Method:

• This method defines an action a customer can take - placing an order.

• It doesn't take any arguments (def place_order(self):).
• Inside the method, it uses f-strings (formatted string literals) to print a message that
includes the customer's email retrieved using self.email.
cancel_order() Method:
• This method defines another action - canceling an order.
• It follows the same structure as place_order(), but the message reflects canceling an order.
Call the Methods:
# Call methods on customer objects
customer1.place_order()
customer2.cancel_order()
When you run this code, you'll see the following output:
Customer [email protected] placed an order!
Customer [email protected] cancelled an order.