WORK MEASUREMENT

 Work measurement is a technique to establish the

time required for a qualified worker to carry out a
specified job at a defined level of performance
 Objectives of work measurement
 1. To reduce or eliminate non-productive time.
 2. To fix the standard time for doing a job.
 3. To develop standard data for future reference.
 4. To improve methods.
Uses of work measurements
 1. To compare the efficiency of alternate methods. When
two or more methods are available for doing the same job
 2. Standard time is used as a basis for wage incentive
schemes.
 3. It helps for the estimation of cost. Knowing the time
standards, it is possible to work out the cost of the product.
This helps to quote rates for tenders.
 4. It helps to plan the workload of man and machine.
 5. It helps to determine the requirement of men and
machine.
 6. It helps in better production control. 7. It helps to control
the cost of production.
TECHNIQUES OF WORK
MEASUREMENT
 1. Stop watch time study.
 2. Work sampling or Ratio delay study.
 3. Synthesis from standard data.
 4. Analytical estimating
 5. Predetermined motion time system.
Stop Watch Time Study
 Stop watch time study is one of the techniques of work measurement
commonly used. Here we make use of a stop watch for measuring the time.
 Procedure for conducting stop watch time study The following procedure
is followed in conducting stop watch time study:
 1. Selecting the job.
 2. Recording the specifications.
 3. Breaking operation into elements.
 4. Examining each element.
 5. Measuring using stop watch.
 6. Assessing the rating factor.
 7. Calculating the basic time.
 8. Determining the allowances.
 9. Compiling the standard time.
 Steps In Stop Watch Time Study

1 Selection of job
Time study is always done after method study. Under the
following situations, a job is selected for time study:
1. A new job, new component or a new operation.
2. When new time standard is required.
3. To check the correctness of the existing time standard.
4. When the cost of operation is found to be high.
5. Before introducing an incentive scheme.
6. When two methods are to be compared.
Steps In Stop Watch Time Study
2. Record
The following information's are recorded
1. About the product-name, product-number, specification.
2. About the machine, equipment and tools.
3. About the working condition-temperature-humidity-lighting etc.
These information's are used when deciding about the allowances. 4. About the operator name-
experience-age etc. This is needed for rating the operator.

3. Break down operation into elements

Each operation is divided into a number of elements. This is done for easy observation and
accurate measurement. The elements are grouped as constant element, variable element,
occasional element, man element, machine element etc.

4. Examine each element

The elements are examined to find out whether they are effective or wasteful. Elements are also
examined whether they are done in the correct method.
Steps In Stop Watch Time Study
5. Measure using a stop watch
The time taken for each element is measured using a stop watch. There are
two methods of measuring. viz., Fly back method and Cumulative method.
Cumulative method is preferable. The time measured from the stop watch is
known as observed time. Time for various groups of elements should be
recorded separately. This measurement has to be done for a number of times.
The number of observations depend upon the type of operation, the accuracy
required and time for one cycle.

6. Assess the rating factor

Rating is the measure of efficiency of a worker. The operator‘s rating is found
out by comparing his speed of work with standard performance. The rating of
an operator is decided by the work study man in consultation with the
supervisor. The standard rating is taken as 100. If the operator is found to be
slow, his rating is less than 100 say 90. If the operator is above average, his
rating is more than 100, say 120.
Steps In Stop Watch Time Study
7. Calculate the basic time
Basic time is calculated as follows by applying rating factor
Basic time= Observed time x operator/worker rating
Standard rating
8. Determine the allowance
A worker cannot work all the day continuously. He will require time for
rest going for toilet, drinking water etc. Unavoidable delays may occur
because of tool breakage etc. So some extra time is added to the
basic time. The extra time is known as allowance.

9. Compile the standard time

The standard time is the sum of basic time and allowances. The
standard time is also known as allowed time.
CALCULATION OF BASIC TIME
/NORMAL TIME
 Basic time is the time taken by an operator of standard
performance (rating of 100). A man whose work is observed, may
be a slow worker or a fast worker. His rating may be less than 100
or above 100. The observed time cannot be taken as the basic time.
Here the rating factor is applied and basic time is calculated as
follows.

Basic time= Observed time x operator/worker rating

Standard rating

 For example, assume that observed time for an operation is 0.7 mts.
The rating of the operator is found to be 120.
Basic time= 0.7 x120 =0.84 mts
100
CALCULATION OF STANDARD TIME
 Standard time or allowed time is the total time in which a job should be completed
at standard performance.
 It is the sum of normal time (basic time) and allowances.
 Policy allowance is not included allowance-is an increment other than bonus to
provide satisfactory level of earnings..

Various types of allowance are

1. Personal allowance.- To satisfy personal need
5% for men, 7% for women of basic time
2. Fatigue allowances- 4% of basic time
3. Contingency allowance.- Delay allowance (breakage of tool
maintenance .power failure)-5 % of basic time
4. Special allowance- Activity which are not part of operation cycle(cleaning, setup
allowance implementation allowance
Problem

Average time of performing machining operation is 1 min.

Calculate standard time or the operation if rating is 120% and
allowances are 10%.
Problem
 Average time of performing machining operation is
5 min. Calculate standard time for the operation if
rating is 90% and allowances are 10%.
 If a worker takes 15 minutes as a standard time or
a job in which total allowance is 20% o normal
time.If the rating of worker is 100%. Find the actual
time required by the worker.
Problem
An industry operation consists of four elements with
following observed time and performance rating. Assume
rest and personal allowance 15% and contingency
allowance 2% o basic time calculate standard time per
piece
Work sampling or Ratio delay study.

 This study is also known as work sampling or activity

sampling.
 Here the ratio of the delay time and working time
to the total time of an activity is found out. This is
done by random (irregular) observations.
 This study is applied to
1. Long cycle operations.
2. Activities where time study is not possible.
Synthesis from standard data.
 Synthesis is a work measurement technique to work out standard
time for a job by totaling the elemental times already obtained
from previous time studies.
 Constant elements - Example: starting the machine, stopping the
machine etc. Whenever these activities occur, they take the same
duration of time.
 Variable elements Time for some elements vary proportionately with
the speed, feed, length of cut etc. in machining operation.
 Time for all these constant elements and variable elements are
collected from the time studies previously made.
 These are stored in a file. This is called time standard data bank.
Data bank contains data in the form of 1. Tabulated standard time
for constant elements. 2. Charts and graphs. 3. Formulae etc.
Analytical estimating
 Setting the time standards for long and non-repetitive
operations by stop watch method are uneconomical.
 Analytical estimating technique determines the time
values for such jobs either by using the synthetic data or
on the basic of the past experience of the estimator
when no synthetic or standard data is available.
 In order to produce accurate results the estimator must
have sufficient experience of estimating, motion study,
time study and the use of synthesized time standards.
 Estimator select time for each element from
knowledgeexperienceor synthetic data.
Predetermined motion time system.

 PMTS is a work measurement technique where by times,

established for basic human motions (classified
according to the nature of the motion and the conditions
under which it is made) are used to build up the time
for a job at a defined level of performance.
 It is used for timing those short and repetitive motions
which cannot be measured by stop watch.
 It is assumed that all manual tasks in induasies are
made up of certain basic human movements common to
almost all jobs.
Time study equipment
Time study eqquipment