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Lecture 4

The document discusses various tools and analyses used for power system planning, including load flow analysis, short circuit calculations, stability analysis, and electromagnetic field calculations. It also discusses protection schemes, economics, and project engineering as related to power system planning.

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Aghaali Zeynalli
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9 views

Lecture 4

The document discusses various tools and analyses used for power system planning, including load flow analysis, short circuit calculations, stability analysis, and electromagnetic field calculations. It also discusses protection schemes, economics, and project engineering as related to power system planning.

Uploaded by

Aghaali Zeynalli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instruments for Power System Planning

The use of computer programs as well as the extent and details of the
investigations are oriented at the desired and/or required aim of the planning
process. The fundamental investigations that must be accomplished by power
system planning are explained below.

The load - flow analysis (also named power - flow calculation) is a fundamental
task for planning and operation of power systems. It serves primarily to determine
the loading and the utilization of the equipment, to calculate the active and
reactive power flow in the branches (lines, transformers, etc.) of the power
system, to determine the voltage profile and to calculate the power system losses.
Single or multiple outages of equipment can be simulated in the context of the
investigations for different preloading conditions. The required setting range of
the transformer tap -c hanger and the reactive power supply by generators or
compensation devices are determined.

S hort- circuit current calculations are carried out for selected system confi
gurations, defi ned by load - flow analysis. For special applications, such as
protection coordination, short -circuit current calculation should consider the
preloading conditions as well. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults are
simulated and the results are taken as a basis for the assessment of the short-
circuit strength. Calculations of short -circuit current for faults between two
systems are sometimes necessary to clarify system disturbances. Faults between
two systems may occur in cases of multiple - circuit towers in overhead - line
systems.

The results obtained by calculation programs are as exact as the main


parameters of the equipment. If those data are not available, the parameters must
be determined by calculation. In the case of overhead -lines and cables, the
reactances, resistances and capacitances in the positive sequence and zero -
sequence component are calculated from the geometrical arrangement of the
conductors and from the cable construction. Subsequent calculation may
determine the permissible thermal loading, the surge impedance, natural power
and, in case of overhead lines, additionally the electric field strength at the
conductor as well as the electric and magnetic field strengths in the surrounding of
the line for certain applications.

The permissible thermal loading of equipment under steady - state conditions


and under emergency conditions is based on ambient conditions, for example,
ambient temperature, thermal resistance of soil, wind velocity, sun exposure and so
on. The calculation of the maximum permissible loading plays a larger role with
cables than with overhead lines because of the poorer heat dissipation and the
lower thermal overload capability.

The investigation of the static and in particular transient stability is a typical task
when planning and analyzing high - voltage transmission systems. Stability
analysis is also important for the connection of industrial plants with their own
generation to the public supply system. Stability analysis has to be carried out for
the determination of frequency - and voltage dependent load - shedding schemes.
The stability of a power system depends on the number and type of power stations,
the type and rating of generators, their control and excitation schemes, devices for
reactive power control, and the system load as well as on the voltage level and the
complexity of the power system. An imbalance between produced power and the
system load results in a change of frequency and voltage. In transient processes, for
example, short- circuits with subsequent disconnection of equipment, voltage and
frequency fluctuations might result in cascading disconnections of equipment and
subsequent collapse of the power supply.

In industrial power systems and auxiliary supply systems of power stations, both
of which are characterized by a high portion of motor load , the motors must start
again after short - circuits or change - overs with no - voltage conditions. Suitable
measures, such as increase of the short -circuit power and time - dependent control
of the motor starts, are likewise tasks that are carried out by stability analyses.

T he insulation of equipment must withstand the foreseeable normal voltage


stress. It is generally economically not justifiable and in detail not possible to
design the insulation of equipment against every voltage stress. Equipment and its
overvoltage protection, primarily surge arresters, must be designed and selected
with regard the insulation and sensitivity level, considering all voltage stresses that
may occur in the power system. The main field of calculation of over voltages and
insulation coordination is for switchgears, as most of the equipment has non - self -
restoring insulation.

Equipment in power systems is loaded, apart from currents and voltages at power
- frequency, also by those with higher frequencies (harmonics and interharmonics)
emitted by equipment with power electronics in common with the industrial load,
in the transmission system by FACTS ( flexible AC transmission systems) and by
generation units in photovoltaic and wind - energy plants. Higher frequencies in
current cause additional losses in transformers and capacitors and can lead to
maloperation of any equipment. Due to the increasing electronic load and
application of power electronics in generation plants, the emission of harmonics
and interharmonics is increasing. Using frequency dependent system parameters,
the statistical distribution of the higher -f requency currents and the voltage
spectrum can be calculated as well as some characteristic values, such as total
harmonic distortion (T HD) , harmonic content, and so on.

Equipment installations, communication circuits and pipelines are affected by


asymmetrical short - circuits in high - voltage equipment due to the capacitative,
inductive and conductive couplings existing between the equipment. Thus,
inadmissible high voltages can be induced and coupled into pipelines. In power
systems with resonance earthing, unsymmetry in voltage can occur due to parallel
line routing with high - voltage transmission lines. The specifi c material
properties and the geometric outline of the equipment must be known for the
analysis of these interference problems.

Electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of overhead lines and installations must be


calculated and compared with normative specified precaution limit values, to
assess probable interference of humans and animals exposed to the electric and
magnetic fields.

Earthing of neutrals is a central topic when planning power systems since the
insulation coordination, the design of the protection schemes and other partial
aspects, such as prospective current through earth, touch and step voltages,
depend on the type of neutral earthing.

In addition to the technical investigations, questions of economy, loss


evaluation and system optimization are of importance in the context of power
system planning. The extension of distribution systems, in particular in urban
supply areas, requires a large number of investigations to cover all possible
alternatives regarding technical and cost - related criteria. The analysis of all
alternative concepts for distribution systems cannot normally be carried out
without using suitable programs with search and optimization strategies.
Optimization strategies in high voltage transmission systems are normally not
applicable because of restrictions, since rights of way for overhead lines and
cables as well as locations of substations cannot be freely chosen.

The conceptual design of network protection schemes determines the secure and
reliable supply of the consumers with electricity. Network protection schemes
must recognize incorrect and inadmissible operating conditions clearly and
separate the faulty equipment rapidly, safely and selectively from the power
system. An expansion of the fault onto other equipment and system operation has
to be avoided. Besides the fundamental design of protection systems, the
parameters of voltage and current transformers and transducers must be defined
and the settings of the protective devices must be determined. The analysis of the
protection concept represents a substantial task for the analysis of disturbances.

Further Tasks of Power System Engineering

Project engineering is a further task of power system engineering. Project


engineering follows the system planning and converts the suggested measures into
defined projects. The tasks cover
– The evaluation of the measures specified by the power system planning
– The design of detailed plans, drawings and concept diagrams
– The description of the project in form of texts, layout plans, diagrams and so on
– The definition of general conditions such as test provisions, conditions as per
contract, terms of payment and so on
– The provision of tender documents and evaluation of offers of potential
contractors
– The contacts with public authorities necessary to obtain permission for rights of
way and so on.

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