SEISMIC ENGINEERING COURSE

LECTURE : DESIGN
PROCESS
GENERALLY:
PART 1
1
REVISION KEY POINTS

2
MAIN EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS
• Building damage
• Infrastructure damage
• Economic damage
• Deaths
• Concept of dynamic response
• Concept of energy absorption
• Concept of different Acceptance Criterion

3
MAIN EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS
• Big horizontal force related to mass
• Input base acceleration
• Force = mass x acceleration
• Acceleration increases with height
• Importance of natural frequency
• Importance of soil beneath
• 3 D motion

4
Accelerations increase with height

5
Large lateral forces

6
Effects of high force applied high up

Han Shin Expressway

Kobe

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Importance of natural frequency

This response is for a single

degree of freedom system.
Resonance

Note the ‘resonance’

condition.

Full resonance does not

occur in earthquakes
8
Pancake collapse

9
Pancake collapse: gross failure

10
 OVERALL PROCESS (1)
• 1. Establish Seismic risk
• 2. Define input motion (local ground
effects)
• 3. Establish seismic response spectrum
• 4. Advise on structural form /materials
• 5. Establish acceptance criterion
• 6. Establish method of design / analysis
• 7. Prepare mathematical model
• 8. Select damping
11
 OVERALL PROCESS (2)

• 9. Assess Loading
• 10. Carry out dynamic analysis (elastic)
• 11. Modify dynamic analysis (for ductility)
• 12. Assess three dimensional effects
• 13. Consider displacements
• 14. Check global stability
• 15 Check members
• 16. Check joints
• 17. Iterate !
12
 1. SEISMIC RISK
• Covered in other lectures
• Local Building Codes will define what you
have to do

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MAJOR EARTHQUAKE ZONES

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15
 2. INPUT MOTION

• Depends on region
• Depends on local soil
• Depends on risk

16
Seismic trace appearance
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Mexico City Traces

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Lake bed at Mexico City

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Sensitivity to ground

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 LOCAL GROUND EFFECTS

Local codes will define

Different motions for
‘hard’, ‘medium’ and
‘soft’ ground
conditions

Rock Intermediate Soft Man made 21

 LIQUEFACTION

Grain particles settle

Pore water pressure increases

Buoyancy of particles

Ground water tends to flow upwards and emerge at surface

22
Ground liquefaction can produce
dramatic effects

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Ground displacement : Turkey

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 3. RESPONSE SPECTRA

• It is the key definition of response

• What response means
• There are different types

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THE PROBLEM
Response:

Acceleration F(t)
Velocity F(t)
Displacement F(t)

These are all functions of time

Input motion at steady state oscillation

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EXAMPLES

MODEL

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IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL
FREQUENCY

This response is for a single

degree of freedom system.
Resonance

Note the ‘resonance’

condition.

Full resonance does not

occur in earthquakes
28
IMPORTANCE OF DAMPING

The separate curves are for

different levels of
damping.

29
 SOLUTION
F ( t )  m y  c y  ky

It is possible to solve the equations of motion for a signal

like this by digital techniques

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 TYPICAL SEISMIC INPUT
MOTION TRACE

Peak acceleration

Duration

NOTE: Peaks do not coincide 31

 RESPONSE SPECTRA
To aid design and to provide a definition of the earthquake
motion, it is possible to produce a graph or spectra of the
earthquake motion
The equations are solved for a
whole family of SDF oscillators.
And for a variety of input signals

32
RESPONSE SPECTRA

Famous response from

the El Cento earthquake
in 1940. One of the first
strong ground motion
records

Note: jagged spectra

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 TYPICAL RESULT SPECTRA

Displ’mt

Acceleration

Velocity

Frequency
34
 Spectra can be produced for
different soil conditions

Displ’mt

Acceleration

Velocity

Frequency
35
 COMPLEXITIES
•Natural frequencies vary.

•Most structures are not Single Degree of Freedom

structures. And not fixed base.

•The forcing frequency is non uniform, it is random

and the input motion has many frequencies,
many amplitudes and a finite duration.

•Damping is uncertain and proportional to the

stressing / damage level. 36
FORM OF CODE DEFINITION
Design spectrum

37
 4. ADVISE ON STRUCTURAL
FORM / MATERIALS

• Some materials ‘better’ than others

• Empirically, some shapes perform better than
others
• Regularity is good
• Irregularity in plan or elevation in bad
• Codes penalise irregularity
38
 MATERIALS
• Steel: light, strong, ductile
(but attention to fabrication and connections)

• Concrete: heavy, strong, can be brittle

(attention to design and detailing)

• Timber: light, strong, tough and high

damping

39
Simple rules
For
Building
Layouts

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Gross failure

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SIMPLIFIED RULES FOR BUILDING LAYOUTS

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VERTICAL TREATMENTS

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MEDIUM RISE / MID HEIGHT COLLAPSE

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MEDIUM RISE / MID HEIGHT COLLAPSE

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SOFT STOREY COLLAPSE

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 SOFT STOREY COLLAPSE

Stiff Wall at Rear

Soft Storey

Torsion + weak front

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SOFT STOREY
COLLAPSE

Very common in all earthquakes

when the lower storey is open and
the structure above ‘rigid’.

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SOFT STOREY COLLAPSE

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 STRUCTURAL FORMS
Lateral resisting system

Moment frame Braced frame Shear wall

50
MOMENT FRAMES
D Opening Closing

Plastic hinges

It is beneficial if the feet are fixed ,

- more hinges
51
 BRACED FRAMES
Horizontal Force

Buckled Strut Shape

Hinge

Strut

52
 ECCENTRICALLY BRACED
FRAMES
Horizontal Force

Hinge

Strut

Strut failure suppressed 53

Eccentrically braced frame

54
 5. ACCEPTANCE CRITERION

• You have a choice

• Elastic response or ductile response
• Codes will guide
• But it is an engineering decision based on
the building use

55
ACCEPTABLE FAILURE?

The box girder has

buckled but
not collapsed.

What does:
“earthquake proof”
mean ?

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ACCEPTABLE FAILURE?

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UNDESIRABLE FAILURE

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 STRUCTURAL FAILURE
D Plastic hinges

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 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE

Load
Energy absorption is
the
area under the curve

Displacement
Seismic design
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 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE

Load The design question is

to consider the
permissible
magnitude of D or the
ratio
D2/D1
Displacement
D1 D2
61
 6. METHODS OF DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS

• Natural frequency is a key parameter

• Base shear
• Dynamic analysis
• Various degrees of sophistication)
• Soil structure analysis
• Damping is very important

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 NATURAL FREQUENCIES

An essential skill is to be able to compute

natural frequencies and mode shapes.

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 NATURAL FREQUENCY

1 stiffness
frequency 
2 mass
The standard equation

64
 SIMPLE CANTILEVER
P
D  PL3/3EI
D
So stiffness = 3EI / L3
M

1 3 EI Frequency in Hz
Hence frequency = Mass in Kg
2 ML 3 I in N/m
L in m
Where M is the vibrated mass

65
 7. PREPARE MATHEMATICAL
MODEL

• Replicates mass and stiffness distribution

• Captures essential modes of vibration

• Captures horizontal forces

66
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

Mass

Mode shape and frequency

All SDM systems are modelled as mass on a spring

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EXAMPLES

Single degree
of freedom

MODEL

68
MODELLING OF A BRIDGE DECK

69
MULTI DEGREE OF FEEDOM SYSTEM

It is possible to handle these by

‘modal’ analysis

Top deck

Lower deck

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Soil Structure Interaction

71
 Mathematical model

Spring properties are

derived from soil
properties

Actually the base in on horizontal

Fixed base model
and vertical springs 72
 Soil Structure Interaction

Structure
Vibration amplitude

Vibrating soil mass

Increased

Bed rock

73
 8. SELECT DAMPING

• Depends on material
• Depends on stress level

74
DAMPING CODE VALUES

F (t )  my  cy  ky

Damping component

75
IMPORTANCE OF DAMPING

The separate curves are for

different levels of
damping.

76
TYPICAL
DAMPING
VALUES

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TYPICAL DAMPING VALUES

NOTE: Change
with increasing
damage

Effective damping
78
‘increases’
CRACKING AND DAMPING

Cracking pattern

79
CRACKING AND DAMPING

Reasonably successful links

80
9. ASSESS LOADING

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 LOADING

• Dead : as light as possible

• Live: only a proportion
• Winds: none
• Intertial: to be calculated
• Mass distribution: as low and symmetrical
as possible
• Load path
• Load reversal: always possible
• Consider out of plane loading
82
LOAD PATH

For the inertial force on the

Mass to transfer to the
structural frame, the floor
must act as a diaphragm

83
 MASS DISTRIBUTION: PLAN
Eccentricity
Resultant Inertial Force

Large masses
Centre of stiffness
85
 MASS DISTRIBUTION

Mass

Wind

Lateral force at centre of mass

86
 MASS DISTRIBUTION

Walls will have forces related to

their weight acting out of plane

87
Non Engineered Buildings
Possibly poor ties on the two
upper sides

Seismic inertial force out of plane

Bending failure about horizontal line 88

Failure on wall panels out of plane

89
Non loadbearing
Panels and yield
lines

90
Reversal of loading

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