EAPP 7. Why has your professor assigned this text?

Where
does it fit into the course or subject as a whole?
What sort of facts and ideas are you expected to
LESSON 1: WHAT IS SUMMARY? remember from this reading?
TIPS
PREPARING TO WRITE A SUMMARY
When reading an academic text, carefully read its
- Summarizing a text is distilling its essential
abstract and discussion, and examine its graphs, if
concepts in a paragraph or two. Typically, a summary
any.
has two goals:
PREPARING TO WRITE A SUMMARY
1. to reproduce the key ideas and points of a text,
and SKIMMING AND SCANNING
2. to express these concepts and ideas with precise
and specific language. - By first skimming through a text, you can get an
idea of its overall logical progression.
- You must be ready to choose which parts of the - Skimming can also help you determine which parts
text to include and which parts to exclude in your of the text need your utmost attention to achieve
summary. your purposes for reading the text.
- When reading a text, there are two techniques you - Listed in the next slides are steps you can take
can use in order to prepare: when skimming, but they can be modified or
1. previewing adjusted to your comfort.
2. skimming and scanning 1. Before skimming, make use of the previewing
REMEMBER techniques from the previous subsection.
2. Then, carefully read the introductory paragraph.
When selecting which parts to include in your Try to predict the direction of the coming
summary, take note of: explanations, arguments, and examples.
1. your purpose for summarizing the text 3. Carefully read the first one or two sentences of
2. your own view on what is essential in the text each paragraph, as well as the concluding sentence
or sentences.
PREVIEWING 4. In between the opening and closing sentences,
- Set your goals in reading any academic text early keep your eyes moving. Your goal is to take in the
on, especially when you plan to summarize it later overarching concepts and overall picture or pattern
on for research or study purposes. This will allow you of the text.
to be more focused and to pay more attention to the 5. Carefully read the concluding paragraph or
parts of the text that are important for your paragraphs. What might the author’s overall purpose
purposes. be? Keep in mind that you may be mistaken, so be
- Before you read a text in earnest, try the ready and willing to modify your answer if needed.
previewing technique first to better orient yourself 6. Finally, return to the beginning and do a more
to what you need from the text you are about to focused reading of the text. Be more mindful of
dive into. what you might have missed in your skimming and
try to understand them thoroughly.
Steps you can follow for previewing:
- Skimming is effective in getting a quick grasp of
1. Don’t skip the title! It is usually written to orient what the paper is about without reading through it
the reader and provide a hint as to what the central carefully.
concepts of the text will be. - Each paragraph in a paper has its own main ideas,
2. Consider the subject matter: Have you read about usually as its first or last sentence.
this topic before? What prior information about it do - You can start connecting the dots and guess how
you already have, or what can you guess? the paper would defend its thesis.
3. Who is the author of the text? Is additional
information about the author available in any part of Example:
the text? What do you already know about him or In the next slide is the title of an academic paper
her? followed by the introductory sentences of the first
4. Where was this text originally published? Who couple of paragraphs.
might be the audience for this kind of text? What Title: Muling Mag-abang sa Kundiman: Revisiting
could the audience expect to find in the text? Edgar Samar’s Poetry
5. When was this text originally published? Is there a
connection between the time period it was written In recent years, many students, and even quite a
in and the field of study it was published in? Were number of adults and parents, have come to know
there any important events or significant trends the name of Edgar Samar.
during the time the text was written or published? However, it is a lesser-known fact that Edgar Samar
6. What seems to be the general progression of has been very prolific in the Philippine literary scene
ideas in the chapter titles or headings that section since as early as 2002.
the article?
For 13 years, Edgar Samar has been a successful patent ownership can change depending on the
fictionist and poet. country. While the existence of multiple possible
patent ownerships can cause economic problems,
In recent years, asking who Edgar Samar is in the
the international tension that it creates is a bigger
Philippines would, more often than not, result in
problem.
people being familiar with the name.
The United States violates the Paris Convention on
To delve more into the poetic works of Edgar Samar,
Industrial Properties by not recognizing patent
two of his poems will be presented in this paper.
ownership in other countries and has prompted the
These are what you would read while still skimming
World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to
the paper before reading it more closely. What
ask the United States to review its existing patent
might the topic of the paper be, judging from your
law principles.
skimming?
Explanation:
Scanning is similar to skimming, except you should
In this summary, the author and the title of the text
have a more focused purpose. You are now
are already present in the first sentence.
skimming to find a particular fact or figure or to see
if the text mentions a specific subject you are The thesis is also immediately given, providing a
researching. clear guide on how the rest of the summary can be
written.
WHAT IS INCLUDED IN A SUMMARY?
It provides an overview of what else the original text
- An effective summary should be able to condense a
might be talking about.
passage into a shorter form because it only
communicates the essential facts of the original text. The summary then talks about the important details
in the text, excluding any additional examples and
- You are rewriting the text to be more focused on
personal opinions.
the main points for easier reference later on.
WRAP UP
- Effective summarizing is important for both
research and writing because it can allow you to - A summary is a shorter and more condensed form
return to pertinent information much faster. of a text, and this is a good practice to follow when
conducting research or studying.
In the next slides is a list of what is and what is not
included in a summary. - The goals of a summary are to reproduce the key
ideas of a text and to express them with precise and
1. Include the title and the name of the author in
specific language.
your first sentence.
2. The first few sentences of your summary should - A proper summary can be used to help you return
contain the author’s thesis so it is easier to recall to pertinent information you might need for your
what the key points of the text are. academic writing.
3. Often, longer articles are divided into subsections
to organize information. Make sure to maintain the
subsections and keep information with similar ideas
close together.
4. Omit minor details and ideas that are not central
to the text. However, be careful in omitting too
much and warping the author’s original intention.
5. In general, omit specific examples unless they are
integral to the author’s argument. If the purpose of
the example is to provide clarification, then it can be
omitted.
6. Avoid opinions or personal responses in your
summaries. A summary should only contain the
author’s ideas.
7. Try writing the first draft of your summary without
looking back at the text as you write to avoid
plagiarism.
Example:
In his paper “Global Implications of Patent Law
Variation,” Koji Suzuki (1991) says that the world’s
patent laws have a lot of inconsistencies, and that
this can be a severe problem. In the majority of
countries in the world, the first to file for a patent is
given the patent ownership.
However, in the United States, patent ownership is
given to the inventor directly. In light of this, the
LESSON 2: WHAT IS PARAPHRASING? Example:
Source:
Paraphrasing is a restatement of a text, passage, or Ms. Jen will be teaching English next semester.
work and to give the meaning in another form.
Paraphrase:
Characteristics of a good paraphrase Next semester, English will be taught by Ms. Jen.
 relays the information from the source text in 3. CLAUSE REDUCTION
your own words
- Clauses are reduced or changed to phrases to
 leads the readers to the source of the
lessen confusion and interruption and make the
information
sentence simpler.
When do you need to paraphrase information from
Example:
a text?
Source:
Marsupials are endemic to Australia, and many of
their species are considered to be endangered
species.
Paraphrase:
Many species of marsupials endemic to Australia are
endangered species.
4. SYNONYM REPLACEMENT
- It involves the change of words in the sentence
with similar words or synonyms.
Example:
Source:
Smoking is dangerous to your health.
Paraphrase:
Smoking is hazardous to your health.

WHEN TO PARAPHRASE “Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in

love.”
- Paraphrase when dealing with short texts with one ― Albert Einstein
or two sentences or a paragraph with five sentences.
Gravity is not responsible for those who fall in love.
- Paraphrase when you want to minimize direct
quotation. WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

- Paraphrase when you want to rewrite the author’s PLAGIARISM

words without changing the meaning of the source - claiming ownership of material that is not your own
text.
What are the kinds of plagiarism?
Kinds of Paraphrasing
A. Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism
1. change of parts of speech
2. change of structure - also known as “copy-paste plagiarism”
3. clause reduction - happens when a researcher copies another
4. synonym replacement person’s work word-for-word or verbatim without
proper citation of the author(s)
1. CHANGE OF PARTS OF SPEECH
“The measure of intelligence is the ability
- The function of some words in a sentence are to change.”
changed to a different part of speech. ― Albert Einstein
Example: The measure of intelligence is the ability to change.
Source:
After reading a book, Lina took a break. B. WORD ORDER PLAGIARISM

Paraphrase: - happens when a writer changes some of the words

After she had read a book, Lina took a break. of the author(s) by looking at the synonyms of the
words and replacing or rearranging them to make
2. CHANGE OF STRUCTURE the text look as if it were their own
- The ability to change is the measure of intelligence. “The measure of intelligence is the ability
- The structure of the sentence is changed to reflect to change.”
the writer’s interpretation of the source text. ― Albert Einstein
The ability to change is the measure of intelligence.
C. IDEA PLAGIARISM LESSON 3: OUTLINING ACADEMIC TEXTS
- happens when a writer paraphrases the work of OUTLINING ACADEMIC TEXTS
another in his or her own writing but does not
- An outline is a condensed version of an academic
properly cite or attribute the idea to the author(s)
text in a linear, structured format. As an academic
“The measure of intelligence is the ability to writing strategy, it aids both the writer and the
change.” readers in identifying the key ideas in the text,
― Albert Einstein simplifying the task of reading a longer, more
complicated text.
Your ability to change says a lot about your
intelligence. (Outlining is the process of laying out the main ideas,
key concepts, supporting details, and evidence to be
Source included in the paper. LOGICAL ORDER)
Because the intracellular concentration of potassium - helps writers categorize main points organize
ions is relatively high, potassium ions tend to diffuse paragraphs for consistency and sense ensure that
out of the cell. (Martini and Bartholomew, 1997) paragraphs are fully developed
Paraphrase 1 A well-written outline has:
1. a thesis statement
The high intracellular concentration of potassium
2. the main idea for each paragraph
ions is relatively high, resulting in K’s tendency to
3. the evidence and supporting details for each each
diffuse out of the cell. (Martini and Bartholomew,
paragraph
1997)
Types of Outline
Paraphrase 2
1. TOPIC OUTLINE (Macro Outline)
The concentration gradient of potassium ions inside
2. SENTENCE OUTLINE (Micro Outline)
the cell is high, and this causes these ions to move
towards intercellular space. (Martini and 1. TOPIC OUTLINE (MACRO OUTLINE)
Bartholomew, 1997)
(Macro outlines, also known as topic outlines, help
TIPS you to see the larger picture through a series of
short phrases. A topic outline is characterized by a
You can spot a good or bad paraphrase by
systematic list of topics and subtopics written in
comparing it with the source text and checking if the
words or fragments.)
paraphrase is. The writer’s understanding of the
source text, or copied portions of the text or - only phrases and main ideas are used wording is
committed plagiarism. parallel to one another headings and subheadings
should be divided into two or more parts
Source:
Example:
Most devices on the market require 12 to 24 hours
Thesis statement: The young adult genre should be
of steep time at room temperature to brew a coffee
appreciated by readers of all ages.
concentrate suitable for cold brew coffee, so serving
cold brew coffee has traditionally required advance I. Origin of young adult books
planning. A. How it was popularized
B. Why young adult books are popular
Paraphrase:
C. The evolution of young adult books
Cold brew coffee is a simple but time-consuming
II. Popular young adult books worldwide
process. Most devices on the market require 12 to
A. List of books popular with all ages
24 hours of steep time at room temperature to brew
B. Authors who changed the genre
a coffee concentrate suitable for cold brew coffee,
C. Critical feedback for authors and books in
so serving cold brew coffee has traditionally required
the genre
advance planning.
III. Future of the young adult genre
WRAP UP
A. Benefits of reading the genre
- Paraphrasing is a restatement of a text, passage, or B. How to promote reading the genre
work to give the meaning in another form. C. Recommended authors for reading
- The kinds of paraphrasing are the following: 2. SENTENCE OUTLINE (MICRO OUTLINE)
1. change of parts of speech
- sentences utilized
2. change of structure
- less need for parallelism
3. clause reduction
4. synonym replacement (A sentence outline is structured in such a way that
both the heading and the subheadings are written in
- The kinds of plagiarism are the following:
complete sentences. )
1. word-for-word or verbatim plagiarism
2. word order plagiarism
3. idea plagiarism
Example: Example:
Thesis statement: The local teenage pregnancy rate I. VISIT AND EVALUATE COLLEGE CAMPUSES
is a problem which needs to be addressed. II. VISIT AND EVALUATE COLLEGE WEBSITES
A. Note important statistics
I. Teenage pregnancy worldwide has lowered
B. Look for interesting classes
throughout the years.
A. The rate of teenage pregnancies has (Campus and Web sites visits are equally significant.
dropped in the last decade. They are part of the main tasks you would need to
B. Statistics have shown the drop is do. Finding statistics and classes found on college
significant in the United States. Web sites are parts of the process involved in
C. The statistics show that there is an carrying out the main heading topics.)
improvement and more awareness about
3. Subordination—How do I accomplish this?
the issue.
The information in the headings should be more
II. Why did the number of teenage pregnancies drop?
general, while the information in the subheadings
A. It may be a sign that there is a shift of
should be more specific.
thinking between generations.
B. Further research can be done, which aims Example:
to examine why the rates have dropped. I. DESCRIBE AN INFLUENTIAL PERSON IN YOUR LIFE
C. Though sex education is not legal in the A. Favorite high school teacher
country, there is a possibility that teenagers B. Grandparent
are more aware of the consequences of
premarital sex. (A favorite teacher and grandparent are specific
examples from the generalized category of
III. What are the recommendations for the issue?
influential people in your life.)
A. The issue is being addressed
internationally. 4. Division—How do I accomplish this?
B. The Philippines should be more proactive
Each heading should be divided into 2 or more parts.
in helping prevent teenage pregnancies.
C. These recommendations should be Example:
addressed as soon as possible to help I. COMPILE RÉSUMÉ
protect women and their children. A. List relevant coursework
B. List work experience
How to Write an Outline?
C. List volunteer experience
1. Place your thesis statement at the beginning.
2. List the major points that support your thesis. (The heading "Compile Résumé" is divided into 3
Label them in Roman Numerals (I, II, III, etc.). parts.)
3. List supporting ideas or arguments for each major
Technically, there is no limit to the number of
point. ...
subdivisions for your headings; however, if you seem
4. If applicable, continue to sub-divide each
to have a lot, it may be useful to see if some of the
supporting idea until your outline is fully developed.
parts can be combined.
Four Main Components for Effective Outlines
WRAP UP
1. Parallelism—How do I accomplish this?
- There are two ways to outline ideas for written
Each heading and subheading should preserve works: topic outline and sentence outline.
parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the
- The topic outline utilizes key words and concepts
second heading should be a verb.
only.
Example: - The sentence outline utilizes complete sentences to
I. CHOOSE DESIRED COLLEGES organize the ideas.
II. PREPARE APPLICATION
- An outline can be used to present the IMRaD of a
("Choose" and "Prepare" are both verbs. The present research paper.
tense of the verb is usually the preferred form for an
outline.)
2. Coordination—How do I accomplish this?
All the information contained in Heading 1 should
have the same significance as the information
contained in Heading 2. The same goes for the
subheadings (which should be less significant than
the headings).