Scribd
Upload
609 views19 pages

Operating System Concepts - 9th Edit9on

The document provides an overview of operating system concepts including the history and evolution of operating systems, computer system organization, what operating systems do, and interrupt handling. It discusses topics like batch processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming, and the role of the operating system in allocating resources and controlling the computer.

Uploaded by

mostafasameer858
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
609 views19 pages

Operating System Concepts - 9th Edit9on

The document provides an overview of operating system concepts including the history and evolution of operating systems, computer system organization, what operating systems do, and interrupt handling. It discusses topics like batch processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming, and the role of the operating system in allocating resources and controlling the computer.

Uploaded by

mostafasameer858
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Lecture1: Introduction to OS

Modified by: Dr Hossam Mahmoud Moftah


Associate professor – Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
History of Operating Systems
 Earliest computers had no Operating System
 Applications loaded manually
 Users were experts on the hardware
 First System Software was libraries of code to manage devices.
 This grew to batch processing systems, where some focused on application
programming and some on systems programming.
Evolution of Shared Computing
 Batch processing
 Interactive processing
Requires real-time processing
 Time-sharing/Multitasking
 Implemented by Multiprogramming
 Multiprocessor machines
Chapter 1: Introduction

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Chapter 1: Introduction
 What Operating Systems Do
 Computer-System Organization
 Computer-System Architecture
 Operating-System Structure
 Operating-System Operations
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 Storage Management
 Protection and Security
 Kernel Data Structures
 Computing Environments
 Open-Source Operating Systems

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Objectives

 To describe the basic organization of computer systems


 To provide a grand tour of the major components of
operating systems
 To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments
 To explore several open-source operating systems

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a


computer and the computer hardware
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer System Structure

 Computer system can be divided into four components:


 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Four Components of a Computer System

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
What Operating Systems Do

 Depends on the point of view


 Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
 Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability
and battery life
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Definition

 OS is a resource allocator
 Manages all resources
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
 OS is a control program
 Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Definition (Cont.)

 No universally accepted definition


 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is
the kernel.
 Everything else is either
 a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
 an application program.

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer Startup

 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot


 Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known
as firmware
 Initializes all aspects of system
 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

 Firmware is a specific type (or subset) of software that is


designed to act as the intermediary between the software
and hardware

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer System Organization

 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Computer-System Operation

 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently


 Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
 Each device controller has a local buffer
 CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
 I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
 Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
operation by causing an interrupt

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Common Functions of Interrupts

 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine


generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of the
interrupted instruction
 A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt
caused either by an error or a user request
 An operating system is interrupt driven

 The interrupt service routine (ISR) is the software module that is


executed when the hardware requests an interrupt.

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Interrupt Handling

 The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by


storing registers and the program counter
 Determines which type of interrupt has occurred.
 Separate segments of code determine what action should
be taken for each type of interrupt

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Interrupt Timeline

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
The end

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013

You might also like