Operating System Concepts - 9th Edit9on

Lecture1: Introduction to OS
Modified by: Dr Hossam Mahmoud Moftah

Associate professor – Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
History of Operating Systems
 Earliest computers had no Operating System
 Applications loaded manually
 Users were experts on the hardware
 First System Software was libraries of code to manage devices.
 This grew to batch processing systems, where some focused on application
programming and some on systems programming.
Evolution of Shared Computing
 Batch processing
 Interactive processing
Requires real-time processing
 Time-sharing/Multitasking
 Implemented by Multiprogramming
 Multiprocessor machines
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
 What Operating Systems Do
 Computer-System Organization
 Computer-System Architecture
 Operating-System Structure
 Operating-System Operations
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 Storage Management
 Protection and Security
 Kernel Data Structures
 Computing Environments
 Open-Source Operating Systems
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Objectives
 To describe the basic organization of computer systems

 To provide a grand tour of the major components of
operating systems
 To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments
 To explore several open-source operating systems
What is an Operating System?
 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four components:

 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view

 Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
 Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability
and battery life
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles
Operating System Definition
 OS is a resource allocator
 Manages all resources
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
 OS is a control program
 Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
 No universally accepted definition

 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is
the kernel.
 Everything else is either
 a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
 an application program.
Computer Startup
 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

 Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known
as firmware
 Initializes all aspects of system
 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
 Firmware is a specific type (or subset) of software that is

designed to act as the intermediary between the software
and hardware
Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles
Computer-System Operation
 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

 Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
 Each device controller has a local buffer
 CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
 I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
 Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
operation by causing an interrupt
Common Functions of Interrupts
 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine

generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of the
interrupted instruction
 A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt
caused either by an error or a user request
 An operating system is interrupt driven
 The interrupt service routine (ISR) is the software module that is

executed when the hardware requests an interrupt.
Interrupt Handling
 The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by

storing registers and the program counter
 Determines which type of interrupt has occurred.
 Separate segments of code determine what action should
be taken for each type of interrupt
Interrupt Timeline
The end

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Lecture1: Introduction to OS

Modified by: Dr Hossam Mahmoud Moftah

 To describe the basic organization of computer systems

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

 Computer system can be divided into four components:

 Depends on the point of view

 No universally accepted definition

 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

 Firmware is a specific type (or subset) of software that is

 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine

 The interrupt service routine (ISR) is the software module that is

 The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by

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