KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

Prepared By: Rajesh Kumar Mahato (42013)

Date: - 24/05/2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my profound and sincere gratitude to the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Kathmandu University for arranging this course. I would also like to thank our HOD Dr. Ram
Kaji Budhathoki, supervisor Asst. Prof. Anup Thapa, Asst Prof. Brajesh Mishra and Asst Prof. Madhav
Prasad Pandey for providing the necessary guidance and assistance to complete this course. Similarly, I
would like to express my hearty thanks to ORION Space, Project manager Er. Jiten Thapa and Er. Ranish
Devkota for providing such a wonderful experience during the three weeks of internship period.

Words aren’t enough to thank everyone who is part of this internship indirectly and directly with their
support and guidance.

Thank you All!

 ABSTRACT
This report involves detailed overview of my internship at ORION Space, during this internship I have
designed a LoRa network with integrated battery and solar panel management, utilizing Arduino, ESP32, a
Flutter dashboard, a database, and an Ethernet gateway. The aim is to create a resilient and efficient IoT
solution. Solar panels provide sustainable energy, while battery management ensures power stability.
Arduinos and ESP32s enable versatile data collection and transmission. The Flutter dashboard offers real-
time monitoring, the database ensures data persistence, and the Ethernet gateway enhances connectivity. In
this report also included the product detailed of ORION Space and organization structure. Orion Space
assists in providing expertise and technology integration, ensuring a robust and scalable network for diverse
IoT applications.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: Technical details of internship...................................................................................................................1
1.1 Assigned projects....................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 objective.................................................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Technology.............................................................................................................................................................1
1.3.1 LoRa Ra-02......................................................................................................................................................1
1.3.2 BLOCK Daigram.............................................................................................................................................2
1.3.3 Arduino pro mini.............................................................................................................................................6
1.3.4 Esp wroom 32D...............................................................................................................................................7
1.3.5 Xampp server...................................................................................................................................................7
1.3.6 Ethernet............................................................................................................................................................8
1.3.7 http protocol.....................................................................................................................................................9
1.3.8 spi protocol....................................................................................................................................................11
1.3.9 i2c protocol....................................................................................................................................................12
1.4 Final products.......................................................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 2: Internship details.....................................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: Conclusion and recommendations..........................................................................................................20

Table of Figure:
Figure 1:Block diagram....................................................................................................................................................3
Figure 2:Final Product....................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 3:Dashboard........................................................................................................................................................15
 CHAPTER 1: TECHNICAL DETAILS OF INTERNSHIP

1.1 ASSIGNED PROJECTS.

Research and development a LoRa communication network with multiple client nodes and a single
server node with transferring data through an Ethernet gateway.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
a. Research and development LoRa network.
b. Development dashboard and server setup
c. Research on various battery management systems.

1.3 TECHNOLOGY

1.3.1 LORA RA-02

LoRa (Long Range) technology, represented by modules such as the LoRa RA-02, is a wireless
communication method that excels in long-range data transmission with minimal power consumption. The
LoRa RA-02 module, developed by Ai-Thinker, is a popular choice for implementing Lora WAN (Long
Range Wide Area Network) systems. Here’s a detailed overview of the crucial aspects of the LoRa RA-02
module:

Key Features and Specifications

1. Frequency Range: The RA-02 operates typically in the 433 MHz ISM band, but variants are
available for different regions, including 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (North America).

2. Modulation Technique: Utilizes LoRa modulation, a spread spectrum technique that offers long-
range communication with high interference immunity.

3. Communication Range: Capable of transmitting data over several kilometers, typically 2-5 km in
urban environments and up to 15 km in rural areas with clear line-of-sight.

4. Data Rate: Variable data rates from 0.3 kbps to 50 kbps, allowing for flexibility in balancing range
and throughput.

5. Power Consumption: Extremely low power consumption, making it suitable for battery-operated
and remote sensor applications. Sleep mode current can be as low as a few microamperes.

6. Output Power: Configurable output power up to +20 dBm, aiding in long-range communication.

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 7. Sensitivity: High sensitivity down to -139 dBm, contributing to its long-range capability and
robustness in noisy environments.

8. Interface: Standard SPI interface for communication with microcontrollers, making it easy to
integrate with various development boards such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and others.

Applications:

1. Internet of Things (IoT): Ideal for IoT applications requiring long-range, low-power wireless
communication, such as smart agriculture, environmental monitoring, and asset tracking.

2. Smart Cities: Used in smart city infrastructure for applications like smart lighting, parking sensors,
and utility metering.

3. Industrial Automation: Suitable for industrial automation systems where devices are spread over
large areas, such as factory floors or mining operations.

4. Remote Sensing and Monitoring: Perfect for remote sensing applications where power sources are
limited, including weather stations and wildlife tracking.

Advantages

1. Long Range: One of the primary benefits of the RA-02 module is its ability to communicate over
long distances, significantly more than traditional wireless technologies like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.

2. Low Power: Its low power consumption makes it highly suitable for battery-operated devices that
need to function for extended periods without human intervention.

3. Interference Immunity: The spread spectrum technology used in LoRa offers excellent immunity
to interference, allowing reliable communication in various environments.

4. Scalability: Lora WAN networks can support millions of devices, making them highly scalable for
large IoT deployments.

1.3.2 BLOCK DAIGRAM

 System Block diagram

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 Figure 1:Block diagram.

 Server Node Block Diagram

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 Client Node Block Diagram

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1.3.3ARDUINO PRO MINI

The Arduino Pro Mini is a compact and lightweight microcontroller board designed for applications
requiring minimal space and power. It is particularly well-suited for projects where size and power
efficiency are crucial. Here’s a concise overview of the essential aspects of the Arduino Pro Mini:

Key Features and Specifications

1. Microcontroller:
ATmega328: The board is based on the ATmega328 microcontroller, the same chip used in the
Arduino Uno, ensuring a similar level of performance.

2. Clock Speed:
16 MHz or 8 MHz: Available in two versions, one running at 16 MHz for 5V operation and another
at 8 MHz for 3.3V operation.

3. Voltage:
5V or 3.3V: Offers flexibility in terms of operating voltage, with 5V and 3.3V variants to suit
different sensors and modules.

4. Digital I/O Pins:

14 pins: Includes 14 digital input/output pins, 6 of which can be used as PWM outputs.

5. Analog Input Pins:

Pins: Features 8 analog inputs for reading sensor values.

6. Flash Memory:
32B: Provides 32 KB of flash memory for storing code, with 2 KB used by the bootloader.

7. SRAM:
2KB: Offers 2 KB of SRAM for dynamic data storage.

9. EEPROM:
1 KB: Includes 1 KB of EEPROM for long-term data storage.
10. Power Consumption:
Low Power: Designed for low power consumption, making it ideal for battery-powered projects.

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1.3.4 ESP WROOM 32D

The ESP32-WROOM-32D is a powerful and versatile module from Expressive Systems, widely used in
IoT applications due to its robust features and performance. Here's an overview of the crucial information
about the ESP32-WROOM-32D:

Key Features and Specifications

1. Microcontroller:
ESP32-D0WD: Dual-core 32-bit LX6 microprocessor, capable of operating at up to 240 MHz

2. Memory:
Flash Memory: 4 MB embedded flash memory.

3. SRAM: 520 KB of SRAM for program execution and data storage.

Wireless Connectivity:

4. Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n/e/i standards, with support for 2.4 GHz.

Bluetooth: Dual-mode Bluetooth (Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth Low Energy).

5. GPIO:
Pins: Extensive GPIO options, with various functions such as UART, SPI, I2C, PWM, ADC, DAC,
and more.

6. Operating Voltage:
3.3V: Operates at 3.3V logic level.

7. Power Management:
Low Power Modes: Supports deep sleep and other low power modes for energy-efficient operation.

8. Security:
Integrated Security Features: Secure boot, flash encryption, and cryptographic hardware
acceleration.

1.3.5 XAMPP SERVER

XAMPP is a free and open-source cross-platform web server solution stack package developed by Apache
Friends, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MariaDB database, and interpreters for scripts
written in the PHP and Perl programming languages. It is widely used for local development and testing
purposes.

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Key Features and Components

1. Apache HTTP Server:

Provides web server functionality to host web applications locally.

2. MariaDB:
A popular and robust database management system used to store and manage application data.

3. PHP:
A widely used server-side scripting language designed for web development.

4. Perl:
A highly capable, feature-rich programming language with over three decades of development.

Components and Tools

1. phpMyAdmin:
A web-based tool included in XAMPP for managing MySQL and MariaDB databases.

2. FileZilla FTP Server:

Included to facilitate FTP operations.

3. Mercury Mail Transport System:

Provides mail server functionalities.

Challenges

1. Security:
Not recommended for production use due to default security configurations; requires additional
hardening for deployment.

2. Resource Intensive:
Running all components simultaneously can be resource-intensive on lower-spec machines.

1.3.6 ETHERNET

Ethernet is a widely used networking technology for local area networks (LANs), enabling devices to
communicate over a wired connection. Developed in the 1970s by Xerox PARC and standardized by the
IEEE as IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has become the foundation for most wired networking infrastructure due to
its reliability, scalability, and high-speed capabilities.

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Key Features:

1. Wired Communication:
Utilizes cables, typically twisted pair (Cat 5e, Cat 6, etc.) or fiber optic cables, to connect devices in
a network.

2. High Speed:
Supports various speed standards, from traditional 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) to 1 Gbps
(Gigabit Ethernet), 10 Gbps, and beyond (10/25/40/100 Gbps Ethernet).

3. Network Topology:
Commonly employs a star topology where devices connect to a central hub or switch.

4. Medium Access Control (MAC):

Uses CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) for managing data
transmission and reducing collisions on the network.

Components

1. Network Interface Card (NIC):

Hardware component in devices that facilitates Ethernet connectivity.

2. Switches and Hubs:

Switches intelligently manage data traffic, while hubs broadcast data to all connected devices.

3. Cables:
Twisted pair and fiber optic cables transmit data between network devices.

4. Routers:
Connects multiple networks and manages traffic between them, often incorporating Ethernet ports
for wired connections.

1.3.7 HTTP PROTOCOL

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a foundational protocol used on the World Wide Web for
transmitting web pages and other multimedia content. Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in the early 1990s,
HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and how web servers and browsers should
respond to various commands.

Key Features

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 1. Request-Response Model:

HTTP operates on a client-server model where the client (usually a web browser) sends a request to
the server, which then processes the request and returns the appropriate response.

2. Stateless Protocol:

Each HTTP request is independent, meaning the server does not retain any information about
previous requests. This simplifies server design but requires additional mechanisms (like cookies) to
manage state.

3. Standard Methods:

Includes several methods such as GET (retrieve data), POST (submit data), PUT (update data),
DELETE (remove data), and others, each serving a specific purpose in web communication.

4. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI):

Uses URIs to identify resources on the web, enabling clients to request specific web pages or
resources from a server.

Applications

1. Web Browsing:

Fundamental for loading web pages, images, videos, and other content in browsers.

2. API Communication:

Used extensively in RESTful APIs to enable communication between web services and applications.

3. Web Services:

Essential for the operation of web services that allow for the integration and interaction of different
web applications.

Advantages

1. Simplicity:

Easy to implement and understand, facilitating rapid development and deployment of web
applications.

2. Flexibility:

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 Supports a wide range of media types and can be extended with custom headers and methods.

3. Compatibility:

Ubiquitous support across all web browsers, servers, and internet-connected devices.

Components

1. Request:

Sent by the client to initiate an interaction. It includes a request line (method, URI, HTTP version),
headers (metadata), and optionally a body (data).

2. Response:

Sent by the server in reply to a request. It includes a status line (HTTP version, status code, status
message), headers, and optionally a body.

3. Status Codes:

Part of the response indicating the outcome of the request, categorized into informational (1xx),
success (2xx), redirection (3xx), client error (4xx), and server error (5xx) codes.

Challenges

1. Stateless Nature:

Managing state requires additional mechanisms like cookies, sessions, or tokens.

2. Security:

HTTP is not encrypted, making it susceptible to eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks.

HTTPS (HTTP Secure) addresses this by encrypting the data using SSL/TLS.

3. Performance:

Each request-response cycle incurs overhead, and multiple connections can lead to latency and
increased load on servers.

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1.3.8 SPI PROTOCOL

The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol is a synchronous serial communication standard commonly
used for short-distance communication in embedded systems. Developed by Motorola in the 1980s, SPI
enables high-speed data transfer between a master device and one or more peripheral devices.

Key Features

1. Full-Duplex Communication:

Allows simultaneous data transmission and reception between the master and slave devices.

2. Synchronous Protocol:

Uses a clock signal (SCK) to synchronize data transfer, ensuring data integrity and precise timing.

3. Simple and Efficient:

Utilizes a straightforward four-wire interface, making it easy to implement and efficient for high-
speed data exchange.

Components and Signals

1. MOSI (Master Out Slave In):

Carries data from the master to the slave devices.

2. MISO (Master in Slave Out):

Carries data from the slave devices to the master.

3. SCK (Serial Clock):

Generated by the master to coordinate the timing of data transmission.

4. SS/CS (Slave Select/Chip Select):

Used to select the specific slave device for communication, active low signal.

1.3.9 I2C PROTOCOL

The Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) protocol is a widely used communication standard for connecting low-
speed peripherals to microcontrollers and processors in embedded systems. Developed by Philips
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Semiconductor (now NXP Semiconductors) in 1982, I²C is known for its simplicity and efficiency in
facilitating communication between multiple devices over short distances.

Key Features

1. Two-Wire Interface:

Utilizes just two lines: Serial Data Line (SDA) and Serial Clock Line (SCL).

2. Multi-Master and Multi-Slave:

Supports multiple master and slave devices on the same bus, allowing flexible and scalable
communication setups.

3. Addressing:

Each device on the bus is assigned a unique address, enabling the master to communicate with
individual slaves.

Components and Signals

1. SDA (Serial Data Line):

Carries data between devices on the bus.

2. SCL (Serial Clock Line):

Carries the clock signal generated by the master to synchronize data transfer.

3. Start and Stop Conditions:

Defined conditions to signal the beginning and end of a communication session, ensuring data
integrity.

1.4 FINAL PRODUCTS

Power Consumption:
Receiving mode power=8.21 mA
Sleeping mode power=3.39 mA
Normal operation mode power=17.5 mA

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During transmission power consumption=114.1 mA

Figure 2:Final Product

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Figure 3:Dashboard.

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CHAPTER 2: INTERNSHIP DETAILS

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 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Designing a LoRa network with battery and solar panel management, incorporating components such as
Arduino, ESP32, a Flutter dashboard, a database, and an Ethernet gateway, provides a resilient and efficient
solution for IoT applications. Solar panels ensure sustainable energy, while battery management systems
maintain power stability. Arduinos and ESP32s offer versatile and low-power data collection and
transmission capabilities. The Flutter dashboard allows for real-time monitoring, and the database ensures
data persistence. An Ethernet gateway facilitates broader internet integration, enhancing connectivity and
accessibility.

To optimize the network, focus on minimizing power consumption by utilizing low-power modes on
Arduino and ESP32, and implement advanced battery management algorithms for efficiency. Ensure robust
and secure data storage in the database and implement encryption for secure data transmission. Regular
maintenance of solar panels and batteries is crucial to maintain consistent performance. Design the network
with scalability in mind to accommodate future growth and incorporate redundancy in critical components
to enhance reliability and minimize downtime. These strategies will ensure the network's optimal
performance, reliability, and longevity, meeting the demands of various IoT applications.

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