This document contains 13 multiple choice questions about thermodynamics and heat transfer. The questions cover topics like the internal energy of gases, blackbody radiation curves, heat transfer through materials, temperature gradients, thermal conductivity, and phase changes. Thermal energy transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, and the relationship between temperature, heat, and energy are examined.
This document contains 13 multiple choice questions about thermodynamics and heat transfer. The questions cover topics like the internal energy of gases, blackbody radiation curves, heat transfer through materials, temperature gradients, thermal conductivity, and phase changes. Thermal energy transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, and the relationship between temperature, heat, and energy are examined.
This document contains 13 multiple choice questions about thermodynamics and heat transfer. The questions cover topics like the internal energy of gases, blackbody radiation curves, heat transfer through materials, temperature gradients, thermal conductivity, and phase changes. Thermal energy transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, and the relationship between temperature, heat, and energy are examined.
This document contains 13 multiple choice questions about thermodynamics and heat transfer. The questions cover topics like the internal energy of gases, blackbody radiation curves, heat transfer through materials, temperature gradients, thermal conductivity, and phase changes. Thermal energy transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, and the relationship between temperature, heat, and energy are examined.
B. equal to the intermolecular potential energy of the particles.
C. equal to the total kinetic energy of the particles.
D. equal to the sum of the intermolecular potential energy and the total kinetic energy of the particles. [1] 2. [Maximum mark: 1] SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.13 The black-body radiation curve of an object at 600 K is shown. The intensity units are arbitrary.
What is the radiation curve of the same object at 450 K?
The original curve is shown with a dashed line.
[1] 3. [Maximum mark: 5] SPM.2.SL.TZ0.6 Small pieces of solid paraffin with a total mass of 30 g at a temperature of 42 °C are mixed with 150 g of liquid paraffin at a temperature of 240 °C. The mixture is stirred until an equilibrium temperature is reached.
The following data for paraffin are available:
Specific heat capacity of solid paraffin = 0.7 kJ kg−1 K−1
Specific heat capacity of liquid paraffin = 2.13 kJ kg−1 K−1 Specific latent heat of fusion of paraffin = 220 kJ kg−1 Melting point of paraffin = 47 °C
(a) Calculate the theoretical equilibrium temperature of the mixture. [3]
(b) When the experiment was carried out, the equilibrium temperature of the mixture was found to be different from the theoretical value.
Suggest the reason for this difference. [2]
4. [Maximum mark: 4] SPM.2.SL.TZ0.5 The star δ Vel A is a main sequence star that has a black-body spectrum as shown.
(a) Show that the surface temperature of δ Vel A is about 9000 K. [1]
(b) The apparent brightness of δ Vel A is 2.2 × 10−9 W m−2 and it is 6.2 × 1014 km from Earth.
Estimate the radius of δ Vel A. [3]
5. [Maximum mark: 6] SPM.2.HL.TZ0.8 Small pieces of solid paraffin with a total mass of 30 g at a temperature of 42 °C are mixed with 150 g of liquid paraffin at a temperature of 240 °C. The mixture is stirred until an equilibrium temperature is reached.
The following data for paraffin are available:
Specific heat capacity of solid paraffin = 0.7 kJ kg−1 K−1
Specific heat capacity of liquid paraffin = 2.13 kJ kg−1 K−1 Specific latent heat of fusion of paraffin = 220 kJ kg−1 Melting point of paraffin = 47 °C
(a) Calculate the theoretical equilibrium temperature of the mixture. [3]
(b.i) When the experiment was carried out, the equilibrium temperature of the mixture was found to be different from the theoretical value.
Suggest the reason for this difference. [2]
(b.ii) The mixture was held in a large metal container during the mixing.
Explain one change to the procedure that will reduce the difference in (b)(i). [1] 6. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.1A.SL.TZ0.5 Window 1 is made of a single glass pane of thickness d. Window 2 is made of two glass panes of thickness d each, separated by a thin air space. Both windows have the same surface area and separate air masses of the same temperature difference.
Thermal energy transferred in unit time through window 1 is Q. The thermal
energy transferred in unit time through window 2 is
Q A. less than 2
Q B. equal to 2
Q C. between 2 and Q
D. equal to 2Q [1] 7. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.1A.SL.TZ0.6 A layer of ice on the surface of a lake separates cold air from relatively warmer unfrozen water.
The temperature of the air and the temperature of the water can both be assumed constant. The thickness of the ice gradually increases. What effect does the change in ice thickness have on the temperature gradient across the ice and the rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction through the ice?
Temperature gradient across Rate of thermal energy transfer through
the ice the ice A. increases increases B. increases decreases C. decreases increases [1] D. decreases decreases 8. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.1A.SL.TZ0.7 A cylindrical metal rod has a temperature difference between its ends and is in a steady state. The rate of energy transfer along the rod is P . No energy is transferred from the curved side of the rod.
The rod is changed for one made from the same material but with double the length and double the diameter. The temperature difference is halved. The rate of energy transfer in the rod is now
A. P
B. P
C. 2P
D. 4P [1]
9. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.1A.SL.TZ0.8
Two ideally lagged bars have the same length and are made from the same metal. The diameters of the bars are different. One end of each bar is held at 100 °C and the other end is held at 0 °C.
For each bar
A. the rate of energy transfer is the same
B. the temperature gradient is the same
C. the temperature gradient is non-linear
D. the temperature gradient ∝ 1
2 [1] bar diameter 10. [Maximum mark: 8] EXE.2.SL.TZ0.3 A steel pot containing water is placed on an electric hot plate that is preheated to a temperature of 180 °C. The initial temperature of the water in the pot is 10 °C.
The base of the pot has a surface area of 0.15 m2 and a thickness of 5.0 mm. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material of the pot is 45 W m−1 K−1.
(a) Calculate:
(a.i) the initial temperature gradient through the base of the pot. State an appropriate unit for your answer. [2]
(a.ii) the initial rate, in kW, of thermal energy transfer by conduction
through the base of the pot. [1]
(b) The electrical power rating of the hot plate is 1 kW. Comment, with reference to this value, on your answer in (a)(ii). [3]
(c) Describe how thermal energy is distributed throughout the volume of
the water in the pot. [2] 11. [Maximum mark: 6] EXE.2.SL.TZ0.4 A sealed bottle contains 0.50 kg of water at an initial temperature of 60 °C. The bottle is made of glass of thickness 3.0 mm and thermal conductivity 0.90 W m−1 K−1.
(a) The temperature of the air outside of the bottle is 20 °C. The surface area of the bottle is 4.0 × 10−2 m2. Calculate the initial rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction through the bottle. [2]
(b) Explain why the rate calculated in part (a) is decreasing. [2]
(c) Estimate the initial rate of the change of the temperature of the water in the bottle. State your answer in K s−1. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg−1 K−1. [2] 12. [Maximum mark: 6] EXE.2.SL.TZ0.5 The ends of a vertical column of water are maintained at different temperatures Tt and Tb both above the freezing point.
Energy transfer by radiation in this arrangement is negligible.
(a) Discuss the mechanism that accounts for the greatest rate of energy transfer when:
(a.i) Tt > Tb [2]
(a.ii) Tb > Tt [2]
(b) The liquid now freezes so that the vertical column is entirely of ice. Suggest how your answer to (a)(ii) will change. [2] 13. [Maximum mark: 8] EXE.2.SL.TZ0.6 A rod is formed from two metal rods XY and YZ of identical dimensions. End X and end Z are at different temperatures.
(a) The side of the rod can be unlagged or ideally lagged. Explain the difference in energy transfer for these two cases. [3]
(b) Rod XYZ is ideally lagged. The thermal conductivity of XY is k and the thermal conductivity of YZ is 2k. End X is at 90 °C and end Z is at 45 °C
(b.i) Calculate the temperature at Y. [3]
(b.ii) The temperatures are now reversed so that X is at 45 °C and Z is at 90 °C.
Show that the rate of energy transfer is unchanged. [2]
14. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.SL.TZ1.9
The temperature of an object is changed from θ1 °C to θ2 °C. What is the change in temperature measured in kelvin?
A. (θ2 − θ1)
B. (θ2 − θ1) + 273
C. (θ2 − θ1) − 273
D. 273 − (θ2 − θ1) [1]
15. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.SL.TZ1.12 A solid is heated at constant power in an insulated container. The graph shows the variation of temperature with time.
Why is the temperature constant for section QR?
A. The intermolecular potential energy of the molecules is constant.
B. The kinetic energy of the molecules is constant.
C. The internal energy of the solid is constant.
D. The rate at which the solid absorbs heat is equal to the rate at which it loses heat. [1] 16. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.SL.TZ1.13 Two blocks X and Y at different temperatures are placed in thermal contact with each other until they reach thermal equilibrium. Block X and block Y are of the same material. The mass of block Y is half that of block X. The change in temperature of block X has a magnitude ΔT and the change in internal energy of block X has a magnitude ΔU. What is the change in magnitude of temperature of block Y and the change in magnitude of internal energy of block Y?
Magnitude of change Magnitude of change in
in temperature of Y internal energy of Y
A. ΔT 2ΔU
B. 2ΔT 2ΔU
C. ΔT ΔU
D. 2ΔT ΔU [1]
17. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.SL.TZ2.10
What is the internal energy of an ideal gas?
A. The sum of the intermolecular potential energies of the molecules
B. The energy required to raise the temperature by 1 K
C. The sum of the kinetic energies of the molecules
D. The energy required per kg to raise the temperature by 1 K [1]
18. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.SL.TZ2.9 The temperature of a gas increases from 100 K to 330 K. What is the change in temperature of the gas in degrees Celsius?
A. 503
B. 230
C. −43
D. −230 [1]
19. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.10
Three samples of the same liquid are mixed in an insulated container. The masses and initial temperatures of the samples are:
What is the equilibrium temperature of the mixture?
A. 45 °C
B. 36 °C
C. 30 °C
D. 24 °C [1] 20. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.27 The electromagnetic spectrum radiated by a black body at temperature T shows a peak at wavelength λp.
What is the variation of λp with T?
[1] 21. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.29 When heating a metal rod at one end, thermal energy is transferred along the rod.
Which statement explains this transfer?
A. Free electrons transfer kinetic energy to the ions in the metal
B. Intermolecular potential energy increases throughout the metal
C. Intermolecular potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy
D. Ions in the metal radiate energy in all directions [1]
22. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.30 Planet X and planet Y both emit radiation as black bodies. Planet Y has twice the surface temperature and one third of the radius of planet X.
power radiated by planet X
What is power radiated by planet Y ?
9 A. 16
3 B. 4
C. 4
D. 16
9 [1]
23. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.8
A block of glass of mass 5 kg and temperature 30°C is brought into contact with a block of asphalt of mass 20 kg and temperature 75°C. The specific heat capacity of asphalt is twice that of glass. No energy is transferred to the surroundings. What is the final temperature of both blocks?
