BASICS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: o These free electrons move in all

directions from atom to atom but

Intro:
when a certain electrical potential is
 The electricity is a kind of energy as heat, light applied at two ends, the electrons
and sound etc. move only in one direction.
 It cannot be seen but its effects can be o The flow of electrons in a conductor
experienced. in one direction is known as ‘Electrical
current’.
Merits of Electrical Energy:
Note:
Electrical energy has become superior to all other
forms (heat, light, mechanical, chemical etc.) of  The flow of electrical current takes place by
energy: the movement of the electrons in a
conductor.
 Electrical energy is much cheaper than that of  In Insulators (Non-Conductors or non-metals)
any other forms of energy. such as Mica, porcelain, glass, paper etc. the
 Electrical energy is almost pollution free as it electrons are very closely bound to the
does not produce smoke, dust and fumes. nucleus and it is difficult to remove the
 Convenient Form: Electrical energy can be electrons from the atoms.
easily converted into other forms of energy (i.e
heat, light, mechanical etc.) Electric Current:
 Easy Control: The electrically operated
 The flow of free electrons is known as
machines and equipments can be started
“Electric current”.
operated and maintained very easily.
 It is denoted by the letter “I”.
 The Electrical energy offers greater flexibility as
 It is measured in Amperes, denoted by
it can be easily transport from one place to
“A”.
another by means of conductors.
 An electrical current is a flow of electric
 High Transmission efficiency: The Electrical
charge.
energy can be transmitted effectively and
 Note: In electric circuits this charge is
efficiently from generating station to various carried by moving electrons in conductors.
consumers.
Case-1:
Valence or Free Electrons:
 When no voltage is applied across the two ends of
 The electrons in the outermost orbit of an the conductor, no electric field is setup in the
atom are known as ‘Valence electrons’. conductor. Hence, the electrons move freely
 These electrons are loosely attracted by the between atoms in a random way as shown in
nucleus. below fig., because there is no movement of
 In certain substances especially metal (Ex. charge in any particular direction within the
Copper, Aluminum etc), the valence electrons conductor.
are loosely attached to their nucleus and
hence they can be easily removed. These are
also known as free electrons.
 These electrons move at random from one
atom to another in the material.
 The atoms of conductors or metals (Ex. Silver,
Case-2:
copper, aluminum etc.) have many free
electrons.

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 When an electric potential is applied, the outmost 8 10 deka da
−1
one or more electrons get easily detached from the 9 10 deci d
parent atom and start drifting along the wire. 10 10
−2
centi c
−3
11 10 milli m
−6
12 10 micro µ
−9
13 10 nano n
−12
14 10 pico p
Network Analysis 15 10
−15
famto f
−18
16 10 atto a
Element:

 Each component of the circuit is known as an

CHARGE & CURRENT:
element.
 Ex. Resistor, Inductor, Capacitance, Amplifier,  The most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the
bulb, battery and connecting wires etc.. electric charge.
 Charge is an electrical property of the atomic
International System of Units (S.I):
particles of which matter consists.
 As electrical engineers, we deal with  Electrical charge measured in coulombs (C).
measurable quantities.  We know that all matter is made of fundamental
 International system of units (S.I), adopted by building blocks known as atoms and that each
the General Conference on Weights and atom consists of electrons, protons and neutrons.
Measures in 1960.  The coulomb is a large unit for charges.
 In this system, there are six principal units  1e = -1.602 × 10−19 C then 1C = 6.24 × 1018 e.
from which the units of all other physical  The law of conservation of charge states that
quantities can be derived. charge can neither be created nor destroyed only
transferred. Thus the algebraic sum of the electric
The six basic SI Units charges in a system does not change.
S.No Quantity Basic Unit Symbol  When a conducting wire (consisting of several
1 Length Meter m
atoms) is connected to a battery, the charges are
2 Mass Kilogram kg
compelled to move; Positive charges move in one
3 Time Second S
4 Electric current Ampere A direction and Negative charges move in the
5 Thermodynamic Kelvin K opposite direction. This motion of charges creates
temperature electric current.
6 Luminous Candela Cd  It is conventional to take the current flow as the
intensity movement of positive charges i.e opposite to the
 The great advantage of the SI unit is that flow of negative charges as shown in the below
it uses prefixes based on the power of 10 fig.
to relate larger and smaller.

The SI prefixes
S.No Multiplier Prefix Symbol
1 10
18
Exa E
2 10
15
Peta P
 Electric Current is the time rate of change of
3 10
12
Tera T
charge.
4 10
9
Giga G
dq
5 10
6
Mega M ֒ Mathematically, i= dt .
6 10
3
kilo k
7 2
hecto h  It is measured in Amperes, denoted by A.
10
 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second.
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 They are TWO types of currents: figure is same as a current of +5 A flowing in
o Direct Current (dc). the opposite direction.
o Alternating Current (ac).

Direct Current (D.C): Voltage:

 If the current does not change with time, but  To move the electron in a conductor in a
remains constant, we call it a direct current (dc). particular direction requires some work or
 By convention the symbol I is used to represent energy transfer. This work is performed by an
such a constant current. external electromotive fore (emf ), typically
represented by the battery as shown in the
below fig.

 This emf is also known as potential difference

Alternating Current (A.C): or Voltage.
 The voltage v ab between two points a and b in
 In Alternating Current (A.C), the current changes
an electric circuit is the energy or work needed
sinusoidally with time and magnitude is various
to move a unit charge from a to b;
with respective to time.
dw
 By convention the symbol i is used to represent mathematically, v ab=
dq
such a varying current (ac).
 Units: w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge
 It is shown in the below fig. in coulombs (C). The voltage measured in
Volts(V).

1 volt =1 joule/coulomb=1 newton−meter / coulomb .

Conventional voltage polarities:

Conventional current flow:

 The direction of current flow is conventionally

taken as the direction positive charge
movement. Based on this convention, a current
of 5 A may be represented positive or
negatively as shown in the below figure.
 The v ab can be interpreted in two ways:
I. Point a is at a potential of v ab volts
higher than point b . (or)
II. The potential at point a w.r.t point b is
v ab.
III. It follows logically that in general,
 In other words, a negative current of – 5 A v ab=−v ba
flowing one direction as shown in the above  Like electric current, a constant voltage is
called a dc voltage and is represented by V .
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  Whereas a sinusoidally time varying voltage is
called an ac voltage and is represented by v .
 A dc voltage is produced by a battery; ac
voltage is produced by an electric generator.

What is a circuit? :
 Closed circuit shown in below figure.
 Current and voltage are the two basic variables in
electric circuits.
 The common term for both current and voltage is
signal is used for an electric quantity when it is
used for conveying information.
 The different elements combine together & they
perform in proper way to get desired output is
called circuit.
 They are THREE types of circuits: SHORT CIRCUIT:
 Open Circuit.
 Closed Circuit.  In short circuit is same as CLOSED CIRCUIT.
 Short Circuit  The maximum current flows through the short
circuit terminal then bulb will not glow.
OPEN CIRCUIT:

 In open circuit:
 There will be voltage.
 No current flow i.e I= 0
Amps.
 In open circuit, I= 0 Amp then R is Infinite Ω.
According to ohms law, V = IR
V
 R=
I
V
 R= Ω In open circuit, I= 0 Amp
0
 Open circuit is shown in below figure. Inductor:

 It is denoted by the letter “L”.

 It’s symbol is:

di
 It is represent in terms of voltage is v=L
dt
volts.
CLOSED CIRCUIT:
 Inductor does not allow sudden change in
1
 In closed circuit: current. i=
L
∫ v ( t ) dt
 There will be current.
 No voltage, so V =0 volts.
Capacitor:
 In closed circuit, V= 0 Volts then R is ZERO
Ω.  It is denoted by the letter “C”.
 It’s symbol is
According to ohms law, V = IR
V
 R=
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 R= Ω
I
 dv
 It is represented in terms of current: i=C .
dt

Important definitions:

Network:

Branch:

Node:

Loop:

NODAL ANALYSIS:

S-I: Identify the principle nodes.

S-II: Applying the KCL at nodes.
S-III: By using ohm’s law expand KCL equation.
S-IV: Write node voltage equation.

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