Notes for a 5-minute Speech

a) Handshake
The term "handshake" describes the procedure via which two systems or devices connect
and synchronize with one another prior to starting a data transfer. Both sending and
receiving devices exchange a number of automated commands or signals to make sure
they are prepared for successful communication.

In many different communication systems, including computer networks, serial to serial

interfaces, and other data transfer techniques, handshaking protocols are used often.
Setting up factors like data transfer rate, error-checking techniques, and other settings
required for effective communication is the goal of handshaking.

Devices exchange signals or messages to verify readiness and create a dependable

connection during the handshaking process. In order to avoid data loss or corruption, this
can involve controlling flow control, acknowledging received data, and negotiating
communication settings.

All things considered, handshaking is an essential computing process that permits devices
to establish connection, synchronize their activities, and guarantee dependable data
exchange.

Summary
 The handshake is a procedure used to connect two processes or communication
devices.
 To make sure that both parties are prepared to communicate and agree on the
connection's parameters, a number of message exchanges are involved.
 Typical illustrations of handshake conventions:
 Three-way TCP handshake: ACK, SYN-ACK, and SYN
 The SSL/TLS handshake, which includes the Client Hello, Server Hello, Certificate,
Key Exchange, and other protocols, guarantees dependable and secure
communication by authenticating the parties involved and agreeing on the
connection's parameters.

b) Connection Termination
This phase of connection termination includes a four-way handshake and the autonomous
termination of each side of the connection. An endpoint sends a FIN packet, which the
other end responds with an ACK to indicate that it wants to terminate its portion of the
connection.

Summary
 Connection termination is the process of gracefully ending an established
connection between communication devices or processes.
 It involves a series of message exchanges to ensure that both ends are ready to close
the connection.
  Common examples of connection termination protocols:
 TCP four-way termination: FIN, ACK, FIN, ACK
 SIP call termination: BYE, OK
 Connection termination allows the communicating parties to release resources,
maintain data integrity, and ensure a clean shutdown of the connection.

c) Protocols
A standard set of guidelines that specify how data is transferred between various devices
connected to the same network is known as a network protocol. In essence, it makes it
possible for linked devices to speak with one another in spite of variations in their
underlying architecture, procedures, or structures. Network protocols are essential to
contemporary digital communications because they make it possible to communicate
with people anywhere in the globe.

Summary with examples

1. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
 Used for initiating, managing, and terminating multimedia sessions, such as voice
and video calls.
 Handles tasks like user registration, call setup, and call teardown.
 Supports features like call forwarding, call transfer, and conference calling.

2. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

 Used for email transmission between mail servers and clients.
 Defines the format and delivery of email messages.
 Enables the exchange of electronic mail messages across the internet.

3. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

 Used for transferring web pages and other content over the internet.
 Defines the format and method of communication between web browsers and
web servers.
 Supports various request methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) and
response status codes.

4. POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

 Used for email retrieval from a remote server to a local email client.
 Allows users to download emails from a mail server to their local devices.
 Provides a simple and lightweight protocol for email access and management.

5. Telnet
 A text-based protocol for remote access and control of network devices.
 Allows users to connect to remote computers and interact with them using a
terminal-like interface.
 Provides a simple and straightforward way to access and manage network
resources.

6. DNS (Domain Name System)

  Responsible for translating human-readable domain names into machine-readable
IP addresses.
 Enables users to access websites and other internet resources by using easy-to-
remember domain names.
 Provides a distributed and hierarchical system for domain name resolution.

d) Wireless and Optical Technologies

I. Wireless Technologies

1. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

- Wireless local area network (WLAN) technology based on IEEE 802.11 standards
- Provides wireless connectivity for devices within a limited geographic range (few
hundred feet)
- Enables high-speed internet access, file sharing, and device-to-device communication
- Widely adopted in homes, offices, and public hotspots

2. Cellular Networks
- Cellular technology, such as 4G LTE and 5G, enables wide-area wireless
communication
- Divides a geographical area into smaller cells, each served by a base station
- Allows seamless mobility and handover between cells for continuous connectivity
- Supports various applications, including voice, data, and multimedia services

3. Bluetooth
- Short-range wireless technology for personal area networks (PANs)
- Designed for low-power, low-cost, and low-complexity wireless connectivity
- Enables wireless communication between devices (e.g., smartphones, laptops,
wearables)
- Common applications include file sharing, wireless audio, and device pairing

4. ZigBee
- Wireless standard for low-power, low-data-rate communication
- Primarily used in home automation, industrial control, and sensor networks
- Focuses on providing reliable, secure, and energy-efficient wireless connectivity
- Suitable for applications with low data throughput requirements (e.g., lighting control,
environmental monitoring)

II. Satellite Technologies

1. Geostationary Satellite (GEO)

- Satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of approximately 35,786 kilometers
- Remain stationary relative to a fixed point on the Earth's surface
- Provide wide-area coverage, suitable for broadcast services and global
communications
 - Have high latency due to the long distance between the satellite and the Earth's
surface

2. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

- Satellites orbiting the Earth at altitudes ranging from 500 to 2,000 kilometers
- Offer lower latency compared to GEO satellites, as they are closer to the Earth's
surface
- Constellation of LEO satellites can provide global internet connectivity and other
communication services
- Examples include SpaceX's Starlink and Amazon's Project Kuiper

3. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellites

- Satellites orbiting the Earth at altitudes between 2,000 and 35,786 kilometers
- Provide a balance between coverage and latency, offering better performance than
GEO satellites
- Used for applications such as navigation (e.g., GPS, Galileo) and communication
services

III. Optical Technologies

1. Fiber Optic Communication

- Utilizes optical fibers to transmit data using light signals
- Offers extremely high bandwidth, low signal attenuation, and immunity to
electromagnetic interference
- Widely used in telecommunications, internet infrastructure, and long-haul
communication networks

2. Free-Space Optics (FSO)

- Wireless optical communication technology that uses line-of-sight laser or LED links
- Transmits data through the atmosphere without the need for physical fiber-optic
cables
- Suitable for last-mile connectivity, enterprise networks, and temporary deployments
- Offers high-speed data transmission, but is affected by environmental conditions (e.g.,
fog, rain)

3. Visible Light Communication (VLC)

- Wireless communication technology that uses the visible light spectrum to transmit
data
- Utilizes LED lights as both illumination sources and data transmitters
- Offers a complementary option to radio frequency (RF) communication, particularly
in indoor environments
- Potential applications include indoor positioning, device-to-device communication,
and intelligent lighting systems

Summary
1. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
  A wireless broadband technology that provides high-speed internet access over
large geographic areas.
 Offers features like mobility, long-range coverage, and high data rates.
 Designed to compete with and complement wired broadband technologies like
DSL and cable.

2. Optical Fiber
 A high-speed transmission medium that uses light to carry data over long
distances.
 Offers extremely high bandwidth and low signal attenuation, making it suitable
for high-speed internet, TV, and voice services.
 Widely used in telecommunications and internet infrastructure, providing reliable
and future-proof connectivity.

3. Satellite Communication
 Uses satellites orbiting the Earth to provide communication services, including
internet access, television broadcasting, and telephony.
 Offers coverage in remote or hard-to-reach areas where terrestrial infrastructure
may be challenging to deploy.
 Provides global connectivity, but may have higher latency compared to terrestrial
networks.