Optimizing HVAC Efficiency: A Thermal Mapping Analysis of Xavier University

Engineering Faculty Office

Kristian Cezar, Russel Mamhot, Kurt Sabuga, Dan Siao

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The modern world has introduced everyone to technology, with the intent of
improving the quality of life. It has helped the society on how everybody interacts with
their daily lives. One of the improvements that has been brought by technology is the air
conditioner, a system that cools down a space by extracting heat from the area and
directing it to the outside location. It basically gives comfort to the people inside the
room as it blows cool air from the system itself. With this information, it is a given that
with the pros of the technology, there must be some kind of cons to it such as high
humidity within a room containing an air conditioner. It is said that dehumidifiers similar
to those found in modern air conditioning units are not included in older models.
Humidity, according to SciJinks, is a measure of water vapor in the air, and when the
indoor humidity level is high, the air conditioner will have a hard time keeping up in
maintaining the required thermal levels in a room. Another factor is the temperature
outside of the room, as most air-conditioning systems are designed to operate in
temperatures of 100°F or 38°C, similar to the temperature during summer season. If the
temperature outside goes beyond its limits, the air conditioner will run at its maximum
capacity, resulting in a higher energy consumption, making it less efficient for the
people.

Given the factors of the air-conditioning system, it may also impact the health of
the people using it both in a positive and negative way. With the heat brought by climate
change in addition to global warming, it can reduce heat stroke, as it is the number one
protective factor against heat-related illness, easing of allergies by filtering of airborne
pollen and the elimination of dust mites and mold by lowering indoor humidity brought
by the air conditioner, and also improving job performance as it gives improved comfort
levels at work, resulting in increased physical and intellectual activity. With these pros,
there also comes the cons, one of which is dehydration, as air conditioners suck
moisture out of the room to bring down humidity and cool it off, and it can cause
headaches in some people. Despite the comfort that air-conditioning gives, it also brings
negative impact to the environment, in a way that air conditioners consume a significant
amount of energy, that it contributes to greenhouse gasses, which then release HFCs,
or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, which is the number one cause of global heating that
also causes the increase of the temperature outside of the room.

With the existing factors pertaining to the direct impact of temperature and
humidity to the air-conditioning system, the researchers’ purpose of the study is to
create a thermal map for analysis of the state of temperature and humidity of the faculty
office. Together with the monitoring of temperature, both inside the room for the
convenience of the people in it, and outside the room for the efficiency of the unit itself,
and the humidity inside the room in order to maintain the required thermal levels needed
for the system. In connection to the other components of this research, it can help
improve not only the efficiency of the system but also will conveniently notify
temperature and humidity changes, which lead to adjustments of the output of the
air-conditioning unit.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The contemporary need for accurate and real-time environmental monitoring has
become increasingly crucial across various sectors such as industrial settings, and
smart home applications. The problem statements of this study, thus, is as follows:

1. What are the most important factors to consider while optimizing the
air-conditioning of the faculty office with thermal mapping analysis?
 2. What role may thermal simulation and control algorithms based on thermal
environment factors play in this optimization?
3. What are the uses of thermal mapping, and how can it aid in the identification of
temperature hotspots, cold patches, and temperature changes that may occur
during storage or transportation?

1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

● To be able to provide a continuous and precise basis of data of these

measurements in a particular setting, in this case, the smart office. This
can ensure that the temperature and the humidity of the surrounding stays
within a certain range, which is important for a variety of applications.

1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

● Providing real-time temperature and humidity data via a programmed

software that may be accessed remotely. Users are to be notified when
temperature or humidity levels fall outside of a predefined range, allowing
for fast corrective action.

1.4.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

● In order for users to be notified when temperature or humidity levels fall

outside of a predefined range, a table for temperature and humidity
relations is used as a basis for the sensor, allowing for fast corrective
action, which can be used in certain areas that are needed for strict
monitoring of temperature and humidity.
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

● Providing previous information on temperature and humidity levels which

can be used for analysis and quality control as the monitoring software
offers an environment in which the user can graph the current data file or
previously saved files, as well as view the current temperature and relative
humidity.

1.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The independent variables in this study are the air-conditioning system. While the
temperature and humidity produced by the air-conditioning system unit are the
dependent variables because it changes depending on the temperature difference and
coolant. By which the temperature difference is also dependent because it depends on
the heat temperature absorbed by the temperature of the environment.

Input Process Output

● Account for the ● Detect the account ● Recognition of the

system inputted accounts
● Temperature and ● Get the monitored ● Information of the
Humidity sensor data faculty environment
● Analyze the data will be shown
● Put the data in the ● Display the result of
database data monitored
● Manage the data in using charts
the control charts

Table 1. Conceptual Framework of the System

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research holds profound significance in its multifaceted contributions to the

realms of energy conservation, cost savings, occupant well-being, and technological
innovation. As the global imperative for environmental sustainability intensifies, the
study takes a pivotal role by specifically focusing on the optimization of HVAC systems
efficiency within an academic setting. The cost-effective measures identified in this
study have the potential to significantly reduce energy expenses for the university.
Furthermore, the research dive deep into the crucial dimension of occupant comfort and
productivity, recognizing the impact of a well-regulated indoor environment on the
professional well-being of faculty members. Improved thermal comfort, as a result of the
study's findings, may foster enhanced productivity, job satisfaction, and overall quality of
work. The research also recognizes the intrinsic connection between HVAC efficiency
and health, aiming to contribute to the creation of indoor environments that promote
well-being by mitigating health risks associated with poor air circulation, the study
advocates for a broader impact, inspiring similar analyses and improvements in HVAC
systems across diverse organizations, through potential exploration of cutting-edge
technologies and innovative approaches to HVAC optimization.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The research is defined by its focused investigation into the HVAC systems within
the specific context of the Engineering Faculty offices at Xavier University. The study
encompasses a comprehensive thermal mapping analysis, aiming to identify
opportunities for enhancing energy efficiency. The scope extends to the formulation of
targeted recommendations that align with sustainable practices and cost-effective
measures. The research embraces the interdisciplinary nature of building systems and
technology, incorporating aspects of environmental science, engineering, and occupant
well-being.
 This research is subject to certain limitations, the findings and recommendations
derived from the thermal mapping analysis are specific to the Engineering Faculty
offices at Xavier University and may not be directly applicable to other building types or
environments. The study is limited by the available resources and timeframe, which may
constrain the depth and breadth of data collection and analysis. Additionally, the
research may not account for dynamic factors such as seasonal variations or specific
occupant behaviors that can influence HVAC performance. These limitations are
essential to consider in interpreting the research outcomes and in guiding future
extensions or applications of the study's findings.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

● Microcontroller
○ A small integrated circuit used in an embedded system to control a
specific operation.
● DHT11 Sensor
○ A simple, low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor that combines
a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to monitor the ambient air
and outputs a digital signal on the data pin.
● Breadboard
○ A plastic block containing a matrix of electrical sockets appropriate for
gripping tiny connecting wires, component wires, or transistor and
integrated circuit (IC) pins.
● ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
○ A self-contained SOC with an integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that allows
any microcontroller to connect to your WiFi network.
● Internet of Things (IoT)
○ Refers to a network of physical objects linked to the Internet in order to
exchange data and information in order to improve productivity, efficiency,
and services, among other things.
● Data Logger
○ A compact electronic device designed to autonomously record and store
data from sensors or external instruments over time. Captures information
at specified intervals, storing it internally for later retrieval and analysis.
● Thermal Map
○ A graphical representation or visual depiction of temperature distribution
across a specified area or object. It is typically created using infrared
thermography, a technology that captures thermal radiation emitted by
surfaces and converts it into a visible image.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

❖ Title: How do humidity levels impact your air conditioning unit

performance?
❖ Author: Plumbing, K. H., Cooling &. (2020)
➢ Dehumidifiers, which are typical features in current air conditioners, are
missing from older ones. With the absence of dehumidification can lead to
various issues during humid summer days, such as uneven cooling and
increased strain on the system, potentially requiring air conditioning repair,
and with the high humidity levels in the home can also promote growth of
algae and mold in the ducts, reducing indoor air quality and perhaps
causing allergy reactions. The cooling efficiency of air conditioners is
affected by humidity because it makes the air warmer. In humid conditions,
the air conditioner has to work harder to generate cool air, resulting in
increased strain on the device. Modern air conditioners are meant to cool
the air and reduce humidity, but they are not always equipped or certified
for use in extremely humid environments. More than half of the emissions
 from air conditioning units come from the process of removing humidity
from the air, which led the researchers and start-ups to work on creating
new, cutting-edge air-conditioning units to address these challenges.

❖ Title: Design and implementation of intelligent temperature and humidity

monitoring system based on ZigBee and WiFi.
❖ Author: Xiao and Li (2020)
➢ Wireless communication technology has been in development within the
recent years, with WiFi, Bluetooth, and other technologies pursuing
high-speed and long-distance transmission. Yet ZigBee technology is
focused on attaining low-speed and short-distance wireless network
transmission, as it is widely utilized in smart homes, agriculture, medicine,
and a variety of other industries. Researchers created a gateway based
on mobile 4G and a ZigBee wireless sensor network, and they deployed
ZigBee and TD-SCDMA gateway technology to urban environmental
monitoring. Traditional environmental monitoring systems rely on
inconvenient wired networks. Thus, a temperature and humidity detection
system that is based on ZigBee and WiFi is presented in this paper, as it
can implement remote monitoring of temperature and humidity data and
efficiently solve the real-time monitoring of temperature and humidity data
in a large area and transfer data over a long distance via WiFi.

❖ Title: Monitoring temperature and humidity of server room using

Lattepanda and ThingSpeak.
❖ Author: Nasution, T. H., Muchtar, M. A., Seniman, S., & Siregar, I. (2019)
➢ Growing companies and organizations frequently store digital data on
servers. To keep the server working correctly, the server room must
maintain a suitable temperature and humidity level, as the server room is
typically equipped with an air conditioner cooling system. With this, the
 temperature and humidity levels in the room must be monitored to ensure
they remain within acceptable limits. Monitoring of temperature and
humidity is done by installing a measuring instrument on the server room.
Maintaining the ideal temperature and humidity level is crucial in order to
keep the equipment in optimal condition. Monitoring of temperature and
humidity is done by installing a measuring instrument on the server room.

❖ Title: IoT based temperature and humidity controlling using Arduino and
Raspberry Pi
❖ Author: Barik, L. (2019)
➢ The information acquired could be profitably used to generate activities
such as distantly dominant cooling, heating devices, or long term statistics
that will be useful in controlling the same.The discovered data is uploaded
to cloud storage via network and use the Android app to connect. The
system makes use of Arduino. UNO combined with a Raspberry Pi, an
HTU 211D sensor device, and an Wi-Fi module ESP8266. The
experimental findings show the real temperature and humidity of the
surrounding surroundings and soil. You may monitor the moisture of any
plant using an Arduino UNO and a Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi is
mostly utilized here to monitor the temperature. The HTU 211D sensor
element measures temperature and humidity. The sensors are used to
measure the temperatures in the environment and store the displayed
data on various devices. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module was utilized to store
data in this case.
❖ Title: Temperature monitoring system using arduino uno and smartphone
application
❖ Author: Hasibuan, A., Qodri, A. Muzair, I. (2021)
➢ This study discusses the temperature monitoring system in the goat pen
via smartphone. In addition to monitoring, temperature control is also
needed to maintain temperature conditions in the goat pen. This system is
useful so that goat cultivation produces well by getting a healthy
temperature during its growing period. Manual monitoring is
time-consuming, so a more practical monitoring application is required.
This monitoring application is built using Internet of Things (IoT)
technology so that it can be monitored remotely. The temperature data is
taken from the DHT22 temperature sensor which is collected on a
microcontroller which is then sent to the internet wirelessly. To control the
temperature in the goat pen using an SSR relay. Based on the results of
this study, the application of temperature monitoring in the goat pen via
smartphone with the Internet of Things (IoT) is able to read the
temperature value in the goat pen and can adjust the SSR to turn on and
turn off the heating element remotely using a smartphone.

❖ Title: Implementation of embedded real-time monitoring temperature and

humidity system.
❖ Author: Hashim, R. et al., (2019)
➢ Temperature and humidity are among the parameters that are significant
to the industrial and agricultural. Traditionally, these elements are
monitored inefficiently through wired monitoring systems that cause higher
implementation and maintenance cost. In addition, the device to detect the
temperature such as a thermometer is not suitable for real-time monitoring
since it needs a longer response time to measure. With the advent of
wireless technology, the temperature and humidity are monitored remotely
and effectively. This paper aims to describe the implementation of an
 embedded real-time temperature and humidity monitoring system, using
Arduino for Internet of Things (IoT) application. The system integrates the
Arduino node with a dashboard system called Node-FRED, which
interfaces to the LoRa radio through the Things Network gateway. This IoT
application is deployed in both indoor and outdoor environments, to
investigate the relation between the temperature and humidity level in
order to manage the environment at a more comfortable level.

❖ Title: Design and Development of Temperature and Humidity Monitoring

System
❖ Author: Sonawane, R. (2019)
➢ The temperature of the environment is extremely important for plants as it
affects multiple growing factors: the rates of photosynthesis and
respiration, germination, flowering, and ultimately, crop quality (Rowinski,
2016). Extreme temperatures can negatively impact plant productivity, so
maintaining the temperature in a greenhouse is crucial. Each plant also
has its specific temperature range, so being able to adjust the settings in
the greenhouse is equally as important (Kale and Kulkarni, 2016).

❖ Title: Monitoring System for Temperature and Humidity Measurement with

DHT11 Sensor Using NodeMCU
❖ Author: Novelan, M.S, Amin, M. (2020)
➢ The NodeMCU is used by the authors in this investigation. As a control
center, a microcontroller development board is used. This links to wireless
communication. DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor that acts as a
temperature gauge for four different items, notably the temperature of ice
cubes, the temperature of water heated by an electric water heater, and
the temperature of an electric solder neck. Measurements are taken in
touch with the object at a maximum distance of 0.4 cm. The DHT11
 temperature sensor readings will be continued by sending real-time
information every second in °C, which can be seen using the visual basic
net application, which is desktop-based for monitoring data with
communication via WiFi that is running well and stable. Temperature and
humidity measurement data can be saved using the firebase online
database. Because NodeMCU saves sensor data to the Firebase
Real-time Database, the VB Application can access it at any time and
from any location.

❖ Title: Wireless Sensor Network for Temperature and Humidity Monitoring

Systems Based on NodeMCU ESP8266
❖ Author: Wong G. Shun, W. Mariam W. Muda, W. Hafiza W. Hassan (2020)
➢ The paper describes the development of a Wireless Sensor Network for
Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System. The prototype is based on
the NodeMCU ESP8266 module that automatically records the current
parameters and allows the user to interact with the monitoring system
wirelessly. A total of three wireless microcontrollers are used as sensor
nodes and actuator nodes to form a wireless sensor network. Each node
is connected to online cloud storage that helps to receive, process and
send the information to and from the desired nodes. The data
communication from the wireless sensor nodes to the cloud database is
done via MATLAB ThingSpeak. Within the monitoring system facility, the
access network is based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi network, which enables
the concept of Internet of Things. The monitoring system is deployed to
the room exhaust ventilation system (REVS) which includes 3G
technology which allows the stand-alone REVS system monitoring
remotely via web or mobile application at low cost. Experimental results
show that the system is capable of using a unified approach to recording,
displaying and controlling the temperature and humidity parameters
 through several IoT platforms: MATLAB ThingSpeak, ThingView App and
REVS mobile application developed using MIT App inventor.

❖ Title: Implementation of Wireless Communication to Transfer Temperature

and Humidity Monitoring Data using Arduino Uno
❖ Author: A. Karra, B. Kondi, R. Jayaraman (2020)
➢ This paper mainly focuses on establishing a wireless communication to
transmit and receive the temperature and humidity monitoring data in
wireless mode by interfacing arduino and RF module nRF24L01. In recent
advancements.The wireless communication plays a vital role to make the
system faster and easier. In real time application, analog data
measurement with human effort may cause error and difficult to store the
precious values of parameters. To overcome this problem there is a
demand for smart systems with automation to monitor all the environment
factors. Besides, the smart system should be accurate, reliable and cost
effective. In this proposed monitoring system the temperature and
humidity data are transferred through wireless data communication using
RF module nRF24L01, DHT11 sensor and Arduino Uno. Finally the actual
temperature and humidity is going to be displayed on the 16*2 LCDs with
the Arduino Uno nRF24L01 module are interfaced. By this method the
wireless communication can be implemented with less price and low
consumption of the power. This paper provides the details of
implementation and experimentation results of an environmental
monitoring system.
❖ Title: Monitoring Temperature and Humidity using Arduino Nano and
Module-DHT11 Sensor with Real Time DS3231 Data Logger and LCD
Display
❖ Author: Kuria, K., Robinson, O., Gabriel, M. (2020)
➢ The optimal functioning of biological systems relies significantly on
humidity and temperature, with each parameter exerting a distinct
influence on the growth and quality of crops. While various methods exist
for measuring these factors, there remains a necessity for ongoing
technological advancements to facilitate rapid, real-time, and remote
monitoring. This research aimed to create a practical hardware and
software system for the measurement of temperature and humidity. The
designed system was configured to establish continuous communication
with the user by recording real-time data, storing the acquired information
on an SD card, and incorporating an alarming system (piezo buzzer) along
with LED indicators. The study employed an Arduino Nano board
interfaced with a Temperature and Humidity sensor, Real-Time Clock
(RTC), LCD, Micro SD card Module, piezo buzzer, and LED, enabling data
storage in a text file format. A code was developed on a computer using
the appropriate Arduino program and transferred to the Arduino
microcontroller for circuit operation.

❖ Title: Development of an IoT-Based Indoor Quality Monitoring Platform

❖ Author: Jo, J. et.al., (2020)
➢ To address air contamination, especially aerosols, new measures have
been pursued, including the development of air quality measuring devices
and air purifiers. A study by the Ministry of the Environment in Korea
assessed 17 widely used air quality measuring devices and found that
only two provided accurate readings of indoor air quality. The report
highlights factors such as measurement methods, device structure, and
data transmission as contributors to the low reliability of most devices.
 In response to the need for more accurate monitoring devices, this
research proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-based indoor air quality
monitoring platform integrating cloud computing. A device named
"Smart-Air" was developed to precisely monitor indoor air quality and
transmit real-time data to a cloud computing-based web server using an
IoT sensor network. The web server analyzes real-time data, adds visual
effects to illustrate indoor air quality conditions, and issues alerts to mobile
application users or facility managers in case of moderate or poor air
quality. The integration of IoT and cloud computing offers significant
advantages for improving indoor air quality.

❖ Title: Service Room Temperature Server Room Temperature & Humidity

Monitoring Based on Internet of Things (IoT)
❖ Author: Otomo, M., et.al., (2019)
➢ The implemented system for overseeing temperature and humidity in a
server room operates on IoT principles, offering real-time information while
simultaneously regulating the internal climate. The prototype incorporates
diverse sensors capable of measuring all aspects of temperature and
humidity. This system is adaptable for monitoring these parameters in
specific rooms or locations. Continuous data transmission to the cloud
facilitates remote monitoring from any location. To enhance direct
oversight and control, the system is endowed with features that deliver
notifications to users via the Telegram application in real-time. The central
processing unit of the prototype consists of a Raspberry Pi and Arduino
module, with a Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT11) connected to
the Raspberry Pi. Notifications are triggered when the measured values
surpass predetermined thresholds, and these notifications are related to
users through the Telegram application using the Telegram API. In
response to notifications, users can remotely adjust the room temperature
by issuing commands through the Telegram application. The proposed
 system adeptly monitors and dynamically regulates commands, whether
conveyed through Telegram applications or web server applications.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Methodology refers to a study’s overall validity and reliability wherein there are
specific procedures that are used to identify, process and analyze a certain topic that
relates in aiding the researcher's design process. This chapter presents the methods
used in gathering data, and the necessary components in a research design. Hence, it
explains and provides the research design, research flow, materials and equipment,
design of components and general procedure.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The design of this research is a Quantitative Experimental Research wherein the

researchers are planning for optimization with the use of Thermal Mapping, integrating
Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System as the fabricated data logger to be used.
3.2 RESEARCH FLOW

Figure 1. Research Flow

1. Planning Stage

Research Planning is a framework that is structured as a linear decision-making

process that makes plans as a way to achieve desired outcomes such as identifying the
study’s main objective and specific objectives. Furthermore, in addressing the need for
a compact and efficient humidity and temperature monitoring device, the design process
begins with a clear goal, to create a user friendly device capable of accurately
measuring and displaying both humidity and temperature in indoor environments The
researchers have used 2D autocad as our primary design tool for creating detailed
schematics and precise technical drawings, ensuring accuracy and efficiency
throughout the entire design process.

2. Simulation

In this stage, the researchers have decided to use Autodesk Fusion360 for the
purpose of visualization and rendering product designs with comprehensive 3D
modeling and analysis tools in order to ensure products’ functionality. As for
programming language, the researchers have chosen Python in generating codes and
simulation processes that allows them to convert structured code in a definite
programming language syntax.

3. Fabrication Process

With the assistance of the simulation process, it allows the researchers in

utilization and overall production efficiency specifically with the use of thermal mapping
in order to measure temperature and humidity to obtain data logger in predefined spots.
In addition, it is worth noting that the researchers fabrication process, integral to the
researchers operations, is undertaken with precision and care to ensure the quality and
reliability of the data being collected.

4. Data Analysis

The purpose of Data Analysis is to gain insights from raw data to support
decision-making and be able to extract valuable information. The systematic collection
of data, including information on optimal humidity and temperature ranges, is essential
for ensuring accuracy and reliability for further analysis. Synthesizing this information
involves data synthesis techniques to organize findings and identify correlations and
design implications. With that being said, the researchers aim to collect data of the air
conditioned units in the Xavier University Engineering Faculty Office, specifically the
capacity of the HP, Energy Efficiency ratio, airflow, time on and off, and setting in order
to ensure reliable data in their analysis.
3.3 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

Figure 2. Components for Data Logger

List of Components for Data Logger:

● Power Supply
● 9-V Battery Connector
● 9-V DC Battery
● Microcontroller
● DHT11 Sensor
● Resistor
● LED Bulbs
● Jumper Wires
● ESP8266 WiFi Module
3.4 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS

Figure 3. Design of Data Logger

3.5 GENERAL PROCEDURE

I. Setup for Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System for Data Logging

The choice of Arduino UNO as the microcontroller is the most simple, but it does
not limit the effort of the researchers when compared to using the ESP32 Module,
where the WiFi Module is already embedded inside the microcontroller. The module
also comes with ESP-DSP, the official DSP library, which is already built-in within the
ESP32 module. The researchers used Arduino UNO for the following reasons:
1.) The circuit has already been made by other researchers before, mostly
through experiments and for profit.

2.) The Arduino UNO is beginner-friendly in comparison to the ESP32 Module.

3.) Since the researchers are novices when it comes to programming, Arduino
UNO is the choice as it is good when it comes to simple projects and also in learning
the basics of microcontrollers.
 Despite the ESP32 Module containing built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities
and is inexpensive compared to Arduino UNO, it depends on the choice of the
researchers on what microcontroller to use. The schematics, the choice of components,
and the design are the first step in creating the circuit, which is already provided in
Figure 3. The schematics is provided with the resources found, and will be used without
using simulation programs, only through trial and error as it will be more accurate when
it comes to testing. Installing the necessary libraries are also included, which are the
DHT library for the DHT11 Sensor and the ESP8266WiFi Module for the ESP8266
module in the Arduino IDE.

The programming language to be used for programming the microcontroller is

Python. When the program (codes) written in IDE is uploaded into the Arduino
microcontroller, it determines what and how the system functions. Inside the
programming language will contain the library that is installed (mentioned from the 1st
step of the procedure) and also the Temperature and Relative Humidity table to be used
as the basis of the Sensor whether the data that are gathered is good or not.

Table 2. Temperature and Relative Humidity Relations

 This table shows the general data for the temperature and humidity relations.
The data in between the table is called dew point, the temperature at which air must be
cooled (at constant pressure) to achieve 100% relative humidity. At this point, the air
cannot hold any more water in the form of a gas. The dew point given shows that the
dark to light green is the comfortable zone, which is the ideal temperature and relative
humidity that should be collected by the sensor module. It is also shown that at high
temperature and relative humidity, it is already at an uncomfortable state. In the creation
of the code, the researchers will base the code on the table above for the sensor
module to collect certain temperatures at different humidity levels. The circuit will also
be coded to notify/alert the user if the temperature and the relative humidity goes up or
down.

II. The Temperature and Humidity Monitoring

In this procedure, it focuses on the data logger produced. The schematics shown
in Figure 3. is in its raw design, which is based on the existing schematics for the
monitoring system. The circuit consists of the Arduino UNO as the microcontroller,
where everything programmed takes place, the DHT11 Sensor, where data is
transmitted to the Arduino or ESP8266 via a single signal cable, or in this case, the
jumper wire, and the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, which might vary depending on the
development board used. However, for data transmission and reception, the module
must be linked to the proper digital pins, as well as the power supply and ground
connections. The monitoring system to be developed will consist first on one model
developed, calibrating the sensors after multiple tests and vice versa, reaching the
efficient model that is accurate in collecting data, and then the duplication of the said
device. A thermal map will be produced through divisions of the whole Xavier University
Engineering Faculty Office and through the nodes in the division, the fabricated data
logger, which is the Real-Time Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System, is placed.
Data is collected and will be reflected to the programmed web client in a form of
database.

III. Data Collection

 In data collection, tables will be used for a basis similar to the temperature and
humidity relations table. A table for the relationship of time and temperature inside the
office using a temperature measuring instrument, as a basis for accurate collection of
data with the fabricated data logger, and the same goes for the relative humidity levels
inside the faculty office. Temperature and Humidity is also collected outside of the office,
since outside temperature and humidity are essential aspects to consider while
maintaining thermal control within an air-conditioned institution. With the programmed
database, certain features like notification when humidity or the temperature starts to
rise or fall, are added as an indication to alert the users of the state of the faculty office,
such that whenever it crosses beyond the average of the collected data, it will be
considered as an alert.

3.5.1 Gantt Chart

Figure 4. Gantt Chart of the General Procedure

The Fabrication of the Temperature and Monitoring Device consists of all the
predetermined processes such as the simulation, testing of device, programming and
calibration of the system. In the Conduction of Thermal Mapping study, it includes the
planning of division for the placement of the sensors and the testing of the fabricated
data logging system, to be compared to a bought TH sensor. Lastly, the Data Collection
and Research Paper consists of all the remaining phases such as the data gathering for
the temperature inside and outside of the faculty, comparison and calculations for
accuracy, and the research paper.
 CHAPTER IV
OBJECTIVE SOLUTIONS
MAIN OBJECTIVE

To be able to provide a continuous and precise basis of data of these

measurements in a particular setting, in this case, the smart office. This can ensure that
the temperature and the humidity of the surrounding stays within a certain range, which
is important for a variety of applications.

RESULTS

Specific Objective 1.

Providing real-time temperature and humidity data via a programmed software

that may be accessed remotely so that the program records the temperature, relative
humidity in real time and stores the information in a file that can hold data for up to
days. Every time a new logging session begins, this data file is replaced as the user has
the option to permanently store the data on the computer's hard drive through the
software. Furthermore, it is possible to graph, print, and export temperature and relative
humidity to other programs such as Excel and to evaluate the current HVAC systems to
identify inefficiencies and areas of improvement such as examine the design
specifications, maintenance records and operate manuals for HVAC systems. Conduct
Energy Audit that performs energy in order to identify patterns of high energy
consumption.

Specific Objective 2.

In order for users to be notified when temperature or humidity levels fall outside
of a predefined range, a table for temperature and humidity relations is used as a basis
for the sensor, allowing for fast corrective action, which can be used in certain areas
that are needed for strict monitoring of temperature and humidity. It can compute the
level of thermal comfort based on theoretical calculation and experimental results,
analyze the impact of occupant density and spatial layout on thermal comfort and HVAC
performance. Lastly, to design and fabricate a Temperature and Humidity levels and
conduct a comprehensive thermal mapping study to understand the temperature
distribution and variation within the office environment.

Specific Objective 3.

Providing previous information on temperature and humidity levels which can be

used for analysis and quality control as the monitoring software offers an environment in
which the user can graph the current data file or previously saved files, as well as view
the current temperature and relative humidity in order to operate software that users can
establish high and low temperature and humidity alarms that can send emails, text
alerts, or audible warnings through the PC's internal speaker. Additionally, the program
has the ability to display the humidity and temperature in real time under the Windows
toolbar notification area as it can record environmental conditions in order to prevent
any spikes in temperature or humidity detected by the monitoring system of unusual
environmental influence such as identifying hot and cold spots in order to notice airflow
problems in different spots within the office space

Specific Objective 4.

To offer an easy-to-use interface for quick monitoring system configuration and

modification and provide a cost-efficient solution that is simple to install and maintain, a
basic microcontroller is used which can be learned even for beginners. It is also
available to purchase at the local market or online, which makes it accessible to
everyone.
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