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L10 Control Systems - Mason S Gain Formula

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33 views3 pages

L10 Control Systems - Mason S Gain Formula

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Jezzrel Xandy Balmes
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© © All Rights Reserved
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10.

Mason’s Gain Formula Control Systems

Let us now discuss the Mason’s Gain Formula. Suppose there are ‘N’ forward paths in a
signal flow graph. The gain between the input and the output nodes of a signal flow graph
is nothing but the transfer function of the system. It can be calculated by using Mason’s
gain formula.

Mason’s gain formula is

𝐶(𝑠) ∑𝑁𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 ∆𝑖
𝑇= =
𝑅(𝑠) ∆

Where,

 𝑪(𝒔) is the output node


 𝑹(𝒔) is the input node
 𝑻 is the transfer function or gain between 𝑅(𝑠) and 𝐶(𝑠)
 𝑷𝒊 is the ith forward path gain

∆= 1 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠)


+ (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑠)
− (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑠) + ⋯

∆𝒊 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ∆ 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ.
[

Consider the following signal flow graph in order to understand the basic terminology
involved here.

Path
It is a traversal of branches from one node to any other node in the direction of branch
arrows. It should not traverse any node more than once.

Examples: 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦4 → 𝑦5 and 𝑦5 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦2 .

41
Control Systems

Forward Path
The path that exists from the input node to the output node is known as forward path.

Examples: 𝑦1 → 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦4 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦6 and 𝑦1 → 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦6 .

Forward Path Gain


It is obtained by calculating the product of all branch gains of the forward path.

Examples: 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒 is the forward path gain of 𝑦1 → 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦4 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦6 and 𝑎𝑏𝑔𝑒 is the


forward path gain of 𝑦1 → 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦6 .

Loop
The path that starts from one node and ends at the same node is known as loop. Hence,
it is a closed path.

Examples: 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦2 and 𝑦3 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦3 .

Loop Gain
It is obtained by calculating the product of all branch gains of a loop.

Examples: 𝑏𝑗 is the loop gain of 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦2 and 𝑔ℎ is the loop gain of 𝑦3 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦3 .

Non-touching Loops
These are the loops, which should not have any common node.

Example: The loops, 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦2 and 𝑦4 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦4 are non-touching.

Calculation of Transfer Function using Mason’s Gain Formula


Let us consider the same signal flow graph for finding transfer function.

 Number of forward paths, 𝑁 = 2.


 First forward path is - 𝑦1 → 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦4 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦6 .
 First forward path gain, 𝑃1 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒.
 Second forward path is - 𝑦1 → 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦6 .

42
Control Systems

 Second forward path gain, 𝑃2 = 𝑎𝑏𝑔𝑒.


 Number of individual loops, 𝐿 = 5.
 Loops are - 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦3 , 𝑦3 → 𝑦4 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦3 , 𝑦4 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦4 and 𝑦5 → 𝑦5 .
 Loop gains are - 𝑙1 = 𝑏𝑗, 𝑙2 = 𝑔ℎ, 𝑙3 = 𝑐𝑑ℎ, 𝑙4 = 𝑑𝑖 and 𝑙5 = 𝑓.
 Number of two non-touching loops = 2.
 First non-touching loops pair is - 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦2 , 𝑦4 → 𝑦5 → 𝑦4 .
 Gain product of first non-touching loops pair, 𝑙1 𝑙4 = 𝑏𝑗𝑑𝑖
 Second non-touching loops pair is - 𝑦2 → 𝑦3 → 𝑦2 , 𝑦5 → 𝑦5 .
 Gain product of second non-touching loops pair is - 𝑙1 𝑙5 = 𝑏𝑗𝑓

Higher number of (more than two) non-touching loops are not present in this signal flow
graph.

We know,

∆= 1 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠)


+ (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑠)
− (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑠) + ⋯

Substitute the values in the above equation,

∆= 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + (bjdi + bjf) − (0)

=> ∆= 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

There is no loop which is non-touching to the first forward path.

So, ∆1 = 1.

Similarly, ∆2 = 1. Since, no loop which is non-touching to the second forward path.

Substitute, 𝑁 = 2 in Mason’s gain formula

𝐶(𝑠) ∑2𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 ∆𝑖
𝑇= =
𝑅(𝑠) ∆
𝐶(𝑠) 𝑃1 ∆1 + 𝑃2 ∆2
𝑇= =
𝑅(𝑠) ∆

Substitute all the necessary values in the above equation.


𝐶(𝑠) (abcde)1 + (abge)1
𝑇= =
𝑅(𝑠) 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

𝐶(𝑠) abcde + abge


=> 𝑇 = =
𝑅(𝑠) 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

Therefore, the transfer function is -


𝐶(𝑠) abcde + abge
𝑇= =
𝑅(𝑠) 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

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