School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE)

Integrated M. Tech – Software Engineering

Winter Semester 2023-24

May 2024

A project report on:

Integration of Piezoelectric and Light-Dependent-

Resistor Sensors for Efficient Generation and
Utilization of Electricity for Pathways
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the J-Component project of:
SWE 2010 – Embedded Systems

by
GAGANYA .M - (20MIS1126)
PORSHIA JOAN.W - (20MIS1017)

Signature of the Candidates Signature of the Faculty

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 Table of Contents

Chapter Title Page

Table of contents

List of Figures
Fig1. Block diagram 7
Fig2. Working of a piezo electric sensor 7
Fig3. Working of a LDR sensor 9
Fig4. Architecture diagram 10
Fig5. Accuracy of LDR sensor 11
Fig6. Hardware component with piezo electric sensors 12
Fig 7. voltage generated by piezoelectric sensor and Usage waves 12
of piezoelectric sensor and LDR

Abstract 3

1 Introduction 3-4

2 Problem Statement 4

3 Literature Survey 4-6

4 Methodology 6-9

5 Proposed Architecture 9 - 10

6 Conclusion 11 - 13

References 13 -1 5

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 ABSTRACT

The ever-increasing demand for energy in our modern world necessitates exploration of innovative
and sustainable solutions. This paper investigates the potential of piezoelectric materials for
harvesting energy from everyday human movement. We look into cost-effective system utilizing
piezoelectric sensors embedded under flooring to capture the energy generated by footsteps. This
harvested energy can be stored in and boosted for powering devices. This paper explores the utilization
of piezoelectric energy harvesting technology to create electricity-generating pathways, offering a
sustainable solution for powering pathway lights in urban environments. Piezoelectric sensors
strategically placed along the pathway surface capture kinetic energy from pedestrian movement,
converting it into electrical energy. This energy is stored in rechargeable batteries and undergoes
voltage conversion to power pathway lights effectively. A light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor
ensures lights only activate when necessary, optimizing energy usage. An Arduino Uno microcontroller
orchestrates light operation based on ambient light conditions. The methodology focuses on efficient
energy utilization and provides a practical solution for sustainable pathway lighting. Several
prototypes and studies are discussed, highlighting the potential and limitations of piezoelectric energy
harvesting technology. The results demonstrate consistent power generation, high energy conversion
efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, underscoring the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed
approach.

I. INTRODUCTION

Energy harvesting has been a topic of extensive discussion and analysis among researchers,
particularly over the past decade with the rapid developments in low power electronics, especially in
the realm of wireless sensor networks. This surge in interest is largely due to the increasing demand for
energy, driving the exploration and utilization of various energy sources. Presently, there is a notable
surge in global power generation and consumption, with India significantly contributing to the rise in
energy demand since 2000 [1]. Over this period, India's energy consumption has nearly doubled,
elevating its share of the global demand [2]. Electricity production remains a primary source of
pollution worldwide [3], underscoring the critical need for exploring alternative energy sources and
their practical applications [4]. Scientists and inventors in the field of energy harvesting are actively
researching sustainable alternatives to non-renewable sources like steam and diesel power plants, which
are major contributors to irreversible environmental changes [5]. Energy harvesting involves the
extraction of energy from external sources, which can then be used to power machines directly or stored
for future use. Traditional methods of energy
The output voltage of piezoelectric generators is influenced by several parameters, including the type
of piezoelectric element used, its packing density, the strain applied, the associated electronic circuitry,
the storage device, and the connected load. Piezoelectric energy harvesting is particularly suitable for
micro-power generation, offering substantial power to run low-power electronic devices such as smart
wireless sensors that consume minimal energy. This deployment holds promise for reducing the cost of
power consumption in various applications.

Despite numerous models being developed to date, most produce a low power rate, limiting their
practicality. Therefore, there is a need for methodologies that increase output power while ensuring
reliability and simplifying the power conversion process also the need for energy generating pathways
comes from a few reasons. Firstly, the demand for electricity is rising rapidly due to more people living
in cities, population growth, and advances in technology. This puts a lot of pressure on current energy

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systems, which are based on limited resources and cause environmental problems. Secondly, there's a
push to reduce carbon emissions and fight climate change by using cleaner, renewable energy sources.
Energy generating pathways offer a solution by tapping into renewable energy from human activity and
natural movements, avoiding the harmful effects of traditional energy production. Despite their
promise, current methods of generating energy from pathways have some drawbacks. Traditional
energy sources like fossil fuels and hydroelectric dams harm the environment and are limited in how
much energy they can produce. Even renewable sources like solar and wind power have challenges like
being intermittent and needing storage solutions. This calls for new ways to harvest energy that are
reliable, scalable, and environmentally friendly.

Enter the piezoelectric sensor, an exciting technology that can change the game in energy harvesting.
Piezoelectric materials can produce electricity when they're squeezed or stressed, making them perfect
for capturing energy from people walking or vehicles moving. Piezoelectric sensors have many other
uses too, from monitoring structures to tracking health metrics. The project aims to harness the power
of piezoelectric sensors to create energy-generating pathways. By placing these sensors under
sidewalks or busy streets, we can capture the energy from footsteps and traffic and turn it into
electricity. This energy will be stored in batteries and used to power pathway lights, making urban areas
safer and reducing the need for electricity from the grid. The system harnesses piezoelectric sensors
placed strategically on pathway surfaces to capture kinetic energy from pedestrian movement and
convert it into electrical energy. This energy is stored in a rechargeable battery, ensuring a continuous
power supply, while a voltage conversion process optimizes energy usage for illuminating pathway
lights. These lights, positioned strategically along the route, enhance safety by illuminating the
pathway. Integral to the system is a light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor, enabling lights to switch on
only when necessary, minimizing energy wastage. The operation of pathway lights is orchestrated by
an Arduino Uno microcontroller, which monitors ambient light conditions in real-time and
automatically switches the lights on and off as needed. Through seamless integration of piezoelectric
sensors, energy storage mechanisms, voltage conversion processes, light sensing functionalities, and
microcontroller-based control, the project aims to create an energy-efficient and sustainable lighting
solution for pathways, enhancing safety and usability in urban environments.

II. PROBLEM STATEMENT

This project addresses the escalating energy demand by exploring piezoelectric materials as a
sustainable solution for harvesting energy from everyday human movement. The objective is to design
and implement an efficient system that captures kinetic energy from footsteps using piezoelectric
sensors embedded under flooring. This harvested energy is stored and distributed to power pathway
lights effectively, utilizing light-dependent resistor sensors and an Arduino Uno microcontroller to
optimize energy usage based on ambient light conditions. By evaluating the system's performance in
terms of energy generation, conversion efficiency, and cost-effectiveness through prototypes and
studies, this project aims to offer a practical and eco-friendly solution for sustainable pathway lighting
in urban environments, thereby contributing to energy conservation and environmental sustainability.

III. LITERATURE SURVEY

Several studies have explored the potential of piezoelectric energy harvesting technologies for various
applications, including road energy harvesting and footstep power generation. One notable
contribution is the introduction of stacked piezoelectric energy harvesters specifically designed for
road energy harvesting applications. This research addresses the limitations of existing road
piezoelectric power technology by enhancing electrical output and energy efficiency [6].
Additionally, the optimization of cantilever piezoelectric energy harvesters for road infrastructure has

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been investigated. Through finite element modelling and stress distribution analysis, researchers have
improved the structural characteristics of energy harvesters to overcome issues related to low
electrical output levels and poor matching with road traffic [7] Moreover, the utilization of
piezoelectric materials for harvesting energy from human footsteps has garnered significant attention.
A study proposing a piezoelectric generator system installed beneath flooring to capture energy from
vibrations generated by walking exemplifies this effort [8] Furthermore, the concept of generating
power from footsteps using piezoelectric sensors has been explored extensively. This research
underscores the potential of utilizing piezoelectric technology to capture wasted mechanical energy
from human mobility, particularly in densely populated areas [9] Lastly, the importance of harnessing
waste energy from human foot power as reusable energy has been emphasized. Practical
implementations of piezoelectric transducers in circuit designs have been proposed to generate
electrical force from foot movement, offering cost-effective solutions for low-power applications
[10]. Collectively, these studies highlight the growing interest in piezoelectric energy harvesting
technologies and their potential to address energy needs in various contexts, from road infrastructure
to human movement.

Amat A. Basari et al. proposed a system for energy harvesting using a piezoelectric ceramic disc,
which was tested on a hydraulic pressing machine. Their study focused on analysing the performance
of a single piezo cell, which produced a relatively low output power of 14.5 𝜇W for a force of 0.75
kN [9].N. Kong and D.S. Ha's research introduced a low-power energy harvesting device that utilized
discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) flyback conversion for power extraction. Although the
system achieved a maximum power output of 8.4 mW using four parallel piezoelectric cantilevers,
its complexity and low output power limit its practical applications [11]. Zhang et al. conducted a
numerical simulation on energy harvesting from asphalt pavements, highlighting the impact of critical
parameters such as pavement type and vehicle speed on electrical output. While the study provided
valuable insights, the output power obtained from this method was insufficient for practical
applications [12]. Hongbing Wang and Chunhua Sun proposed a unique square canister energy
harvester for extracting energy from asphalt pavement. Their parametric study showed that the
optimal buried depth for the harvester ranged between 30 and 50 mm. Although the system yielded a
voltage output of approximately 64.442 V and generated 0.705 m W of power at a 15 Hz vehicle load,
the output power was still relatively low [13]. At Virginia Tech, Xiong investigated a piezoelectric
harvesting system that utilized cylindrical piezo materials squeezed by road tires to capture energy
lost by vehicles on highways. While the system generated voltages ranging from 400 V to 700 V and
currents ranging from 0.2 to 0.35 mA, resulting in a power output range of 0.08 to 2.1 Watts per unit,
the average power output of 3.106 m W indicated limitations in fully exploiting the applied load [14].

Several energy harvesting devices based on Lead Zirconate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic transducers
have been proposed in literature. These devices utilize various configurations such as cantilever
beams, springs, or patches, with some prototypes incorporating PZT-5X material composed of
hardened steel and ceramic. Installations of these devices have been deployed in diverse environments
including offshore buoys, asphalt pavements, tank pipes, buildings, and even within the human body.
They serve a range of applications, from powering implantable medical electronic devices to LED
lights and portable sensors. Innovative designs have demonstrated output power ranging from 4.91 μ
W to 2.09 kW/day, with potential differentials between 400 mV and 20 V/s [1518].Other prototypes
feature piezoelectric material in Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) configurations, such as folded
sheets, cantilevers, or patches, commonly used as nanogenerators. These devices have been installed
in various settings including local roads, vehicle bridges, tires, fluid flow pipes, and as battery
replacements. They aim to power wireless sensors, LED diodes, and microelectronic systems,
achieving electrical powers between 1.2 μW and 16.5 W, with voltage outputs ranging from 29 mV
to 7 V Additionally, some designs utilize piezoelectric macro fibre material (MFC), comprising

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rectangular PZT 5A fibres embedded with copper electrodes. These prototypes, often in the form of
cantilevers or patches, have been deployed in wind generators, airflow pipes, and even within the
human body. They aim to provide constant power to wireless sensors and portable electronic devices,
generating output power between 700 μW and 13.6 mW[22,23] .

Furthermore, high-performance piezoelectric elastic nanogenerators composed of piezoelectric

nanowires (NW) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) have been developed. These nanogenerators, along with
AC/DC and DC/DC converters, are implanted in the human body to generate electrical energy upon
movement, powering self-powered touch sensors. They exhibit excellent performance with a
maximum output power of 35 μ W [20] Other devices include prototypes in the form of tiles,
composed of flexible, thin film piezoelectric material of Group III Nitride (III-N), and based on the
use of Perovskite Oxide in sheet form. These devices, implanted in the human body or used to power
implantable biomedical devices, demonstrate electrical power generation capabilities, albeit with
varying voltage outputs [21]. Another study investigated the impact of mass positioning on the
performance of a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester [24]. The experiment revealed notable
findings: when the proof mass is positioned 8 cm from the clamping point, the harvester exhibits a
resonance frequency of 9.9 Hz and achieves a maximum power output of 127 μ W. In contrast, with
the mass positioned at 4 cm, the resonance frequency increases to 16 Hz, and the maximum power
output decreases to 72 μ W. These results indicate that the maximum power extracted varies inversely
with the resonance frequency (approximately 1/f R) for a constant acceleration of 1 g (9.81 m/s^2),
aligning with theoretical expectations. These promising outcomes suggest that the prototype has
potential for low-power applications as an energy harvesting-based micro-generator. The study
underscores the importance of optimizing mass positioning to enhance the performance and
efficiency of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters, opening doors for practical applications in
energy harvesting technologies[25]. Piezoelectric sensors have emerged as versatile devices with
diverse applications, particularly when integrated with other sensor technologies like LDR sensors.
Hosen et al.[26] proposed a "Footstep power generation with auto light control system" where
piezoelectric sensors embedded in the flooring capture pressure-induced electrical energy, which is
then monitored by a microcontroller-based circuit for charging batteries. Similarly, Mittal et al[27].
introduced an "Intelligent Street Lighting System" utilizing piezoelectric sensors and LDR sensors to
compute light intensity based on traffic conditions and occupancy, thus optimizing energy usage
through sustainable power systems like solar panels and battery storage.[28] Pasaribu and Bukit
conducted experiments to analyse the effects of loading, walking speed, and piezoelectric sensor
placement on output voltage, highlighting the significance of sensor positioning for maximizing
energy generation. Moreover, Shobana et al[29]. proposed an IoT-based Smart Traffic Lights and
Streetlight System, integrating piezoelectric sensors to modify signal timings based on traffic
densities, coupled with LDR sensors for efficient energy utilization and traffic management.
Additionally, Safian et al[30]. developed an embedded piezoelectric transducer for bearing fault
detection, showcasing the versatility of piezoelectric sensors in diverse applications beyond energy
harvesting, such as fault detection in mechanical systems. These studies collectively demonstrate the
multifaceted capabilities of piezoelectric sensors when combined with LDR sensors, ranging from
energy harvesting and smart lighting systems to traffic management and mechanical fault detection,
paving the way for innovative solutions in various domains.

IV. METHODOLOGY

In this research project proposes a approach to powering pathway lights using piezoelectric
energy harvesting technology. The methodology encompasses several key components aimed

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at efficiently utilizing harvested energy to provide illumination along pathways, thereby
enhancing visibility and safety, particularly during lowlight conditions.

Fig1. Block diagram

A. Piezoelectric Sensor Integration

The foundation of the system lies in the utilization of piezoelectric sensors, strategically placed along
the pathway surface. These sensors are designed to generate electricity in response to mechanical
pressure, such as that induced by footsteps. By harnessing this piezoelectric effect, we aim to capture
the kinetic energy from pedestrian movement and convert it into electrical energy. The electricity
generated by a piezoelectric sensor can be calculated using the formula:
𝐸=12×𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓×𝐴×F
Where:
• 𝐸E is the electricity generated (in volts),
• deff is the effective piezoelectric coefficient (in m/V),
• A is the effective area of the sensor (in m²),
• F is the applied force or pressure (in Newtons).

Firstly, the selection of suitable piezoelectric materials and sensors is crucial, considering factors such
as sensitivity, durability, and size. These sensors are strategically placed in high-traffic areas where
foot pressure is frequent, ensuring optimal energy harvesting. Next, the sensors are connected to a
power conditioning unit, which converts the mechanical energy generated by footsteps into usable
electrical energy.
This unit may include components such as voltage regulators and amplifiers to optimize energy output.
Additionally, careful consideration is given to the placement and arrangement of sensors to maximize
energy capture while minimizing interference with foot traffic. Finally, the harvested energy is stored
in batteries or capacitors for later use or directly utilized to power various applications, contributing to
sustainable and efficient energy utilization.

Fig2. Working of a piezo electric sensor

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Voltage Generated in Series Connection When piezoelectric tiles are connected in series, the total
voltage (𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) can be calculated by summing up the voltages generated by each tile:
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=𝑉1+𝑉2+𝑉3+…+𝑉𝑛
Where:
• Vtotal is the total voltage,
• 𝑉1,𝑉2,𝑉3,…,𝑉𝑛 are the voltages generated by each piezoelectric tile.
Voltage Generated in Parallel Connection When piezoelectric tiles are connected in parallel, the total
voltage remains the same as the voltage generated by a single tile. Therefore, the total voltage
(𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙Vtotal) in parallel connection is equal to the voltage generated by a single tile:
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=𝑉1=𝑉2=𝑉3=…=𝑉𝑛
Where:
• Vtotal is the total voltage, which is equal to the voltage generated by a single tile
(𝑉1=𝑉2=𝑉3=…=𝑉𝑛V1=V2=V3=…=Vn).

In series connection, the voltage generated by each piezoelectric sensor adds up. This means that the
total voltage output of the series connection is the sum of the voltages generated by each individual
sensor. Therefore, multiple sensors connected in series, the total voltage output will be higher
compared to a single sensor.

B. Energy Storage Mechanism

To ensure a continuous and reliable power supply, the electricity generated by the piezoelectric sensors
is stored in a rechargeable battery. This energy storage mechanism serves as a buffer, allowing us to
accumulate surplus energy during periods of high foot traffic and utilize it during periods of low or no
activity.

C. Voltage Conversion Process

The stored electrical energy undergoes voltage conversion using a 12V to 220V converter. This
conversion process is essential for transforming the low-voltage electricity from the battery into a
higher voltage suitable for powering pathway lights. By stepping up the voltage, we optimize the
efficiency of energy utilization for illumination purposes.
For a sinusoidal AC waveform, the voltage can be represented as:

𝑉(𝑡)=𝑉peak×sin(𝜔𝑡+𝜙) Where:
• V(t) is the instantaneous voltage at time 𝑡t,
• Vpeak is the peak voltage of the AC waveform,
• ω is the angular frequency (radians per second),
• t is time,
• ϕ is the phase angle.
In an inverter, the DC input voltage is converted into an AC output voltage. To generate the AC
waveform, the DC voltage is typically converted into a square wave or a modified sine wave. Let's
consider the case of a modified sine wave.
The formula for a modified sine wave can be represented as a piecewise function:

𝑉out(𝑡)={𝑉peakif 0≤ ≤ 2
{ −𝑉peakif 𝑇2< ≤𝑇
Where:
• 𝑉out(𝑡) is the output voltage at time 𝑡t,

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 • T is the period of the waveform. This formula describes how the DC input voltage is converted
into an AC output voltage with a modified sine wave shape.

D. Pathway Lighting Implementation

The converted electricity is then directed towards powering pathway lights strategically positioned
along the designated route. These lights serve the crucial function of illuminating the pathway, thereby
enhancing visibility and safety for pedestrians, cyclists, or other users, especially during nighttime or
in dimly lit environments.

E. Light Sensing Functionality

An integral part of the system is the incorporation of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor. This
sensor is designed to detect ambient light levels and serves as a trigger mechanism for the pathway
lights. By monitoring natural light levels, the system ensures that the lights only switch on when
illumination is required, optimizing energy usage and minimizing wastage. The LDR sensors serve to
modulate the power generation system based on ambient light conditions. LDR sensors detect changes
in light intensity, enabling the system to adjust its power output accordingly.
During periods of low ambient light, such as at night or in shaded areas, the power generation system
may prioritize energy storage over immediate consumption, ensuring ample energy reserves for later
use. Conversely, in well-lit environments, the system can optimize energy utilization, directing more
power towards immediate consumption or charging external devices. By integrating LDR sensors, the
footstep power generation system enhances its efficiency and adaptability to varying light conditions,
ultimately maximizing its overall effectiveness and usability.

Fig3. Working of a LDR sensor

F. Arduino Uno Control Mechanism

To orchestrate the operation of the pathway lights based on input from the LDR sensor, we employ an
Arduino Uno microcontroller. This control mechanism enables real-time monitoring of ambient light
conditions and facilitates the automatic switching on and off of the lights as needed. By leveraging
microcontroller-based control, we enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the lighting system.

V. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of the project revolves around harnessing piezoelectric energy to power pathway lights
efficiently. It begins with the installation of piezoelectric sensors along the pathway to capture
mechanical pressure, such as footsteps, and convert it into electrical energy. This energy is then stored
in a rechargeable battery for later use. Unlike traditional energy sources, such as grid electricity or
batteries, this approach utilizes renewable energy generated from human movement, making it
sustainable and environmentally friendly. A key aspect that sets this project apart from others is its

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integration of a voltage conversion mechanism. The harvested electrical energy undergoes voltage
conversion from 12V to 220V, enabling it to power pathway lights effectively. Additionally, the system
incorporates a light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor to detect ambient light levels. This sensor ensures
that the pathway lights only activate when natural light levels are low, optimizing energy usage and
enhancing safety during dimly lit conditions

Fig4. Architecture diagram

The methodology of the project revolves around harnessing piezoelectric energy to power pathway
lights efficiently. It begins with the installation of piezoelectric sensors along the pathway to capture
mechanical pressure, such as footsteps, and convert it into electrical energy. This energy is then stored
in a rechargeable battery for later use. Unlike traditional energy sources, such as grid electricity or
batteries, this approach utilizes renewable energy generated from human movement, making it
sustainable and environmentally friendly. A key aspect that sets this project apart from others is its
integration of a voltage conversion mechanism. The harvested electrical energy undergoes voltage
conversion from 12V to 220V, enabling it to power pathway lights effectively. Additionally, the system
incorporates a light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor to detect ambient light levels. This sensor ensures
that the pathway lights only activate when natural light levels are low, optimizing energy usage and
enhancing safety during dimly lit conditions.

Furthermore, the project employs an Arduino Uno microcontroller for control and automation. The
microcontroller monitors the input from the LDR sensor and regulates the switching on and off of the
pathway lights accordingly. This automation enhances the system's efficiency and reliability, ensuring
that the lights operate precisely when needed while minimizing energy waste. In summary, the project's
methodology offers a comprehensive approach to sustainable pathway lighting by utilizing
piezoelectric energy harvesting, voltage conversion, light sensing, and microcontroller-based control.
It addresses the need for efficient energy utilization and provides a practical solution for illuminating
pathways in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.

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 VI. CONCLUSION

This research on piezoelectric sensors for energy generation aims to achieve : increased power output,
improved efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. We expect a significant boost in electricity generation
compared to existing systems, analyzing factors like sensor quantity and walking patterns to optimize
power capture. Efficiency will be a key focus, measuring how well mechanical energy from footsteps
translates into usable electricity. Here, cost comes into play – our goal is to demonstrate a more
affordable approach through a simpler system design. Practically, this translates to powering low-
power devices like wireless sensors or hallway lighting, especially in populated areas with high foot
traffic. Looking ahead, we'll explore scaling the system for larger spaces and identify future research
avenues, potentially focusing on improved material properties or integrating energy storage solutions.
By achieving these results, this project has the potential to pave the way for a sustainable and cost-
effective method of harvesting lowpower energy.

Fig5. Accuracy of LDR sensor

In this project, the accuracy of the LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor was rigorously evaluated to ensure its
reliability in capturing ambient light levels for the pathway lighting system. Through a series of experiments, the
project team compared LDR sensor readings with known reference values, obtained either through calibration or
controlled light source simulations. The accuracy assessment was quantified using the Root Mean Squared Error
(RMSE) metric, which measures the average deviation between sensor readings and reference values. By
meticulously following steps to calculate RMSE, including simulating sensor readings, adding noise, and
analyzing discrepancies, the team gauged the LDR sensor's precision in capturing light intensity variations. This
meticulous evaluation of accuracy was essential to ensure that the pathway lighting system could adapt effectively
to changing light conditions, thereby enhancing safety and usability in urban environments while minimizing
energy consumption.

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 Fig6. Hardware component with piezo electric sensors

.Fig 7. voltage
6 generated by piezoelectric sensor and Usage waves of piezoelectric sensor and LDR

One 27mm disc produces a voltage of 3V depending on the pressure applied, and when arranged in
series, they produce 10.366V, we can calculate the voltage produced When 12 sensors are connected
in series, the total voltage produced would be

Vtotal=Vsingle×12
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=10.366 V×12
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=124.392
This value varies depending on the amount of mechanical pressure applied on the tile ,When this
voltage is sent into an electronic 12V DC to 220V AC 100 Watt converter, the output voltage would be
stepped up from 12V DC to 220V AC. This specific converter would be able to handle the input voltage
of 124.392V and step it up to 220V AC. To calculate the duration the 220V bulb would emit light, the
energy generated by the sensors over 50 steps, with each step producing 124.392V of electricity. This
resulted in a total energy output of 6219.6V·steps. Assuming the bulb consumes 100 watts of power,
we determined that it consumes 100W of energy per hour. By dividing the total energy generated by
the bulb's power consumption per hour, we found that the bulb could emit light for approximately
62.196 hours before running out of electricity. Therefore, based on these calculations, the 220V bulb
would illuminate for roughly 62.196 hours before losing electricity. The presenc e of resistance in an
energy harvesting system significantly impacts its overall performance and efficiency. In scenarios
where resistance is not adequately minimized, the voltage drop across the system can be substantial,
leading to a significant reduction in the effective voltage available to power devices such as light bulbs.
Hence the value is an estimation and depends

The usage waves of the piezoelectric sensor and LDR sensor serve as representations of their respective outputs
over time. The piezoelectric sensor's usage wave, depicting power generation variations, could have been derived
from empirical data collected in real-world settings or theoretical models considering factors like mechanical
pressure, material properties, and environmental influences such as foot traffic. Similarly, the LDR sensor's usage

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wave, reflecting changes in ambient light intensity and corresponding light usage, might have been determined
through calibrated light sensors or simulated data based on known light patterns. By establishing thresholds for
light activation, the LDR sensor's behaviour in controlling pathway lights could be accurately depicted.
Calculating these usage waves would entail a comprehensive approach integrating empirical observations, sensor
calibrations, and predictive modelling to faithfully capture the behaviours of both sensors under realistic
conditions.

Piezoelectric sensors and conventional pathway lights, the initial cost outlay for the former is estimated
at ₹7,30,000, while the latter stands at ₹5,11,000. Operational costs, including electricity consumption
and maintenance, are also factored in. For the energy generating lights, annual electricity costs are
estimated at
₹36,500, with maintenance expenses amounting to ₹14,600. In contrast, conventional lights would
incur higher electricity expenses of ₹58,400 annually, coupled with maintenance costs of ₹21,900.
Despite the higher initial investment, the energy-generating pathway lights offer tangible long-term
benefits, including significant energy savings estimated at ₹21,900 annually and a reduced carbon
footprint of 2 tons per year compared to conventional lights. Additionally, the energy-generating lights
contribute to enhanced safety and visibility, along with fostering a positive perception of sustainability
initiatives. While the payback period for the energy generating lights is estimated at around 10 years,
the decision ultimately hinges on the specific needs, budget, and priorities of stakeholders involved in
the project.

Overall, the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing piezoelectric
sensors for generating electricity to power pathway lights. The system showed consistent power
generation, high energy conversion efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. These findings underscore the
potential of piezoelectric energy harvesting as a sustainable and efficient solution for urban pathway
lighting, offering benefits such as reduced environmental impact, energy savings, and enhanced safety
for pedestrians.
In conclusion, the utilization of piezoelectric sensors for highly efficient electricity generating
pathways presents a promising solution for addressing the ever-increasing demand for energy in urban
environments. By harnessing the kinetic energy from everyday human movement, these pathways offer
a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to electricity generation. The integration of
piezoelectric sensors, coupled with energy storage mechanisms and voltage conversion processes,
enables the efficient capture and utilization of mechanical energy for powering low-power devices such
as pathway lights. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness
of this approach, showcasing consistent power generation, high energy conversion efficiency, and cost-
effectiveness. Overall, the implementation of energy-generating pathways with piezoelectric sensors
holds significant potential for enhancing urban sustainability, reducing carbon emissions, and
improving safety and usability in densely populated areas.

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