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Magnetism

The document discusses different aspects of magnetism including magnetic fields, magnetic force, electromagnets, and the Biot-Savart law. It explains how electric currents and magnetic moments create magnetic fields and how materials like iron are strongly attracted to magnetic fields. Formulas for magnetic force and the Biot-Savart law are also provided.

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38 views8 pages

Magnetism

The document discusses different aspects of magnetism including magnetic fields, magnetic force, electromagnets, and the Biot-Savart law. It explains how electric currents and magnetic moments create magnetic fields and how materials like iron are strongly attracted to magnetic fields. Formulas for magnetic force and the Biot-Savart law are also provided.

Uploaded by

deeppain303
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Magnetism:

Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic


fields. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give
rise to a magnetic field. The most familiar effects occur
in ferromagnetic materials, which are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and
can be magnetized to become permanent magnets, producing magnetic fields
themselves. The most common ones are iron, nickel and cobalt and their alloys.
Permanent magnetism was first observed in lodestone, a form of natural iron
ore called magnetite, Fe3O4. The magnetic state or magnetic phase of a material
depends on temperature and other variables such as pressure and the applied
magnetic field.

Magnetic Field:
The magnetic field is the central concept used in describing magnetic
phenomena.A region or a space surrounding a magnetized body or current-
carrying circuit in which resulting magnetic force can be detected.

A magnetic field consists of imaginary lines of flux coming from moving or


spinning electrically charged particles. Examples include the spin of a proton
and the motion of electrons through a wire in an electric circuit.
In a vaccum, B= μ0H
Magnetic Force:
The magnetic field of an object can create a magnetic force on other objects with
magnetic fields. When a magnetic field is applied to a moving electric charge,
such as a moving proton or the electrical current in a wire, the force on the
charge is called a Lorentz force.
The Biot–Savart law describe the origin and behavior of the fields that govern
these forces. Therefore, magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged
particles are in motion, for example, from movement of electrons in an electric
current, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an
atom's nucleus.
When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a Lorentz
force F given by the cross product:[17]
F=q(V×B)
Where q is the electric charge of the particle, and V is the velocity vector of the
particle.

Lorentz Force
If a charged particle moves through a region where both an electric and
magnetic field are present, then the resultant force is given by

This resultant force is called Lorentz force.


Electromagnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced
by an electric current.The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off. Electromagnets usually consist of a large number of closely spaced turns of
wire that create the magnetic field. The wire turns are often wound around
a magnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such
as iron; the magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more
powerful magnet.
The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the
magnetic field can be quickly changed by controlling the amount of electric
current in the winding. However, unlike a permanent magnet that needs no
power, an electromagnet requires a continuous supply of current to maintain
the magnetic field.
Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such
as motors, generators, relays, solenoids, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI
machines, scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment.

BiotSavart Law:
BiotSavart showed that, the strength of the magnetic field dB at a point due to
the current element dl is,
(1) Proportional to the length dl of the element.
(2) Inversely Proportional to the square of the distance r of the point from
the element.
(3) Proportional to the sine of the angle ‘𝛉’ between the directions of the
element and the line joining the midpoint of the element to the point
end.
(4) Proportional to the strength ‘I’ of the current.

idlsinθ
Mathematically, dB ∞
𝑟2
idlsinθ
dB = Km
𝑟2
𝜇0 idlsinθ
dB = ….(1)
4𝜋 𝑟 2
Where, 𝜇0 is permeability constant, has the value 4π×10-7 Tm/A. The
permeability constant plays an important role in calculating magnetic
fields.
𝜇0 idlsinθ×r
dB =
4𝜋 𝑟 2 ×𝑟
𝜇0 idlsinθr
dB =
4𝜋 𝑟3
𝜇0 𝑖 dl×r
dB = ………….(2)
4𝜋 𝑟 3
This is the vector form of Biot Savart Law.
The resultant field at “p” due to the complete circuit is found by
integrating equation (2),

𝜇 dl×r
B=∫ 𝑑𝐵= ∮ 0 𝑖
4𝜋 𝑟3

Applications of Biot Savart Law:


Biot Savart law can be applied to calculate:
(1) Magnetic field at the center of a circular current carrying
conductor
(2) Magnetic Field due to a long straight wire.
(3) Magnetic force on two parallel current carrying conductors
Magnetic field at the center of a circular current carrying
conductor:
Let a circular coil of radius r carrying a steady current I. For
simplicity, let dl is a small element of the coil.

According to Biot Savart law, the magnitude of the magnetic field at


the center of the coil due to the flow of current through the element is
obtained as,
𝜇0 idlsinθ
dB = ……….(1)
4𝜋 𝑟 2
But here θ=900 and sin900 =1, equation (1) becomes,
𝜇0 idl
dB = ………(2)
4𝜋 𝑟 2
The total field at the center of the coil is
Obtained by integrating equation (2) in
the limit of L=0 to L=2πr.

𝜇0 i 2𝜋𝑟
B= ⌈𝑙 ⌉0
4𝜋 𝑟 2
For any medium,
𝜇0 i
B=
2𝑟
For “n’ number of turns in a circular coil, the
magnetic field is at its center is,
𝜇0 in
B=
2𝑟
Ampere’s law:
Ampere’s law states that, the line integral of B around a closed path is
equal to μ0 times the current enclosed by the path.
Let us consider, is a circle of radius centered on the wire. In this
case, the magnetic field-strength is the same at all points on the loop.
In fact,
∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙= 𝜇0 i
The field is everywhere parallel to the line elements which make up
the loop.

Magnetic induction at a point due to a long straight wire carrying current:

Suppose a long and straight wire and current i is flowing through it. Magnetic
induction or magnetic field at a point X at a distance r from the wire is to be
determined. Let a very small section of that wire be taken. Let its length be dl.
Suppose the distance from the point of that portion to the point X is r and angle
Ɵ. So, applying Biot-Savart’s law, we get the magnetic field
Now, inserting the value of r and dl in equation

If the wire PQ is infinitely long, then the total magnetic induction at point X
due to the whole conductor is

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