Dr .

AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University ,Belagavi ,Accredited by NAAC , UG with ‘A’ Grade)
Near Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore–560056

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)

Project Presentation Report On

“IOT BASED UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT DETECTION USING NODE MCU
MODULE”
(Subject Code : 18ETP78)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

Name of students USN

ANKITA M NAIK 1DA19ET004

GAGAN S 1DA19ET016
NAMRATHA D 1DA19ET029
NITHISH J 1DA19ET033
ROSHAN M 1DA19ET038
SEMESTER: VII
Submitted for the Academic year 2022-23
Place of work: Project Lab , Dept .of ETE ,Dr. AIT

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr . CHANDRAKALA V
Assoc. Professor Dept. of ETE
Visvesvaraya Technological University

Jnana Sangama ,Belagavi,Karnataka-59001 8

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 Contents
CHAPTER 1 : .................................................................................................................................. 4
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................... 5
LITERATURE SURVEY................................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................. 11
EXISTING FAULT DETECTION METHODS ........................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 4: ................................................................................................ 13
PROPOSED SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER 5 : ............................................................................................... 15
5.1 METHODOLOGY OF CABLE FAULT DETECTION ......................... 22
5.1.1 Power Supply Section ..................................................................................................... 22
5.1.2 Input Transformer .......................................................................................................... 22
5.1.3 Rectifier Circuit .............................................................................................................. 23
5.1.6 Bread Boards .................................................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER 6 : ............................................................................................... 25
COMPONENTS USED ................................................................................ 25
CHAPTER 7 : ............................................................................................... 26
7.1 APPLICATIONS .................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 8 : ................................................................................................................................ 27
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ...................................................... 27
REFERENCE ............................................................................................... 28

+++

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ABSTRACT

Due to underground environments, wear and tear, rats, etc., underground cables
are vulnerable to a large range of faults. It's difficult to diagnose the cause of the
fault and the whole cable must be separated from the ground to inspect and repair
faults. The project work is intended to use the ESP32 controller for detecting the
fault location in underground cable lines from the base station in kilometers. The
cable needs to be checked for faults to find a fault in the cable. The basic principle
of Ohms law and Blavier test is used in this prototype. The current will vary
based on the cable 's fault length. In big cities, instead of overhead wires,
the electrical cables run underground. It is hard for detecting the precise
location of the fault for the repairing phase of that specific cable if the fault
occurs in it underground cable. The suggested device finds the precise the
fault position. The system is designed with a group of resistors representing cable
length in km and a set of switches are generated to cross check the accurateness
of the same at any known distance. The voltage across series resistors changes
accordingly in the case of a problem, which can then be transferred to an
ADC to produce accurate digital data by using programmed C++ that further
displays fault position in the distance. The distance, phase, & time of the fault is
shown on a computer or mobile device using the internet. The IoT is used to show
information on the internet by using ESP32 Wi-Fi module. The website is
generated using HTML coding and the fault information is displayed on the
website.

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CHAPTER 1 :
INTRODUCTION

In the urban areas, the electrical cable runs underground instead of

overhead lines. Whenever the fault occurs in the underground cable it is
difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for the process of repairing
that particular cable. The proposed system detects the exact location of the
fault and by the means of Wi-Fi modem its serially communicated towards
the server. Since the problem that occurs in underground cables is a big
problem till now. As it is very difficult to find the exact location of the
fault location manually, which suddenly affects the efficiency of the cable
wire due to the losses occurred. Till now many techniques had already
been implemented in order to detect the fault in cable wire. But the
problem came up is how to detect the fault in cable wire when it is
underground, and how to access or retrieve those data related to faulty
location whenever it is required. In order to fill those gaps, we proposed
the system which detects the exact location of the fault and through the
means of Wi-Fi modem its serially communicated towards the server.
Lower distribution networks have been increasingly increasing and their
efficiency has been increasing. The whole network is built with a large
number of modules that can disturb and interrupt the power supply of the
end user. For several globally controlled low voltage- and medium
voltage distribution lines, underground cables have been employed for
several decades. High-voltage cables in the underground have become ever
more used because of the weather, storms, wind, rain and pollution.
While the cable production technology is continuously improving, during
testing and service, factors still can cause the cables to fail. The Internet of
Things (IoT) is the extension of internet access into daily items and physical
devicesPower distribution networks have been increasingly increasing and their
efficiency has been increasing. The whole network is built with a large number
of modules that can disturb and interrupt the power supply of the end user. For
several globally controlled low voltage- and medium voltage distribution
lines, underground cables have been employed for several decades. High-voltage
cables in the underground have become ever more used because of the weather,
storms, wind, rain and pollution. While the cable production technology is

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continuously improving, during testing and service, factors still can cause the
cables to fail. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the extension of Internet access
into daily items and physical devices.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Zhou, C & Dong, X. published “Cable Life Cycle Management”. Power
cables are integral to modern urban power transmission and distribution
systems. For power cable asset managers worldwide, a major challenge is how
to manage effectively the expensive and vast network of cables, many of
which are approaching, or have past, their design life. This study provides an
in-depth review of recent research and development in cable failure analysis,
condition monitoring and diagnosis, life assessment methods, fault location,
and optimization of maintenance and replacement strategies.

2. George J. Anders published “Rating of Electric Power Cables in

Unfavorable Thermal Environment”.
They provided computational tools and techniques needed to successfully design
and install power cables in areas affected by such factors as outside heat sources,
ground moisture, or impediments to heat dissipation. After thoroughly reviewing
standard rating models, the author discusses several new techniques designed to
improve cable ampacity, as well as new computational techniques for analysis of
cyclic loads.

3. Laxmi Goswami & Manish Kumar Kaushik published “IoT Based Fault
Detection of Underground Cables through Node MCU Module”.
IoT based technique with Google database for the fault detection with the help of
Node MCU Wifi Module. It is totally based on IoT. Here they used Node MCU
which connects Arduino sensors to Internet. They had created a Hot spot through
router for communication. They connected each MCU Module with transformer
and used Google data base to checking the status of transformers. The accuracy
and efficiency of their proposed method is more as compare to the other
techniques.

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4. N. Gayathri & V. Kowsalya proposed “Automatic underground cable fault
detection with SMS alert”.
The faults can be classified based on comparison between the values received
from rated guidelines of the distribution side power lines. Whenever the preset
dividing line is crossed, the micro controller instantly initiates a message to the
area lineman and the control station stating the exact street location where fault
is happening. The real purpose of detecting fault in real time is to protect the
transformer at the earliest.

5. Ma J.Z. Shao & Fang L.P. presented “Three Pulse Cable Fault Detection
Method Based on Wavelet Threshold Denoising”.
They introduced the principle of three pulse method and the method’s advantages
and disadvantages on cable fault detection, modeled three pulse detection method
of cable fault in the Simulink environment, analyzed the Wavelet threshold
denoising effect on cable fault detection accuracy under different threshold
selection rules, and proposed a three pulse detection method based on the wavelet
threshold de-noising.

6. Anushya. S & Divyasree .S.V presented “IoT Based Underground Cable Fault
Detection System’.
The project work is intended to detect the location of fault in underground cable
lines and inform the base station in prior. This prototype uses voltage sensing
circuit which checks continuously for the fault in the cable. In case of fault, the
voltage across the cable changes accordingly, which is then fed to an ADC to
develop precise digital data to a programmed PIC IC , through Wi-Fi module
ESP8266, the fault location is updated to the base station . The fault occurring
location is also displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the PIC16F877A
microcontroller.

7. K. S. Md. Khairuddin & A. Subbarayudu presented “Underground Cable Fault

Detection using IOT”
In power system the generated electrical energy is transmitted to the consumer
premises with the help of Overhead or Underground transmission system. The
Underground system has several advantages as compared to Overhead system but
the major problem is we cannot able to detect the exact fault location. In order to
overcome this problem, they proposed a new method that is Underground Cable
fault location using IOT, by using this method we can detect the fault location

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from the base station in km.

8. Bhawna Gupta & Abhay Gupta presented “Underground Cable Fault

Detection using GPS Technology”.
The main goal of this project is to use Arduino to detect errors and anomalies in
underground cables. The main idea behind the work of this project is the law of
resistance. On the branch side, when a DC voltage is applied, the current value
changes according to the location of the cable fault. In the event of a short circuit
(such as LG or LL failure), the change in the voltage value measured on the
resistor will be fed to the Arduino's onboard ADC. This value is processed by the
Arduino and calculates the error related to the distance of the base station. This
value is sent to the LCD screen connected to the Arduino board and displays the
exact location of the base station fault in kilometers for all three phases .

9. Shilpy Goyal & Souvik Ganguli presented “An IoT based underground cable
fault detection technique”.
In this paper, a model is designed for underground cable fault location using a
microcontroller and the Internet of Things (IoT). The objective is to evaluate the
distance of underground cable fault from the underground cable ground station in
kilometers, and also to find the correct location of the faulty spot. The currently
existing methods involved with the underground fault detection employed in
India are very tedious and tiresome to use. These are also very inefficient.
Consequently, they lead to a waste of time and money. This method involving the
Internet of Things technology saves money, time as well as efforts required in
servicing all these underground cables. This allows the authorities to monitor and
check faults over the internet by connecting the system to a web page and time-
efficient technique catering to an ever-increasing need for modernization and
digitalization.

10. Vishal D. Pund & Ajay N. More presented “Underground Cable Fault
Distance Conveyed Over GSM”.
When a direct current voltage is applied, the current estimates are further changed
to address the problem areas of the cable. Therefore, in the event of a short circuit
problem (such as an L-G or L-L problem), an Analog-to-Digital Converter [ADC]
made by Arduino will adjust the estimated rated voltage through a resistor. This
value is prepared by arduino, and the shortage is well determined by the base
station. This value is transmitted to the LCD connected to the arduino board and
displays the exact area several kilometers away from all base stations in three
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phases.

11. Duruicsn U M & Mbdkak X presented “IoT based underground optical fiber
cable fault detection system”.
This fault detection system is used to find the fault in the optical fiber line across
the customer sites. The received power in optical fiber is monitored by laser
power using microcontroller. Any instantaneous change in the power of optical
line is detected and the fault message is unveiled through wifi using IoT.

12. Faisal T. Abed & Haider T. Airikab published “Using IoT Applications for
Detection and Monitoring of Underground Cable Fault”.
The voltage across series resistors changes accordingly in the case of a problem,
which can then be transferred to an ADC to produce accurate digital data by using
programmed C++ that further displays fault position in the distance. The distance,
phase, & time of the fault is shown on a computer or mobile device using the
internet. The IoT is used to show information on the internet by using ESP32
WiFi module. The website is generated using HTML coding and the fault
information is displayed on the website.

13. Mussawir U Mehmood & Abasin Ulasyar presented “Cloud Based IoT
Solution for Fault Detection and Localization in Power Distribution
Systems”.
A new algorithm is developed that can detect single and multiple simultaneous
faults in the presence of single and multiple device or sensor failures. The
algorithm has utilized a zone based approach that divides a PDS into different
zones. A current sensing device (CSD) was deployed at the boundary of a zone.
The function of CSD is to provide time synchronized current measurements and
communicate with a cloud server through an edge devicFe (ED). Another
contribution of this research work is the unique implementation of context aware
policy (CAP) in ED. Due to CAP, only those measurements are transmitted to
cloud server that differ from the previously transmitted measurements. The cloud
server performed calculations at regular intervals to detect faults in power
distribution systems.

14. Karan Sethi & Sameer Bhambri presented “Underground cable fault distance
locator”.
This paper proposes fault location model for underground power cable using
microcontroller. The aim of this project is to determine the distance of
underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. This project uses the
simple concept of ohm’s law. When any fault like short circuit occurs, voltage

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drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable, since the current varies.
A set of resistors are therefore used to represent the cable and a dc voltage is fed
at one end and the fault is detected by detecting the change in voltage using an
analog to voltage converter and a microcontroller is used to make the necessary
calculations so that the fault distance is displayed on the LCD display.

15. Ms. B. Sravani & K. Sekhar presented “Implementation of IOT to Detect and
Display Underground Cable Fault”.
This paper is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from the base
station in kilometers and displayed over the internet. Underground cable system
is a common followed in major areas in Metro cities. While a fault occurs for
some reason, at that time the fixing process related to that particular cable is
difficult due to exact unknown location of the fault in the cable. This IOT
Technology is used to find out the exact location of the fault and to send data in
graphical format to our website using an IOT module at the same time it display
on the LCD screen. This paper uses the standard theory of Ohms law, i.e., when
a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor(Cable
lines),then the current would vary depending upon the location of the fault in the
cable as the resistance is proportional to the distance. In case there is a short
circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes according to
the resistance that changes with distance. This is then fed to an ADC to develop
precise digital data which the programmed microcontroller of the 8051 family
displays in kilometers.

16. Sanaullah Memon & Riaz Ahmed Shaikh presented “Hidden cable fault and
remote locator by using Arduino”.
The system makes use of an Arduino circuit and a supply of rectified electricity.
Creation of the fault is made via the collection of switches. The relays are
operated by integrated circuit relay driver. A 16*2 LCD panel connected to the
Arduino board to display the information.

17. Mukesh Gautam & S. Veena Dhari presented “Fault Recognition of

Underground Cable using Internet of Things”.
This concept is centered on OHM’s law i.e, voltage drop may vary including on
the span of the fault in cable because of current’s variation. In our research we
have employed an assortment of resistors to depict the cable’s length in
“kilometers” and dc voltage is implemented at one of the ends. The fault is
discerned by capricious voltage employing an ADC unit (analog-to-digital
Converter). The display unit is coupled with the microcontroller for information

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display about the fault supervening at diverse lines.

18. Dhanyavathi. A & Akshay Kumar A.V presented “Underground Cable Fault
Detection and Notification System”.
The aim of the project is to determine the distance of the underground cable fault
from base station in kilometers and provide a real time picture of fault itself in a
web page when there is a fault such as insulation fault occurs, voltage drop varies
upon the length of the fault in cable as current varies. A Prototype cable itself of
about length 2 meters represents underground cable and fault is noticed by
detecting the voltage changes using sensors which are controlled by Raspberry Pi
module so that the fault information is displayed on LCD display.

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CHAPTER 3
EXISTING FAULT DETECTION METHODS

In power system underground cables are used to transmit the electric power from
generators stations to distribution point then it is transferred to the consumer ends.
Underground cables face various problems due to aging and different types of
faults. To overcome these problems in cables, lots of research work has been done
previously. Here we proposed a method to rectify these problems. Previously
there are so many methods available for detection of fault. These methods are
used for fault detection of underground cables. They are

 Murray Loop method

 Sectionalizing method
 Thumping method
Murray Loop Method:
This method is basically used for identifying the faults in earth cables. This
scheme is based on the principle of the Wheatstone bridge. The fault location in
an earth cable can be finding by arranging a Wheatstone bridge. For fault
exposure Murray loop technique is used. This method is very straightforward. For
observation of short circuit faults in underground line this method is used. This
loop test is usually used for identifying the faults in earth cables. This trial is
based on the law of Wheatstone bridge. By using this experiment, fault site in an
earth cable may be finding by arranging a Wheatstone bridge in it. In this scheme
we first need to place a sound cable of equal length as of defective cable. The
cable without any error is called as sound cable and we have to short circuit the
ends of sound cable & faulty cable. Now we connect a galvanometer in between
beginning of both working cable & not working cable. Now we connect two
resisters crosswise the working cable & not working cables in such manner that
these both the resisters are variable. Now the entire loop will form as a
Wheatstone bridge. Then we connect one battery via the ground. For balancing
the bridge, we regulate the value of both the resisters till the galvanometer shows
the zero value. We shall carry out the shortcoming spot by comparing the
resistances. We should have to know the values of both the resistances.

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Sectionalizing Method:

This method requires physically cutting and splicing the cable, which can reduce
the cable’s reliability. In this method the cable needs to be divided into small
sections which enable us to find the fault. Example on a 400-ft length cable, the
cable is cut into 200-ft length sections each, and reading is measured in both ways
with the help of Ohmmeter or high-voltage insulation resistance (IR) tester. If the
reading on the IR tester shows low then the cable is in fault condition. One has to
repeat this procedure until we reach the fault location.

Thumping:

This method requires noise to detect the fault. When a high voltage is supplied
to a cable (faulted), then arc is produced due to high currents. This arc makes a
loud noise enough to be heard. This method is easy as compared to Sectionalizing
but thumping requires a high current at a voltage as high as 25 KV to produce an
underground noise. When cable is subjected to high currents then the temperature
of the cable increased. The high temperature will damage the cable insulation.

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CHAPTER 4:
PROPOSED SYSTEM

Numerous techniques are being published during the most recent couple of
decades for cable line shortcoming recognition. The most widely recognized
strategy being utilized is overhead cable lines. The deficiencies are handily
recognized in this technique however the issue in this strategy is that in some
overpopulated urban areas we cannot utilize this technique. So we utilize
underground cables. IoT innovation has been actualized in this paper which will
examine over the deficiencies over web and this can be observed by a person.
With the assistance of potential divider arrange over the cable the framework
will have the option to recognize the shortcoming. When an issue is made at a
juncture shorting two lines together a specific measure of power gets created
according to the resistor organize blend. Since existing framework is not
effective in this paper we propose a framework dependent on IoT. The goal of
this venture is to discover the separation of the underground cable shortcoming
from base station in kilometers utilizing an IoT Gecko stage. The
underground cable line framework isn't exceptionally well known in provincial
territories however are being utilized in numerous urban regions. Different flaw
finding strategies like the sectionalizing techniques, acoustic location strategy,
Murray circle techniques are not utilized much by and because they have
numerous impediments. Most usually blames happen because of development
works and different reasons. It is hard to uncover cable lines totally as we don't
have the foggiest idea about the specific area of the cable line shortcoming. On
the off chance that the issue had happened because of short out, the voltage across
arrangement resistors changes likewise. This voltage is detected by the
microcontroller and is refreshed to the client. The data passed on to the client
is the separation to which that voltage compares to the flaw happening at a
specific separation and the individual stage is shown on a LCD.
This project deals with Atmega16 microcontroller, GPS, GSM, buzzer and LCD.
This proposes greatly reduces the time and operates effectively. The project uses
the simple concept of Ohm’s law where a low DC voltage is applied at the
provider end through series resistor. The current would change depending upon
the length (in km) of fault of the cable in case there is a short circuit of LL fault
or 3L fault or LG fault etc. When fault occur it send messages through GSM &
GPS module on LED screen and cellphone and that’s how we get the pinpoint
locations of the fault.
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GPS Module : Global Positioning System (GPS) makes use of signals sent by
satellites in space and ground stations on Earth to accurately determine their
position on Earth. Radio Frequency signals sent from satellites and ground
stations are received by the GPS. GPS makes use of these signals to determine its
accurate position.

Figure 10 : GPS module

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CHAPTER 5 :
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT
DETECTION USING Wi-Fi MODULE USING ESP8266

Figure 11 : Block diagram of underground cable fault detection

The project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage
is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current
would vary depending uponthe location of fault in the cable. In case there is a
short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes
accordingly, which is then fed to inbuilt ADC of Arduino to develop precise
digital data for display in kilometers.

The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing the cable length in
km and the faultcreation is made by a set of switches at every known km to
cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at a particular
distance, the respective phase along with the distanceis displayed on the LCD.
The same information is also sent to the concerned authority mobile phone over
GSM, interfaced to the Arduino.

Further this project can be enhanced by using capacitor in an ac circuit to

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measure the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable, unlike
the short circuited fault only using resistors in DC circuit as followed in the
above proposed project.

Node MCU Model

Node MCU is an excellent hardware, which provides just enough versatility for
us to do a majority of our developments. It is Arduino compatible, has a Wi-Fi
on board and has enough kick to power our IOT devices. Whether connecting to
gateway or connecting to our cloud solutions. "Node MCU is an open source IOT
platform. It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from
Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. The term
"Node MCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kits.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language."

Figure 12 : IOT Esp8266 Node MCU details

Pin Layout

Overview of the pin layout for this board.

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 Figure 13 : Node MCU Pin details

Please note that this causes quite some confusion. The numbers on the pins DO
NOT map to the numbers of pins of the ESP8266. For example - pin D1 of the
board does not map to GPIO1 as you would expect, but to GPIO5 instead!
The above layout indicates how to interpret the mapping. For clarity, you can also
see the mapping list between Node MCU pins and GPIO below:
 D0 = GPIO16
 D1 = GPIO5
 D2 = GPIO4
 D3 = GPIO0
 D4 = GPIO2
 D5 = GPIO14
 D6 = GPIO12
 D7 = GPIO13
 D8 = GPIO15
 D9 = GPIO3
 D10 = GPIO1

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LED_BUILTIN = GPIO16 (auxiliary constant for the board LED, not a board
pin).
Also note, that many libraries include the mapping already, so you don't have to
worry about the translation. If you write to D1 for instance, you will get this
interpreted correctly as GPIO5 (PIN5).

Setting up in Arduino IDE

Here is a simple walk-through for setting up the device in your Arduino IDE.
Basically, you need to add the board to the list of available boards and choose it
(together with the appropriate port and speed setup) for Node MCU development.
Using this approach, it is important to note the Lua firmware is overwritten. You
can get it back if needed, so no issues.
We assume you have the Arduino IDE installed. If not, head to Arduino Home,
navigate to the 'Software' section, download and install the latest version. You
can also install the portable version and can use the setup in another IDE of choice
(such Visual Studio Code), but we will not focus on this here
Open 'Arduino IDE' and click File - Preferences

Figure 14 : IOT Board manager

Copy the URL below into the section Additional boards Manager and click OK

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to close the Preferences tab

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

Go to Tools - Board ... - Board Manager

Locate the esp8266 by esp8266 community entry and install the software for
Arduino (notice the Node MCU entry in this board list)

Figure 15 : Install Node MCU Board manager

Done. You can now select the Node MCU in the Boards menu.

Different kind of ESP8266 can be found on the market so your ESP8266 board
may differ slightly from the one shown below:

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On the picture above, the ESP8266-12 block is where the processor, memory and
WIFI unit are located. The rest ensures communication with external sensors,
USB port, voltage regulator, etc.
For those interested in computer architecture, have a look at the functional
diagram of an ESP8266-12:

Become familiar with the ESP8266-12 architecture

On the picture above, can you identify:

 the CPU (Central Processing Unit)

 the memory SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

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The ESP8266 uses a 32bit processor with 16 bit instructions. It is Harvard
architecture which mostly means that instruction memory and data memory are
completely separate.
The ESP8266 has on die program Read-Only Memory (ROM) which includes
some library code and a first stage boot loader. All the rest of the code must be
stored in external Serial flash memory (provides only serial access to the data -
rather than addressing individual bytes, the user reads or writes large contiguous
groups of bytes in the address space serially).
Depending on your ESP8266, the amount of available flash memory can vary.
As any other microcontroller, ESP8266 has a set of GPIO pins (General Purpose
Input(Output pins) that we can use to “control” external sensors.
Our ESP8266 has 17 GPIO pins but only 11 can be used (among 17 pins, 6 are
used for communication with the on-board flash memory chip). It also has an
analog input (to convert a voltage level into a digital value that can be stored and
processed in the ESP8266).
It also has a WIFI communication to connect your ESP8266 to your WIFI
network, connect to the internet, host a web server, let your smartphone connect
to it, etc.
Another advantage of an ESP8266 is that is can be programmed as any other
microcontroller and especially any Arduino.

Recent progress in Device-Free Wi-Fi Sensing (DFWS) has established the use
of wireless signals like Wi-Fi not only to communicate but also as a tool to enable
device-free sensing. As an emerging technique, DFWS has many capable
applications such as sensing activity and gesture and fall detection, monitoring
elderly, surveillance, and many more applications while waiving out the necessity
to mount devices on the object. A wide range of applications can use the channel
state information (CSI) from commercial Wi-Fi devices pervasively for
ubiquitous sensing. Existing CSI tools, such as the Intel 5300 network interface
controller tool or the Atheros 9390 tool, have limitations when deployed in large-
scale systems due to their high deployment costs and limitations in the resolution
of CSI measurements. Due to these shortcomings, DFWS applications need an
alternative CSI tool in order to perform efficiently. In this paper, we present
ESP8266-based Wi-ESP as a CSI gathering tool that can report detailed CSI

21
measurements based on 802.11n standards. The proposed Wi-ESP tool works as
a complete device by collecting the CSI measurements as well as processing
further for DFWS applications

The project can detect any fault in underground cable from base station in km. It
takes a lot of time in finding the exact location of the fault. Hence by using the
concept of Ohms law, it becomes easy to find the exact location. According to
the law, when a low DC voltage is applied on the feeder end by a series resistor,
then the current will differ on the basis of the location of fault. If there happens
to be short circuit then the voltage across the series resistors i.e. cable lines
changes respectively. This voltage change is then fed to an ADC that produces
digital data and is displayed in km by the microcontroller. The project uses a set
of resistors for cable length and a set of switches for creating faults. The
microcontroller thus displays the distance and respective phase on a LCD screen
where the fault has occurred.

5.1 METHODOLOGY OF CABLE FAULT DETECTION

5.1.1 Power Supply Section

A power supply circuit is a very basic circuit in learning electronics. The power
supply which we will design here is very basic and it is a linear technology based
design which will go through each design step. The design of any circuit begins
with a well-made general block diagram. It helps to design the sections of the
circuit individually and then at the end put them together to have a complete
circuit which is ready for use.

5.1.2 Input Transformer

A transformer is a device that is used to step up or step down the AC voltages

level, keeping the input and out power the same. AC coming to your home has
the voltage level of 220/120 V. We need the input transformer to step down the
incoming AC to our required lower-level which is close to 5V (AC). This lower
level is further used by other blocks to get the required 5V DC. Since we are using

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the main supply voltage which is too dangerous. We must never touch any of the
terminals with bare hands or with bad instruments and must have a good and
decent non-contact voltage tester and use it to always be sure of which line is the
live wire coming to the transformer.

Figure 16 : Input transformer

5.1.3 Rectifier Circuit

A rectifier circuit is the combination of diodes arranged in such a manner that

converts AC into DC voltage. The transformer still didn’t step down the voltage
to 5V DC. The stepped-down voltage is still AC and need to convert it into DC
for a good rectifier circuit. Without the rectifier circuit, it is not possible to have
the required output 5V DC voltage.

Figure 17 : Rectifier circuit

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5.1.6 Bread Boards

The Strip Board is a sheet of electrical current insulation material, which is fitted
to electronic elements by welding on one hand with the copper bands, with hole
in the strips and the insulation material. The diaphragm plates can be used in
various ways, including integrated circuits. The gap between strips and
the lumps is 0.1 cm and the hole diameter is 0.04 cm which matches discreet
elements. The width is 0.15 inches between the strips and the holes, with a
diameter of 0.052 inches.

Figure 18 : Bread Board

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CHAPTER 6 :
COMPONENTS USED

 Arduino Microcontroller
 ESP8266 Wifi Module
 16x2 LCD Display
 Crystal Oscillator
 Resistance
 Cables and Connectors
 PCB and Breadboards
 LED
 Step-down Transformer
 Switch
 Rectifier and Filter
 Arduino IDE
 Embedded C for programming

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CHAPTER 7 :
7.1 APPLICATIONS

• Monitoring fault in underground cable line.

• Used in industrial hubs inside metropolitan cities.
• Used by electric power supply industries.

7.2 ADVANTAGES

• Detects accurate fault sub location Reduced human effort.

• Time saving and faster maintenance Less software requirements.
• Applicable to all types of cable Cost effective.
• Less complexity.

7.3 DISADVANTAGES

• The cost of underground cables are very expensive and the maintenance of
the underground cables are very difficult.
• Environmental underground cables drawback consist the disruption of soil

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CHAPTER 8 :

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The works on detecting faults in the cables using the IOT. The electronic circuit
containing the ESP8266, which acts as a control unit, which contains the Wi-Fi,
sends and receives data via the Wi-Fi through the internet, where the circuit is fed
by 3V volts and the control voltage On the conversion of the bean the from 3-5V
to operate the relay, which acts as an electrical switch to the circuit where in case
of a cut in the cable will send a signal to the micro controller in turn sent by the
wife to the recipient, either to the computer or mobile and the characteristics of
the project was set date and time Unplug the cable and time and date of repair.

27
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