Questions on Digital Fundamentals

Examples for lecture 2

2.1 Convert the denary number 43 to binary [101011]
The powers of 2 are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64, …
43 = 1×32 +11
11 = 1×8 + 3
3 = 1×2 + 1
1 = 1×1
43 = 1×32 + 0×16 + 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 1×1
(43)10 = (101011)2

2.2 Convert the denary number 59 to binary [111011]

The powers of 2 are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64, …
59 = 1×32 +27
27 = 1×16 + 11
11 = 1×8 + 3
3 = 1×2 + 1
1 = 1×1
59 = 1×32 + 1×16 + 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 1×1
(59)10 = (111011)2

2.3 Convert the binary number 1011 to denary [11]

(1011)2 = 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 1×1 = (11)10

2.4 Convert the binary number 110110 to denary [54]

(110110)2 = 1×32 + 1×16 + 0×8 + 1×4 + 1×2 + ×1 = (54)10

2.5 What range of numbers can be expressed in binary using 5 bits? [0 to 31]
5
There are 2 = 32 possible 5-bit numbers
The range of numbers that can be represented in 5-bit binary is 0 to 31

2.6 What range of numbers can be expressed in binary using 10 bits? [0 to 1023]
10
There are 2 = 1024 possible 10-bit numbers
The range of numbers that can be represented in 10-bit binary is 0 to 1023

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Examples for lecture 3
3.1 Convert the binary number 1011110010100011 to hexadecimal [BCA3]
1011 1100 1010 0011
B C A 3

3.2 Convert the binary number 11001010001 to hexadecimal [651]

0110 0101 0001
6 5 1

3.3 Convert the hexadecimal number 1A8 to binary and to denary [110101000, 424]
1 A 8
0001 1010 1000
1 × 162 + A × 161 + 8 × 160
1 × 256 + 10 × 16 + 8 × 1 = 424

3.4 Convert the hexadecimal number 2B0 binary and to denary [1010110000, 688]
2 B 0
0010 1011 0000
2 × 162 + B × 161 + 0 × 160
2 × 256 + 11 × 16 + 0 × 1 = 688

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Examples for lecture 5
5.1 Consider the following circuit

A Y
B
X
D

C Z

Write down the Boolean equation for this circuit.

D = Y. Z
D = (A + X). Z
D = (A + X). (B + C)
D = (A + B). (B + C)

Fill in the truth table for this circuit.

A B C X Y Z D
0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1

5.2 Consider the following circuit

A Y
B
X D

C Z

Write down the Boolean equation for this circuit.

𝐷 =𝑌+𝑍
𝐷 = (𝐴. 𝑋) + 𝑍
𝐷 = (𝐴. 𝑋) + (𝐵. 𝐶)
𝐷 = (𝐴. 𝐵) + (𝐵. 𝐶)

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 Fill in the truth table for this circuit.

A B C X Y Z D
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 1

5.3 Draw the circuit for the following equation

𝑋 = 𝐴̅. 𝐵 + 𝐶. 𝐷

A
B
X
C
D

5.4 Draw the circuit for the following equation

𝑋 = (𝐴̅. 𝐵 + 𝐶). 𝐷

A
B X
C
D

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Examples for lecture 6
6.1 Use the rules of Boolean algebra to simplify the equation 𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝐵. 𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝐵. 𝐵
associativity ( I can group any way I want when all operations are the same)
𝑋 = 𝐴. (𝐵. 𝐵)
AND of two opposite values must be 0
𝑋 = 𝐴. 0
Anything AND 0 is just 0
𝑋=0

6.2 Use the rules of Boolean algebra to simplify the equation 𝑋 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐵

𝑋 =𝐴+𝐵+𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐵)
𝑋 =𝐴+1
𝑋=1

6.3 Use the rules of Boolean algebra to simplify the equation 𝑋 = 𝐴. (𝐵 + 𝐵)

𝑋 = 𝐴. (𝐵 + 𝐵)
𝑋 = 𝐴. 1
𝑋=𝐴

6.4 Use the rules of Boolean algebra to simplify the equation 𝑋 = (𝐴 + 𝐴̅). (𝐵 + 𝐵)
𝑋 = (𝐴 + 𝐴̅). (𝐵 + 𝐵)
𝑋 = 1.1
𝑋=1

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Examples for lecture 7
7.1 Write down the Boolean equation for the following circuit.

A
C

Build up Boolean equation for circuit

C =A+X+B
C = A + A. Y + B
C = A + A. A + B

Use Boolean algebra to simplify the circuit.

C = A + A. A + B
C =A+0+B because A. A = 0
C =A+B because A + 0 = A

Estimate the improvement in complexity and speed that your simplification has produced
Original hardware cost is 6 units, delay is 3 units
Simplified hardware cost is 2 units, delay is 1 units

7.2 Write down the Boolean equation for the following circuit.

A C

C =A+X
C =A+Y+B
C = A + A. B + B

Use Boolean algebra to simplify the circuit.

C = A + A. B + B
C = A + A. B + 1. B
C = A + (A + 1). B
C = A + 1. B
C =A+B

Estimate the improvement in complexity and speed that your simplification has produced
Original hardware cost is 7 units, delay is 4 units
Simplified hardware cost is 3 units, delay is 2 units
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