9/2/2020

Elize Hugo
GGH1501

ASSIGNMENT 02

UNIQUE NUMBER: 781748

DUE DATE: 2020-09-04

 Question 01
Country Predominant Located in Arithmetic GNI per
biome (limit to earthquake population capita
the two most prone density (as ppp (as
dominant zone? an an
biomes) (Yes/No) interval; interval;
persons provide
per km2) in $)
Philippines Tropical Yes 200km2+ Below
forest $5,000
Italy Mediterranean Yes 200km2+ $20,000
woodland and
shrub and Above
grassland
Sudan Desert shrub No 50km2- Below
$5,000
Russia Coniferous Yes 50km2- $10,000
forest - $19,999

Question 02
2.1) Figure 12 is a qualitative map, because the map identifies
characteristics of places specifically the terrestrial biomes in the
world. On these maps they use colour or shading to show the
differences between the areas. Figure 13 is an Isoline map,
because it connects places of equal value and shows variation
across an area. The patterns of the lines form shapes. The lines
connect points of equal barometric pressure.
2.2) Figure 14 is a dot distribution map. These types of maps
indicate values to each point. The higher the concentration of
dots in an area, the higher the value/amount of the certain key
the dots represents. Figure 17 is a choropleth map. The same
colour is usually used in this map, but different shades represent
different quantities. The darker the shade, the higher the
amount.
2.3) 93mm between Shanghai and Rio de Janeiro. Every 6mm
indicates 1000km.
1000km = 7mm
x km= 107mm

1000x107 = 7x
107 000=7x
X=15 285,71km
Thus, the distance between Rio and Shanghai is 15 285,71km.

2.4) Southeast Asia is located along the edges of tectonic plates.

Due to this, earthquakes are more likely to happen here. The fact
that Southeast Asia is located on the edges of tectonic plate,
causes that the life expectancy of inhabitants to be lower than
other countries’ due to the fact that natural disasters tend to
start or happen at or close by these areas.

2.5) Scale is a small distance on a map that represents a distance

in reality. Figure 17 has a small-scale because it represents a
large area, that is the entire world. Low level detailed is shown
on the map. Therefore, the scale is appropriate because it does
cover a large area. Projection is a math formula to change 3D
Earth into a 2D representation (map). Several distortions take
place when conversion from 3D sphere to 2D map takes place.
There is no way to eliminate distortions therefore no maps,
including figure 17, are correctly projected.
Question 3
3.1) These high-pressure areas experience very dry and warm
conditions resulting in a hot desert climate. The continual
transfer of wind maintains the pressure belts of high and low
pressure which create different global climate zones.

3.2) Russia’s major biome is coniferous forest. Where Sudan’s

major biome is Desert Shrubs. Both Russia and Sudan have the
arithmetic population of 50 – 99 persons per square kilometer.
The biomes of both these countries have the effect on the
population of their countries because of the extreme hot or cold
climate.

3.3) Italy’s major biome is Mediterranean woodland shrub and

grassland. Philippines’ major biome is tropical forest. Both Italy
and Philippines have the same arithmetic population of above 200
persons per square kilometer. The biomes have a hot and lovely
climate, thus more people live in the area.

3.4) In question 3.2 I can observe that because of the climate the
arithmetic population in Sudan and Russia are very small per
square kilometer. The reason for this is because in Russia the
northern part is inhabitable because of the frozen tundra. Sudan
has a low density because it is located in a desert area and people
prefer to live in countries where the temperature is more
moderate. I can observe that because of moderate climates the
arithmetic population in Italy and Philippines are high, because
people prefer to live in these areas. The larger the countries
are, the less the inhabitants are in terms of density. The smaller
the countries are, the more inhabitants in terms of density.

3.5) In question 3.2 I can observe that because of the climate the
arithmetic population in Sudan and Russia are very small per
square kilometer. The reason for this is because in Russia the
northern part is inhabitable because of the frozen tundra. Sudan
has a low density because it is located in a desert area and people
prefer to live in countries where the temperature is more
moderate. I can observe that because of moderate climates the
arithmetic population in Italy and Philippines are high, because
people prefer to live in these areas.

3.6) Earthquakes take place at meeting place of two tectonic

plates. When two plates move toward each other it causes the
earth to shake. The pattern of the earthquake epicentres occurs
on the edges of the tectonic plates all over the world.

3.7) Italy and Philippines have both high arithmetic population

densities. The earthquake occurs around these two countries
frequently because they are partially based on the edges of
tectonic plate. Thus, the more people in the country, the more
fatalities the country will suffer.

3.8) Countries with harsh biomes have a constant harsh

atmosphere to live in. With drastic high or low temperatures or
extreme dry or wet weather. These things occur every day, thus
people would rather choose not to live in these everyday
situations and therefore the arithmetic population density is low.
Countries where earthquakes are expected to happen, do not
constantly experience earthquakes on a regular base, but every
few months or years maybe. So, some people do not mind living in
these hazardous areas Therefore the arithmetic population
density is high.
Question 4
4.1)
Spatial distribution pattern of NIR over the world
Description Central Africa has het highest NIR in the world. Few
of pattern examples of countries include Sudan, Chad and Niger.
Also, some scattered areas in Asia have high NIR rates
including Philippines and Pakistan. These countries fall
under the category of 2% per year NIR.
Lower NIR between 0-0.9% can be found in Italy and
China. Lower NIR below 0% can be found in Russia and
Ukraine. The high NIR rate is mainly clustered around
the central Africa area. Looking at the radial area
around the central part of Africa, the further you go
from central Africa the NIR rate decreases. As if the
NIR rates are higher the closer you get to the equator.
explanation The high NIR rate in countries are mainly clustered
of pattern around the central part of Africa. The developing
countries are more likely to have a higher NIR rate, due
to lack of education of contraception. Where countries
that are developed have lower NIR rates because of
education about contraception and they also have more
advanced medical care. Crude birth rate in central
Africa is high, because families in these developing
countries want to have large families, because they are
considered as an economic asset rather than liabilities,
because these countries’ major sector is agriculture
and the more helping hands, the better. In developed
countries crude birth rates are higher because they
are educated about contraception, where developing
countries are not. Crude death rate is higher in central
Africa and lower in developed countries because
developed countries have better medical care. Higher
mortality rate, as well as higher fertility rate in central
Africa is caused by lack of medical resource and
finance. Poorer countries like in Africa, have lower life
expectancies and richer countries who have better
medical care, have a high life expectancy.
4.2)
Countries NIR APD
Philippines 2.0 and above % 100 – 199 persons per
square
Russia below 0 % below 50 persons per
square
Sudan 2.0 and above % below 50 persons per
square
Italy 0 – 0.9 % above 200 persons per
square

Where arithmetic population density is low, natural increase

rates are high. Where natural increase rates are low, arithmetic
population density is high. So arithmetic population density and
natural increase rate are inversely proportional. From the maps I
can observe that countries with higher arithmetic population
densities have lower increase rates, because they have density
issues. The fact that they live in high densities together, they use
contraception to reduce their increase rate because they are
almost overpopulated.

4.3) Philippines have a GNI below $5,000 per capita. Philippines is a

developing country with a high arithmetic density, thus the
country have a low income rate with high population compared to
the size of the country so each individual will have a low income
because the total income of the country has to be divided
between so many citizens. The country has inadequate number of
available good jobs, and lack of investment in education that leads
to such a high inequality of income. Italy has a GNI of $20,000 and
above per capita. Italy is a developed country with a high
arithmetic density and high GNI, because a lot of people migrate
to Italy in order to receive a good income, therefore their
population is big. Sudan has a GNI below $5,000 per capita. Sudan
is a developing country with a low GNI as well as a low arithmetic
density, because Sudan is a poor country with lack of
infrastructure. With a low population, there are fewer work
opportunities. Russia has a GNI of $10,000-$9,999. Russia is a
developing country with an average GNI. Due to their low
population, the total income is divided between less people, thus
the GNI appear higher. Russia has an abundance of oil, natural gas
a precious metal, which make up a major share of Russia’s
exports. These exports make their GNI high.

4.5)
Country NIR GNI per capita ppp
Philippines 2.0 and above % below $5,000
Russia below 0 % $10,000-$9,999
Sudan 2.0 and above % below $5,000
Italy 0 – 0.9 % $20,000 and above

Philippines and Sudan are developing countries with high NIR

rates and a low GNI per capita. Due to lack of finances, education
is either bad or non-existing so with education there is a lack of
knowledge about contraception. Russia (developing) has and Italy
(developed) have low NIR because of good education and finance
to support education to learn of contraception. They also have a
high GNI per capita because they have less people to divide the
total income of the country between.

4.6) Philippines and Sudan - Due to lack of finances, education is

either bad or non-existing so with education there is a lack of
knowledge about contraception because NIR is high and GNI is
low.
Italy and Russia - They also have a high GNI per capita because
they have less people to divide the total income of the country
between. They have a low NIR because of good education and
finance to support education to learn of contraception.

4.7) Philippines is located in the tropical forest biome with a lovely

daily temperature, which can be the reason for high population
rates. Philippines is a hazardous zone when it comes to volcanoes
and earthquakes. Philippines is a developing country with lack of
infrastructure that can cause a lack of education about
contraception, which is why increase rate of population can be
high. The regular earthquakes and volcanoes do not really grand
the country opportunity to build new infrastructure, because it
can be destroyed. Sudan is located in the Desert shrub where
water is scarce. Sudan has a low population density probably
because of the harsh temperatures and dry living conditions. Italy
is located in the Mediterranean Woodlands where there are
moderate temperatures. The population of Italy is thus high
because people like to live in place where temperature is
moderate. Italy is also an area where earthquakes start but
usually these earthquakes are not that life threatening and
rarely happen. Therefore, people do not mind living in these
conditions. Italy is also a country where a lot of people migrate
to, to get away from poverty and wars. Russia is located in
Tundra. Tundra has harsh low temperatures, snow, wind and
short summers. Russia has a low population due to the
temperatures, because people prefer to live in countries with
moderate temperatures rather than extreme hot or extreme
cold.
 Bibliography
1. Carl T. Dahlman and William H. Renwick, James M. Rubenstein – Introduction
to Contemporary Geography for GGH1501/XGH1501 – Pearson Education
Limited – 2015
Declaration:

09/11