QP Code : Register Number

ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Perundurai, Erode - 638 057
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE END SEMESTER THEORY EXAMINATIONS
Nov/Dec 2022
First Semester
Department of Chemical Engineering
19MCH12-Advanced Transport Phenomena(Answer Key)
Regulations 2019
PART – A (10 x 1 = 10 Marks)
No. Multiple Choice Questions - Choose the Correct Answer BTL
1. Flow has to turbulent RE
2. 1/4 RE
3. None of these RE
4. Del.V=f(V) RE
5. Convective transport UN
6. a/4 RE
7. Time RE
8. Linear UN
9. False,true RE
10. 4 RE

PART B (10 × 2 = 20 Marks )

Answer All Questions BTL

For gases, viscosity is due to collision between gas molecules. With increase in temperature, gas RE
molecules attain more kinetic energy and the rate of collision is more. Hence, viscosity of gases increases
11. with increase in temperature.

12. The total momentum flux across a section equals: ρVVA = ρQV UN

The thermal boundary conditions are two idealized cases: T = const, isothermal condition means the UN
13. invariable temperature, when the crystal during its measurements (or exploitation) has enough time for
energy exchange with the environment

AN
Thermal conductivity in gases is brought about by energy transfer by gas molecules in the same way as
viscosity is related with momentum transfer and diffusion, with mass transfer. Therefore, all these
14.
phenomena appreciably depend on , that is the mean free path of molecules

Scale Factor is used to scale shapes in different dimensions. In geometry, we learn about different AN
15. geometrical shapes which both in two-dimension and three-dimension. The scale factor is a measure for
similar figures, who look the same but have different scales or measures

UN
It can be applied to model ocean currents, weather, air flow around wings, and the flow of water in
pipes. They are also applied in the examination of liquid flow, the study of pollution, the design of
16.
power, and other processes related to fluids
 UN
Fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual heat flow of the fin to that which would be obtained with a
fin of constant temperature uniformly equal to the base surface temperature, that is, one with infinite
17.
thermal conductivity

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature of a system remains RE

18. constant. The transfer of heat into or out of the system happens so slowly that thermal equilibrium is
maintained
The Reynolds-Colburn analogy: expresses the relation between convection and conduction heat transfer UN
19. for turbulent flow on a flat plate.

The Reynolds analogy is the oldest and simplest model to estimate the turbulent Prandtl number
20. Prt when performing RANS simulations. AN

PART C (5 × 10 =50 Marks )

No Answer All Questions Marks BTL
21. (a) For a circular tube, the natural choice is cylindrical coordinates. Since the (08) RE
fluid flow is in the z-direction, vr = 0, vθ = 0, and only vz exists. Further, vz is
independent of z and it is meaningful to postulate that velocity vz = vz(r)
and pressure p = p(z). The only nonvanishing components of the stress
tensor are τrz = τzr, which depend only on r.

Consider now a thin cylindrical shell perpendicular to the radial direction

and of length L. A 'rate of z-momentum' balance over this thin shell of
thickness Δr in the fluid is of the form:

Rate of z-momentum In − Out + Generation = Accumulation

At steady-state, the accumulation term is zero. Momentum can go 'in' and

'out' of the shell by both the convective and molecular mechanisms.
Since vz(r) is the same at both ends of the tube, the convective terms
cancel out because (ρ vz vz 2πr Δr)|z = 0 = (ρ vz vz 2πr Δr)|z = L. Only the
molecular term (2πr L τrz ) remains to be considered, whose 'in' and 'out'
directions are taken in the positive direction of the r-axis. Generation of z-
momentum occurs by the pressure force acting on the surface [p 2πr Δr]
and gravity force acting on the volume [(ρ g cos β) 2πr Δr L]. On
substituting these contributions into the z-momentum balance, we get

(2πr (1)
L τrz )
|r−
(2πr
L τrz )
| r+
Δr+

( p0
−pL
)
2πr
Δr +
 (ρ
g co
s β)
2πr
Δr
L=0

Dividing the above equation by 2π L Δr yields

(r
τrz ) p0 −
| r+ pL +
Δr − ρg
(r æ L cos ö
= r (2)
τrz ) è β ø
|r

L
Δr

On taking the limit as Δr → 0, the left-hand side of the above equation is

the definition of the first derivative. The right-hand side may be written in
a compact and convenient way by introducing the modified pressure P,
which is the sum of the pressure and gravitational terms. The general
definition of the modified pressure is P = p + ρ g h , where h is the height
(in the direction opposed to gravity) above some arbitrary preselected
datum plane. The advantages of using the modified pressure P are that (i)
the components of the gravity vector g need not be calculated in
cylindrical coordinates; (ii) the solution holds for any orientation of the
tube axis; and (iii) the effects of both pressure and gravity are in general
considered. Here, h is negative since the z-axis points downward,
giving h = − z cos β and therefore P = p − ρ g z cos β. Thus, P0 = p0 at z =
0 and PL = pL − ρ g L cos β at z = L giving p0 − pL + ρ g L cos β = P0 − PL ≡
ΔP. Thus, equation (2) gives

d ΔP
(r
τrz) r (3)
=
dr L

Equation (3) on integration leads to the following expression for the shear
stress distribution:

τrz = ΔP r+ C1 (4)
 2L r

The constant of integration C1 is determined later using boundary

conditions.

(06) RE
(Or)
Newtonian Fluids

Newtonian fluids are named after Sir Issac Newton (1642 - 1726) who described
the flow behavior of fluids with a simple linear relation between shear stress [mPa]
and shear rate [1/s]. This relationship is now known as Newton's Law of Viscosity,
where the proportionality constant η is the viscosity [mPa-s] of the fluid:

(b) (i) (05) RE

Newtonian fluids are normally comprised of small isotropic (symmetric in shape
and properties) molecules that are not oriented by flow. However, it is also
possible to have Newtonian behavior with large anisotropic molecules. For
example, low concentration protein or polymer solutions might display a constant
viscosity regardless of shear rate. It is also possible for some samples to display
Newtonian behavior at low shear rates with a plateau known as the zero shear
viscosity region.

(ii) (09) UN

(a) The more efficient a chemical reactor is designed; the less raw
22. materials must be applied for achieving the same production (07) UN
goal. In the end, the efficiency of the reaction design will
 determine the resource consumption of the whole process and is
responsible for its sustainability and its profitability. Therefore,
the conversion rate of the reaction should be increased if a
change in selectivity and the by-products formation can be
neglected. In industrial continuously operated processes,
heterogeneously catalyzed reactions are often preferred
compared to homogeneously catalyzed reactions due to the
simplified separation of catalyst, reactants, and products,
respectively. In continuous operations, plug-flow reactors are
often designed as fixed bed reactors in which the reactants are
fed in liquid or gas phase to the reactor 3. The main factors to
increase the conversion rate of an exothermic reaction in a plug
flow are the feed temperature and the residence time. If the
residence time is increased, the velocities in the reactor will be
reduced consequently. Nevertheless, the pressure drop must
always be larger than the buoyancy force that develops in the
reactor due to the evolving temperature profile of the underlying
reaction. In case of very slow velocities, the buoyancy force
exceeds the pressure drop in a fixed bed reactor and the strictly
directed flow through the reactor may reverse. In these cases,
operating points at steady-state conditions cannot be
maintained.

(07) RE

(Or)

(b) (07) UN

Needs of body are physical facilities. Physical facilities are needed (07) UN
for the body in a limited quantity. When we try and exceed these
limits, it becomes troublesome for us after some time. Let’s take the
example of eating. As far as, physical facilities (say rasgulla) go,
they are necessary in the beginning, but if we keep consuming, it
becomes intolerable with the passage of time. This applies to every
physical facility. We can only think of having unlimited physical
facilities, but if we try and consume, or have too much of physical
facilities, it only ends up becoming a problem for us. When we try to
perpetuate physical facilities, the following pattern results. With time
 it successively changes from:

Necessary and tasteful-Unnecessary but tasty -Unnecessary and

tasteless -Intolerable!
Needs of body are physical facilities. Physical facilities are
needed for the body in a limited quantity. When we try and
exceed these limits, it becomes troublesome for us after some
time. Let’s take the example of eating. As far as, physical
facilities (say rasgulla) go, they are necessary in the beginning,
but if we keep consuming, it becomes intolerable with the
passage of time. This applies to every physical facility. We can
only think of having unlimited physical facilities, but if we try
and consume, or have too much of physical facilities, it only ends
up becoming a problem for us. When we try to perpetuate
physical facilities, the following pattern results. With time it
successively changes from:
Necessary and tasteful
_Unnecessary but tasty
_Unnecessary and tasteless _Intolerable

Consider a stagnant liquid in a storage tank open to the

atmosphere. Let z be the distance measured from the surface
of the liquid in the direction of gravity. The hydrostatic
pressure distribution within the fluid is given by
(5.1-17)�=����+���
For this case the modified pressure is defined as
(5.1-18)�=�−���
Substitution of Eq. (5.1-18) into Eq. (5.1-17) gives
(5.1-19)�=����=constant
The simplicity of defining the modified pressure (14) UN
(a) comes from the fact that it is always constant
23.
under static conditions, whereas the hydrostatic
pressure varies as a function of position. Suppose
that you measure a pressure difference over a
length L of a pipe. It is difficult to estimate whether
this pressure difference comes from a flow
situation or hydrostatic distribution. However, any
variation in � implies a flow. Another distinct
advantage of defining modified pressure is that
the difference in � is independent of the
orientation of the pipe

(Or)
 The mass flow rate w is, assuming constant density ρ,
w = dm dt = d(ρV ) dt = ρ dV dt . The average velocity
is obtained by integrating the velocity over the area the AN
(b) (i) (08)
fluid is flowing through and then dividing by that area.
If the film thickness is very small, then we can say that
a is only slightly above 1.
Flow rateQ�is defined to be the volume of fluid passing by some
location through an area during a period of time. In symbols, this can
be written as
Q=�=Vt,��,

whereV�is the volume andt�is the elapsed time.

The SI unit for flow rate ism3/s,m3/s,but a number of other units AN
(ii) (06)
forQ�are in common use. For example, the heart of a resting adult
pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 liters per minute (L/min). Note that
a liter (L) is 1/1000 of a cubic meter or 1000 cubic centimeters
(10−3 m310−3 m3or103 cm3103 cm3). In this text we
shall use whatever metric units are most convenient for a given
situation.

24. (a) External mass transfer rates are generally correlated in terms
of a linear driving force expressions,
(13)∂q/∂t=kfac−c*
where t is time, kf the external mass coefficient, and c* the
equilibrium value of c. Mass transfer rates in packed beds
(i)
have been measured extensively, and the subject has
generated considerable controversy in the literature. However,
the matter has now been settled due largely to the diligent
work of Wakao and collaborators. It appears that in many of
the earlier measurements the effects of axial mixing were
underestimated, leading to erroneously low apparent values
for the film coefficient kf. By taking proper account of axial
dispersion Wakao was able to correlate many of the data from (07) CR
different laboratories for both gas and liquid systems in
accordance with the following correlation for the Sherwood
number:
(14)Sh=2kfRpDm=2.0+1.1Sc1/3Re1/2
where Sc is the Schmidt number and Re the Reynolds
number (based on particle diameter). However, it should be
recognized that if this correlation is used to estimate the film
coefficient it is essential also to use a realistic value for the axial
dispersion coefficient. Otherwise, the combined effects of
external mass transfer resistance and axial mixing will be
underestimated.

(ii) (07) UN
the method of weighted residuals (MWR) is applied to
several simple examples governing steady-state heat
 and mass transfer so that the mechanics of the
method can be illustrated without undue complexity.
The chapter describes heat conduction in a one-
dimensional case, with a temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity that leads to a nonlinear
ordinary differential equation and provides a two-
dimensional case as well that leads to a partial
differential equation. The general steady-state heat
conduction problem is treated for three-dimensional,
nonlinear cases with a variety of boundary conditions
in arbitrary domains. Mass transfer from a fluid or
solid sphere to a fluid in Stokes flow illustrates the
judicious use of perturbation methods to test the
accuracy of MWR approximate solutions. There are
three important steps in the application of MWR that
are discussed in the chapter: the choice of a trial
function, the choice of a criterion, and the calculation
of successive approximations.

(Or)
(b) (08) UN
 (06) RE

(04) RE
(a)

25.

(10) UN
(Or)

Vapor-phase catalytic transformations of chlorobenzene were

performed at 50–300 °C, 0.1 MPa in a quartz fix-bed flow-type UN
(b) (07)
reactor. Chlorobenzene was fed to the reactor in H2 flow at
molar ratio H2:C6H5Cl =55:1. Reaction products were analyzed
by GC (Agilent 6890N; DB-WAX column 30 m, flame ionization
detector). For each analysis a gas probe was taken directly
after the reactor by syringe. Each point on conversion vs time
curves is the average value for 4–5 measurements at the
stable work period.
Liquid phase HDC was investigated at 130 °C in N2+H2, at
H2 partial pressure of 1 Mpa and total pressure of 1.3 MPa in
NaOH water solution.
Vapor-phase ethanol conversion and MTBE
decomposition were carried out in a continuous flow
reactor. The film catalyst was cut into small pieces
(2 mm × 2 mm) and used as a fixed-bed catalyst. All the
film catalysts were treated at 170°C for 1 hr by passing
air (5 cc/min) before the reaction. Ethanol (or MTBE)
was preheated for vaporization and fed to the reactor
together with a carrier gas (air for ethanol conversion
and helium for MTBE decomposition). The products
were analyzed under a steady state condition with an
on-line GC (HP 5890 II). The film catalysts were
characterized by TPD, SEM (Jeol JMS-35), EDX
(Philips PV-9900), DSC (TA Instruments TA200), XRD
(Jeol JDX-5P) and ESCA (Perkin- Elmer PHI 581). All
the film catalysts were thermally stable during the
reaction because the reaction was carried out at
temperatures below the glass transition temperatures of
polymers.

26.a.

Consider the situation depicted in Figure 9.3 where a

viscous fluid flows between plates parallel to the x-axis
with lower and upper plates at y = 0 and y = h,
respectively. The flow is sustained by an externally
applied pressure gradient (∂p/∂x ≠ 0) in the x-direction,
and horizontal motion of the upper plate at speed U in
the x-direction. For this situation, the flow should be
independent of the z-direction so w = 0 and ∂/∂z = 0
can be used in the equations of motion. A steady, fully
developed flow will have a horizontal velocity u(y) that
does not depend on x so ∂u/∂x = 0. Thus, the continuity
equation, ∂u/∂x + ∂v/∂y = 0, requires ∂v/∂y = 0, and
since v = 0 at y = 0 and h, it follows that v = 0
everywhere, which reflects the fact that the flow is
parallel to the walls. Under these circumstances, u =
(u(y), 0, 0), and the x- and y-momentum equations
reduce to:
(07) UN