PHILOSOPHY Ignorance - The root of all evil according to

Plato.
- Philos (love)
- Sophia (wisdom) THE TRIPARTITE SOUL:
- “Love for/of wisdom”  The Reason - rational and motivated
- Origin: Athens, Greee (600 BCE) - logical
- critical-thinking
Self from Various Perspective:  The Appetite- desires for pleasure and
 Philosophy irrational.
 Sociology  The Spirited - Non-rational and is the will
 Anthropology or drive toward an action.
 Psychology
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
SOCRATES
 Christian Philosopher
 Mentor of Plato  At start, rejected the idea of Christianity.
 Ancient Greek philosopher  “The existence of moral evil as well as the
 Western Philosophy sufferings in the world”.

Socratic Method- way of questioning truth by PERSPECTIVES:

utilizing series of question to search for the  God as the source of all reality and truth.
correct definition of a thing. Questioning  The sinfulness of Man.
between an educator and its student/s.  Happiness can be attained form God.

PERSPECTIVES: Too much/Excessive:

 "The unexamined life is not worth living."  Physical object = Sin of Greed
 Finding one's "true self" entails  Love to others = Sin of Jealousy
discovering one's "soul.  Love for self = Sin of Pride
 Love for God = Real Happiness
PLATO (ARISTOCLES)
RENE DESCARTES
 Founded The Academy.
 Wrote Allegory of the Cave.  Father of Modern Philosophy.
 Rationalist
Theory of Forms - the physical world is not
the real world. Cartesian Doubt - to become skeptical and
Forms - abstract, perfect unchanging doubt the truth of one’s
concepts/ideas. belief.
- Intangible, eternal, never-changing - logical skepticism
- “When in doubt, throw it
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMS: out”.
1. Ageless and eternal
2. Unchanging and permanent TWO POWERS OF THE HUMAN MIND:
3. Unmoving and indivisible 1. Intuition - ability to apprehend direction
of certain truths.
Realm of Shadows - changing , sensible 2. Deduction - ability to discover what is not
things that are imperfect and flawed. known by orderly progressing from what
Realm of Forms - eternal, permanent and is already know.
perfect, and the source of all reality and true - Ex. Funnel method
knowledge.
“Cogito ergo sum” - “I think, therefore I am”  The kingdom of God is within man.

Cartesian Dualism - soul is a substance Transcendental Apperception - uniting of

separate from the body. Mind is separate from consciousness out of different inner
the brain. experiences.

JOHN LOCKE SIGMUND FREUD

 English Philosopher  Austrian neurologist

 Influential political Philosopher  Founder of psychoanalysis
 “Tabula Rasa”- we are all born with  He suggested the idea of the unconscious
nothing in mind. mind, hysteria, free association, dream
analysis, and hypnosis.
PERSPECTIVES:
 Greatest possible good LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE:
 Everything comes from experience (moral, 1. Unconscious/Subconscious - contains
religion, political values) all drives, urges, or instincts that are
 Morality is conformed towards the Divine beyond our awareness.
law (God), Civil law (Government), and 2. Preconscious - elements that are not
Law of Opinion (Society). conscious but can become conscious
when recalled.
DAVID HUME 3. Consciousness - mental elements in
awareness at any given point of time.
Empiricism - the idea that all learning comes
from only experience and observations.
- passive mind.
Perception - mind receives materials from
senses.

THE HUMAN MIND:

1. Impressions - immediate sensation of
external reality. (Direct)
2. Ideas - recollections of impressions.
(Conclusions)

PRINCIPLES OF ASSOCIATION:
1. Principle of Resemblance
- similar things tend to revive each other.
2. Principle of Contiguity
- things occurring together or next to another PROVINCES OF THE MIND:
tend to revive each other. 1. Id - Seeks pleasure (pleasure principle)
3. Principle of Cause-and-Effect 2. Ego - the only region of the mind in contact
- things in a cause and effect relationship with reality (reality principle).
revive each other. 3. Superego - represents the moral and ideal
aspects personality (moralistic principle).
 He tend to use the term “self” rather than
“soul”. GILBERT RYLE
IMMANUEL KANT  English Philosopher
 Contradicted Cartesian Dualism
 Founder of German Idealism.
 He contradicts Empiricism Ghost in the Machine - mind and brain is
 As He thinks that our mind is active rather similar and never separated.
than passive.
 “Mind doesn’t conform to the world; rather
the world conforms to the mind”.
PERSPECTIVE:
 Freedom is free but should be responsible
to its consequences.

TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE:

1. Knowing-that - everything we know;
empty intelligence.
2. Knowing-how - intelligence we apply in
our life.

THE CHURCHLANDS

 Patricia and Paul Churchland

 Canadian Philosophers
 Contradicts Cartesian Dualism
 Combined neurology and philosophy
(neurophilosophy)
 “Brain is the embodiment of the self”

PERSPECTIVES:
 Abnormalities of the brain physiology
leads to abnormal thoughts, feelings and
actions.
 Normal brain - Facilitates socially
accepted behavior
 Compromised/Abnormal brain - gives
rise to aberrant behavior.

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

 French philosopher
 Wrote books on perception, art and
political thought.

PERSPECTIVES:
 “Human body is the primary site of
knowing the world”
 Subject-body concept - weak body,
weak mind
- weak mind,
weak state, health behavior, and character
 “Perception is not constant”
 SOCIOLOGY

 A social science that deals with the study

of human interactions, societies and
processes which preserve or change
them.
 Coined by Auguste Comte, a French
philosopher.
 Come from term sociologie which derived THE “I” AND “ME”:
form the latin word Socius (companion)
and logos (study).  I Self - set of characteristics based on
how the person sees himself/herself.
Prominent Figures in Sociology:  Me Self - set of characteristics based on
how the person is seen by others.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
 February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931
 Popular in the fields of social psychology,  August 17, 1864 - May 7, 1929
sociology, philosophy and pragmatism.  He created the sociopsychological
 He created the Theory of Social Self approach.
 He suggested the Looking-glass Self
THE THEORY OF SOCIAL SELF: theory.
 Social Behaviorism - we develop our LOOKING-GLASS SELF THEORY:
own self-image as we interact with other  The person’s “self” grows out of the
people. society’s interpersonal interactions and
 “Self” is the dimension of our personality the perception of others.
that consists of individual self-image and 1. People imagine how they present
self-awareness. themselves in others.
 The ‘self’ is not present at birth but it 2. People imagine how others evaluate them.
develops over time through social 3. People develop some sort of feelings about
interaction and social experience. themselves as a result of these impressions.
STAGES OF SELF-FORMATION: ERVING GOFFMAN
1. Preparatory Stage (Birth - 2 year)  June 11, 1922 - November 19, 1982
- they learn through imitation.  Sixth most cited author in humanities and
- they become familiar with the symbols people social sciences.
use in interaction.  The Presentation of the Self in
2. Play Stage (2 - 7 years) Everyday Life – at initial stages of
- they start role-playing on the role of their socialization, people modify their
significant beings. presentation of their self to make
- Role playing - process of mentally assuming preferred characteristics and satisfy
the perspective of another person to see how particular groups of people (impression
this person might behave or respond in a given management).
situation.  Dramaturgical Approach - how people
3. Game Stage (8 - 9 years) express themselves can be associated
- they learn their role in relation to others and with theatrical representation to portray
how to take everyone else in a “game”. the nuances as well as the importance of
- they develop the “generalized other”. face-to-face interactions.
 ANTHROPOLOGY CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

 Derived from the Latin words anthropos  Study that deals with contemporary
(human) and logos (study). cultures and their contribution on how the
 Scientific study of humans, their behavior world is developed and shaped.
and societies.  Culture - a way of life by a specific
community which are transmitted from
generations to generations through
communication and imitation.
 Cultural Relativism - a person’s beliefs,
values, and actions can be best
understood through his/her own culture
instead of comparing these to other
cultures.
 Theory of Cultural Determinism - the
culture we are raised in determines our
emotionality and behavior as well as it
forms us to have the way of living we
ARCHAEOLOGY prefer.

 Scientific study of the human past through Culture is manifested through:

material remains and archaeological
records such as artifacts and architecture. 1. Symbols
 Emphasizes the past in relation to its - words, gestures, objects and pictures that
possible contribution on the modern living have recognized meaning in a particular group.
of the people. 2. Heroes
 Survival is the most important part of - People from the past and present which
human nature. portray a desirable and important part of a
culture.
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3. Rituals
- activities participated by people of a certain
 Study that deals with the biological and culture to accomplish desired objectives.
behavioral aspects of humans, particularly 4. Values
in human adaptability and evolution. - human preferences towards good and bad
 Also called physical anthropology. actions.
 Paleopathology – study of diseases in
ancient organisms
 Primatology – study of non-human
primate behavior, genetics and
morphology, as well as determining the
traits that humans share with primates
and the traits that are specific to people

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

 Scientific study that deals with how the

language affects the social lives of the
individuals and communities, as well as
how it changes over time.
 Language - a system of communication
used in a particular location or community.
Y

PSYCHOLOGY 3. Spiritual Self

- contains personality, values and morals that
 Derived from the Greek words psyche are stable and permanent.
(soul) and logos (study).
 Scientific study of human behavior and MURRAY BOWEN
mental processes
 Goals are to describe (observe), explain  American Psychiatrist
(identify the possible cause), predict  Proposed the global and differentiated self.
(initiate) and control (approach) behavior
Global Self
NATURE VS. NURTURE CONTROVERSY - product of all experience the person had in
the society which contributed to its present
 Age-old debate on the determinant of a identity.
person’s behavior. - value that you give to yourself.
 Nature: Genes
 Nurture: Experiences Differentiated Self
- product of person‘s uniqueness and sense of
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH individuality.
- individuality and uniqueness of an individual.
 An analysis of psychological traits and - togetherness and individuality must be
behavior by taking the account of balanced for better development of self.
biological, psychological and societal
factors and influences. CARL ROGERS

WILLIAM JAMES  1902 - 1987

 Proposed the Person-centered Theory.
 1842 - 1910  Self-concept - how a person thinks and
 Father of American Psychology perceives about itself.
 He suggested his Theory of Self
Real Self-concept
THEORY OF SELF - all information and perception that the person
has about itself.
 A person‘s picture of self is divided into
two categories: Ideal Self-concept
 Me Self - part of a person responsible for - model version of the person for itself.
describing its personal experiences.
(Phenomenology) (Not Indivisible) Edward Higgins’ Self Discrepancy Theory
 I Self - part of a person responsible for - people use internalized standards to which
awareness and thoughts as well as totality they compare themselves.
of identity. (Perception) (Indivisible)
Multiple Selves Theory
COMPONENTS OF ME SELF: - the self is composed of different and multiple
selves displayed depending on the situation.
1. Material Self Psychologically healthy individuals should
- contains the things and entities that belong to have unified and acknowledged all its different
a person. selves.
- any object that identifies you.
2. Social Self
- contains adaptations of a person in various
social contexts.
- adaptation in any situation.
 D.W. WINNICOTT - Self-efficacy - person’s belief that it can
achieve its goal.
 1896 - 1971 - Self-esteem - self value or worth
 English pediatrician and psychoanalyst
who studied child development. Self-Regulation
 Proposed the true and false selves. - people reactively attempt to reduce the
discrepancies between their accomplishments
True Self and their goal.
- spontaneous and authentic - after they close those discrepancies, they
- high level of self-awareness proactively set newer and higher goals for
- accepts failures themselves.

False Self INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF

- lacks spontaneity and fake
- fearful of mistakes and rejections  The person sees that it is capable of living
- arises when person is forced to comply to its own life, doing things that it loves to do,
society. making mistakes and learning from
experiences.
ALBERT BANDURA  Encouraged in western cultures.

 1925 - Present COLLECTIVE SELF

 Personality theorist
 He proposed the social cognitive theory  The person is controlled by the society on
 Also the bobo doll experiment. how it thinks, acts and conducts itself in
the society.
Modelling
- observing other people’s actions ECOLOGICAL SELF
- ex. Bobo doll experiment
 The self is an ongoing process of
Triadic Reciprocal Causation development and is affected by biological
- a person is affected by the interaction of and environmental characteristics.
environmental, personal and behavioral factors.
CONFUCIUS
Social Cognitive Theory
- the person has the capacity to exercise  Known as Master Kong and Great Sage
control of his life. and Teacher.
- proactive and agentic  Humanistic Social Philosophy - society
- human agency is the essence of being is viewed as the source of values.
human.  Ren - human goodness and signifies
heart as the most important part of
Features of Human Agency: humanity.

1. Intentionality Manifestation of Ren:

- person’s goal and awareness of behavior.
2. Forethought  Li (propriety) - adherence to culture of
- person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of his the community.
behavior.  Xiao (filiality) - respect and honor for
3. Self-reactiveness family.
- process of regulating behavior as it observes  Yi (rightness) - right way of behaving.
its own progress in achievement.  Applying the three manifestation of Ren
- monitoring progress creates a Person of Virtues.
4. Self-reflectiveness
- process of looking inward and evaluation of
motivation, values, life goal, and other people’s
effect on it.