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Probability Statistics Lecture 1

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11 views18 pages

Probability Statistics Lecture 1

Uploaded by

mustafa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY &

STATISTICS
BS 1402
Grading Breakup and Policy
• Quizes: 10%
• Mid Term Exam: 30%
• Assignments/Presentations: 15%
• Class Performance: 5%
• Final Exam: 40%
Contents
• Introduction toStatistics
• The role of Probability and Statistics
• Population, Sample
• Types of Data
• Data Collection and Sampling Techniques
Introduction to Statistics

• Why statistics is important?


• What are the branches of statistics?
The Role of Probability &
Statistics
• Statistics is used in almost all fields of human endeavor
• Statistics is used to analyze the results of surveys and as a
tool in scientific research to make decisions based on
controlled experiments
• Otheruses of statistics include operations research,
quality control, estimation, and prediction
Population and Sample
• Population:

• Sample:
Types of Data and Variables
• Qualitative variables are variables that can be placed
into distinct categories, according to some characteristic
or attribute.
• Examples: Gender, nationality, color etc.
• Quantitative variables are numerical and can be ordered
or ranked.
• Examples: Age, weight, height etc.
Types of Data and Variables
Quantitative variables can be further classified into two
groups: discrete and continuous.
• Discrete variables can be assigned values such as 0, 1, 2,
3 and are said to be countable
Examples: number of students in a class, number of days
in a month etc.
• Continuous variables can assume an infinite number of
values between any two specific values. They are
obtained by measuring. They often include fractions and
decimals
• Examples: Height, weight, temperature etc.
Classification of Data
• Based on types of variables, data can be classified as:
Classification of Data
• Based on how data can be measured or counted, data can
be classified as: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

• Examples are political party (Democratic, Republican,


Independent, etc.), religion (Christianity, Judaism, Islam,
etc.), and marital status (single, married, divorced,
widowed, separated)
Classification of Data

• Examples of ordinal data are letter grades (A, B, C, D,


F).

• Thislevel differs from the ordinal level in that precise


differences do exist between units. For example, many
standardized psychological tests yield values measured
on an interval scale. There is a meaningful difference of 1
point between an IQ of 109 and an IQ of 110.
Classification of Data

• For example, if one person can lift 200 pounds and


another can lift 100 pounds, then the ratio between them
is 2 to 1. Put another way, the first person can lift twice
as much as the second person.
Classification of Data
Here’s a summary of classification of data based on
measurement scales:
Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques
• Data can be collected in a variety of ways. One of the
most common methods is through the use of surveys.
Surveys can be done by using a variety of methods.
Three of the most common methods are the telephone
survey, the mailed questionnaire, and the personal
interview.
• To avoid bias, statisticians use four basic types of
sampling to collect data: random, systematic, stratified,
and cluster sampling
Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques
• Random Sampling:
Random samples are selected by using chance methods or
random numbers.
• Systematic Sampling:
Researchers obtain systematic samples by numbering each
subject of the population and then selecting every kth
subject. For example, a researcher may select every tenth
item from an assembly line to test for defects
Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques
• Stratified Sampling:
Researchers obtain stratified samples by dividing the
population into groups (called strata) according to some
characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling
from each group.
• Cluster Sampling:
Researchers also use cluster samples. Here the population
is divided into groups called clusters by some means such
as geographic area or schools in a large school district, etc.
Then the researcher randomly selects some of these
clusters and uses all members of the selected clusters as
the subjects of the samples
Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques
• Summary of Sampling Methods:
Thank You.

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