What is Cloud Computing

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote
servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives.
The data can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.
There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:
o Developing new applications and services
o Storage, back up, and recovery of data
o Hosting blogs and websites
o Delivery of software on demand
o Analysis of data
o Streaming videos and audios

Why Cloud Computing?

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT
infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the
basic need of IT companies.
In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls,
routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will
be handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance
engineers.
To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all
these problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into
existence.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:
1) Agility
The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among
users and works very fast.
2) High availability and reliability
The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of
infrastructure failure are minimum.
3) High Scalability
Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having
engineers for peak loads.
4) Multi-Sharing
With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more
efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.
5) Device and Location Independence
Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of
their location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is
off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can
connect from anywhere.
6) Maintenance
Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be
installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it
reduces the cost also.
7) Low Cost
By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud
computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage
of resources.
8) Services in the pay-per-use mode
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can
access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the
usage of services.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of

Cloud Computing
Advantages of Cloud Computing
As we all know that Cloud computing is trending technology. Almost every company
switched their services on the cloud to rise the company growth.
Here, we are going to discuss some important advantages of Cloud Computing-
1) Back-up and restore data
Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data
using the cloud.
2) Improved collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and
easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.
3) Excellent accessibility
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the
whole world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases
organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our data is always accessible.
4) Low maintenance cost
Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for
organizations.
5) Mobility
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.
6) IServices in the pay-per-use model
Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for
access services on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.
7) Unlimited storage capacity
Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such
as documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.
8) Data security
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many
advanced features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and
handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -
1) Internet Connectivity
As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the
cloud, and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If
you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we
have no any other way to access data from the cloud.
2) Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face
problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different
vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to
another.
3) Limited Control
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the
service provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of
services within a cloud infrastructure.
4) Security
Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store
important information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be aware
that you will be sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e.,
a cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be
a chance that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.

Cloud Computing Architecture

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations
to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the
internet connection.
Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented
architecture and event-driven architecture.
Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -
 o Front End
o Back End
The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that
are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web
servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and
mobile devices.
Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are
required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data
storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control
mechanisms, etc.
Note: Both front end and back end are connected to others through a network,
generally using the internet connection.

Components of Cloud Computing

Architecture
There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -
1. Client Infrastructure
Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User
Interface) to interact with the cloud.
2. Application
The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.
3. Service
A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement.
Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:
i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services.
Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through the web browser means we do not
require to download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is
given below –
Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.
ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is
quite similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software
creation, but using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of
any platform.
Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.
iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It is
responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco
Metapod.
4. Runtime Cloud
Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.
5. Storage
Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a
huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.
6. Infrastructure
It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage,
network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to
support the cloud computing model.
7. Management
Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime
cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish
coordination between them.
8. Security
Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security
mechanism in the back end.
9. Internet
The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and
communicate with each other.

Difference between Cloud Computing

and Grid Computing
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing uses a client-server architecture to deliver computing resources such
as servers, storage, databases, and software over the cloud (Internet) with pay-as-you-
go pricing.
Cloud computing becomes a very popular option for organizations by providing various
advantages, including cost-saving, increased productivity, efficiency, performance, data
back-ups, disaster recovery, and security.
Grid Computing
Grid computing is also called as "distributed computing." It links multiple computing
resources (PC's, workstations, servers, and storage elements) together and provides a
mechanism to access them.
The main advantages of grid computing are that it increases user productivity by
providing transparent access to resources, and work can be completed more quickly.
Let's understand the difference between cloud computing and grid computing.

Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Cloud Computing follows client-server Grid computing follows a distributed computing

computing architecture. architecture.

Scalability is high. Scalability is normal.

Cloud Computing is more flexible than Grid Computing is less flexible than cloud computing.
grid computing.

Cloud operates as a centralized Grid operates as a decentralized management system.

management system.

In cloud computing, cloud servers are In Grid computing, grids are owned and managed by the
owned by infrastructure providers. organization.
 Cloud computing uses services like Iaas, Grid computing uses systems like distributed computing,
PaaS, and SaaS. distributed information, and distributed pervasive.

Cloud Computing is Service-oriented. Grid Computing is Application-oriented.

It is accessible through standard web It is accessible through grid middleware.

protocols.

How does cloud computing work

Assume that you are an executive at a very big corporation. Your particular
responsibilities include to make sure that all of your employees have the right hardware
and software they need to do their jobs. To buy computers for everyone is not enough.
You also have to purchase software as well as software licenses and then provide these
softwares to your employees as they require. Whenever you hire a new employee, you
need to buy more software or make sure your current software license allows another
user. It is so stressful that you have to spend lots of money.
But, there may be an alternative for executives like you. So, instead of installing a suite
of software for each computer, you just need to load one application. That application
will allow the employees to log-in into a Web-based service which hosts all the
programs for the user that is required for his/her job. Remote servers owned by another
company and that will run everything from e-mail to word processing to complex data
analysis programs. It is called cloud computing, and it could change the entire computer
industry.
In a cloud computing system, there is a significant workload shift. Local computers have
no longer to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to run applications. But cloud
computing can handle that much heavy load easily and automatically. Hardware and
software demands on the user's side decrease. The only thing the user's computer
requires to be able to run is the cloud computing interface software of the system,
which can be as simple as a Web browser and the cloud's network takes care of the rest.

Cloud Computing Applications

Cloud service providers provide various applications in the field of art, business, data
storage and backup services, education, entertainment, management, social networking,
etc.
The most widely used cloud computing applications are given below -
1. Art Applications
Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily design attractive
cards, booklets, and images. Some most commonly used cloud art applications are
given below:
i Moo
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Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for designing and printing
business cards, postcards, and mini cards.
ii. Vistaprint
Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing products such as business
cards, Postcards, Booklets, and wedding invitations cards.
iii. Adobe Creative Cloud
Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists, filmmakers, and other creative
professionals. It is a suite of apps which includes PhotoShop image editing
programming, Illustrator, InDesign, TypeKit, Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.
2. Business Applications
Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every organization
requires the cloud business application to grow their business. It also ensures that
business applications are 24*7 available to users.
There are the following business applications of cloud computing -
i. MailChimp
MailChimp is an email publishing platform which provides various options to design,
send, and save templates for emails.
iii. Salesforce
Salesforce platform provides tools for sales, service, marketing, e-commerce, and more.
It also provides a cloud development platform.
iv. Chatter
Chatter helps us to share important information about the organization in real time.
v. Bitrix24
Bitrix24 is a collaboration platform which provides communication, management, and
social collaboration tools.
vi. Paypal
Paypal offers the simplest and easiest online payment mode using a secure internet
account. Paypal accepts the payment through debit cards, credit cards, and also from
Paypal account holders.
vii. Slack
Slack stands for Searchable Log of all Conversation and Knowledge. It provides
a user-friendly interface that helps us to create public and private channels for
communication.
viii. Quickbooks
Quickbooks works on the terminology "Run Enterprise anytime, anywhere, on any
device." It provides online accounting solutions for the business. It allows more than 20
users to work simultaneously on the same system.
3. Data Storage and Backup Applications
Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos)
on the cloud and access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud
provider is responsible for providing security, so they offer various backup recovery
application for retrieving the lost data.
A list of data storage and backup applications in the cloud are given below -
i. Box.com
Box provides an online environment for secure content management,
workflow, and collaboration. It allows us to store different files such as Excel, Word,
PDF, and images on the cloud. The main advantage of using box is that it provides drag
& drop service for files and easily integrates with Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, and
more than 1400 tools.
ii. Mozy
Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal and business data. It
schedules automatically back up for each day at a specific time.
iii. Joukuu
Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-based backup files. Many
users use joukuu to search files, folders, and collaborate on documents.
iv. Google G Suite
Google G Suite is one of the best cloud storage and backup application. It includes
Google Calendar, Docs, Forms, Google+, Hangouts, as well as cloud storage and tools
for managing cloud apps. The most popular app in the Google G Suite is Gmail. Gmail
offers free email services to users.
4. Education Applications
Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online
distance learning platforms and student information portals to the students. The
advantage of using cloud in the field of education is that it offers strong virtual
classroom environments, Ease of accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater
reach for the students, and minimal hardware requirements for the applications.
There are the following education applications offered by the cloud -
i. Google Apps for Education
Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free web-based email,
calendar, documents, and collaborative study.
ii. Chromebooks for Education
Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google's projects. It is
designed for the purpose that it enhances education innovation.
iii. Tablets with Google Play for Education
It allows educators to quickly implement the latest technology solutions into the
classroom and make it available to their students.
iv. AWS in Education
AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to universities, community
colleges, and schools.
5. Entertainment Applications
Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target
audience. Cloud computing offers various entertainment applications such as online
games and video conferencing.
i. Online games
Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important entertainment media. It offers
various online games that run remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services
are Shaow, GeForce Now, Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation Now.
ii. Video Conferencing Apps
Video conferencing apps provides a simple and instant connected experience. It allows
us to communicate with our business partners, friends, and relatives using a cloud-
based video conferencing. The benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces
cost, increases efficiency, and removes interoperability.
6. Management Applications
Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage
all types of cloud activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster
recovery. These management tools also provide administrative control over the
platforms, applications, and infrastructure.
Some important management applications are -
i. Toggl
Toggl helps users to track allocated time period for a particular project.
ii. Evernote
Evernote allows you to sync and save your recorded notes, typed notes, and other notes
in one convenient place. It is available for both free as well as a paid version.
It uses platforms like Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and Unix.
iii. Outright
Outright is used by management users for the purpose of accounts. It helps to track
income, expenses, profits, and losses in real-time environment.
iv. GoToMeeting
GoToMeeting provides Video Conferencing and online meeting apps, which allows
you to start a meeting with your business partners from anytime, anywhere using
mobile phones or tablets. Using GoToMeeting app, you can perform the tasks related to
the management such as join meetings in seconds, view presentations on the shared
screen, get alerts for upcoming meetings, etc.
7. Social Applications
Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other using
social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.
There are the following cloud based social applications -
i. Facebook
Facebook is a social networking website which allows active users to share files,
photos, videos, status, more to their friends, relatives, and business partners using the
cloud storage system. On Facebook, we will always get notifications when our friends
like and comment on the posts.
ii. Twitter
Twitter is a social networking site. It is a microblogging system. It allows users to
follow high profile celebrities, friends, relatives, and receive news. It sends and receives
short posts called tweets.
iii. Yammer
Yammer is the best team collaboration tool that allows a team of employees to chat,
share images, documents, and videos.
iv. LinkedIn
LinkedIn is a social network for students, freshers, and professionals.

What are the Security Risks of Cloud

Computing
Cloud computing provides various advantages, such as improved collaboration,
excellent accessibility, Mobility, Storage capacity, etc. But there are also security risks in
cloud computing.
Some most common Security Risks of Cloud Computing are given below-
Data Loss
Data loss is the most common cloud security risks of cloud computing. It is also known
as data leakage. Data loss is the process in which data is being deleted, corrupted, and
unreadable by a user, software, or application. In a cloud computing environment, data
loss occurs when our sensitive data is somebody else's hands, one or more data
elements can not be utilized by the data owner, hard disk is not working properly, and
software is not updated.
Hacked Interfaces and Insecure APIs
As we all know, cloud computing is completely depends on Internet, so it is compulsory
to protect interfaces and APIs that are used by external users. APIs are the easiest way to
communicate with most of the cloud services. In cloud computing, few services are
available in the public domain. These services can be accessed by third parties, so there
may be a chance that these services easily harmed and hacked by hackers.
Data Breach
Data Breach is the process in which the confidential data is viewed, accessed, or stolen
by the third party without any authorization, so organization's data is hacked by the
hackers.
Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the of the biggest security risks in cloud computing. Organizations
may face problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As
different vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving one cloud
to another.
Increased complexity strains IT staff
Migrating, integrating, and operating the cloud services is complex for the IT staff. IT
staff must require the extra capability and skills to manage, integrate, and maintain the
data to the cloud.
Spectre & Meltdown
Spectre & Meltdown allows programs to view and steal data which is currently
processed on computer. It can run on personal computers, mobile devices, and in the
cloud. It can store the password, your personal information such as images, emails, and
business documents in the memory of other running programs.
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks
Denial of service (DoS) attacks occur when the system receives too much traffic to buffer
the server. Mostly, DoS attackers target web servers of large organizations such as
banking sectors, media companies, and government organizations. To recover the lost
data, DoS attackers charge a great deal of time and money to handle the data.
Account hijacking
Account hijacking is a serious security risk in cloud computing. It is the process in which
individual user's or organization's cloud account (bank account, e-mail account, and
social media account) is stolen by hackers. The hackers use the stolen account to
perform unauthorized activities.

Types of Cloud
There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the
organization's needs-
 o Public Cloud
o Private Cloud
o Hybrid Cloud
o Community Cloud

Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the
pay-per-usage method.
In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service
Provider (CSP).
Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft,
Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
Advantages of Public Cloud
There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -
o Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about
the maintenance.
o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to
consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the
internet.
o Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
o It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
o The Client has no control of data.
Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by
organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third
party. It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.
Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts-
o On-premise private cloud
o Outsourced private cloud

Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -
o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
o Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
o The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the
organization itself. So, there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and
data security is the first priority.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud
o Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and
organizations that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to
maintain and manage the cloud.

Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:
Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud
Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public
cloud can be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private
cloud can be accessed only by the organization's users.
Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365
(MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -
o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public
cloud.
 o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.
o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one
type of deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

Community Cloud
Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific
community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the
community, a third party, or a combination of them.
Example: Health Care community cloud

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -
o Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by several
organizations or communities.
 o Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a collaborative cloud
with more security features than the public cloud.
o It provides better security than the public cloud.
o It provdes collaborative and distributive environment.
o Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other
capabilities among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.
o Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
o It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.

Difference between public cloud, private cloud,

hybrid cloud, and community cloud -
The below table shows the difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud,
and community cloud.

Paramete Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community Cloud

r

Host Service Enterprise (Third Enterprise (Third Community (Third

provider party) party) party)

Users General public Selected users Selected users Community members

Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN

Owner Service Enterprise Enterprise Community

provider

Public Cloud
 o Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is accessible to the general
public through an Internet connection.
o Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and administrated by the third
party, i.e., Cloud service provider.
o In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by multiple users at the same time.
o Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities, government
organizations, or a combination of them.
o Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure, IBM's Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud, and
Google Cloud are examples of the public cloud.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of public cloud -
1) Low Cost
Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares the same
resources with a large number of consumers.
2) Location Independent
Public cloud is location independent because its services are offered through the
internet.
3) Save Time
In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage and maintain
data centers in which data is stored, so the cloud user can save their time to establish
connectivity, deploying new products, release product updates, configure, and assemble
servers.
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4) Quickly and easily set up

Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the internet and deployed and configured
it remotely through the cloud service provider within a few hours.
5) Business Agility
Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer resources based on the
organization's requirements.
6) Scalability and reliability
Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and reliable (24*7 available)
services to the users at an affordable cost.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

1) Low Security
Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
2) Performance
In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet connectivity.
3) Less customizable
Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud.

Private Cloud
o Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.
o Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the
organization) and selected users instead of the general public.
o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls and
internal hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not accessible to
third-party providers.
o HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud, and Ubuntu are the example of a
private cloud.
Advantages of Private cloud
There are the following advantages of Private Cloud -
1) More Control
Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than public clouds
because it is only accessed by selected users.
2) Security & privacy
Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud computing. Private cloud
improved the security level as compared to the public cloud.
3) Improved performance
Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

1) High cost
The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain hardware resources
are costly.
2) Restricted area of operations
As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of
operations is limited.
3) Limited scalability
Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal hosted resources.
4) Skilled people
Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

Hybrid Cloud
o Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.
Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud
o The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a unified,
automated, and well-managed computing environment.
o In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public
cloud and critical activities are performed by the private cloud.
o Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities.
o The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google,
Cisco, and NetApp.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -
1) Flexible and secure
It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources because
of the private cloud.
2) Cost effective
Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations to save costs for
both infrastructure and application support.
3) Cost effective
It offers the features of both the public as well as the private cloud. A hybrid cloud is
capable of adapting to the demands that each company needs for space, memory, and
system.
4) Security
Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed by the private cloud.
5) Risk Management
Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to manage the risk.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

1) Networking issues
In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of the private and the public
cloud.
2) Infrastructure Compatibility
Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid cloud. With dual-levels of
infrastructure, a private cloud controls the company, and a public cloud does not, so
there is a possibility that they are running in separate stacks.
3) Reliability
The reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

Community Cloud
Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be
accessible by a group of several organizations to share the information. It is owned,
managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third party,
or a combination of them.
Example: Our government organization within India may share computing
infrastructure in the cloud to manage data.

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -
Cost effective
Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared between several
organizations or a community.
Flexible and Scalable
The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with every user. It
allows the users to modify the documents as per their needs and requirement.
Security
Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than the private
cloud.
Sharing infrastructure
Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other
capabilities among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

There are the following disadvantages of Community Cloud -
o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.
o Slow adoption to data
 o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.
o Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
o Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.

Cloud Service Models

There are the following three types of cloud service models -
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure
managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to
avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.
Characteristics of IaaS
There are the following characteristics of IaaS -
o Resources are available as a service
 o Services are highly scalable
o Dynamic and flexible
o GUI and API-based access
o Automated administrative tasks
Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.
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Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and
manage the applications.
Characteristics of PaaS
There are the following characteristics of PaaS -
o Accessible to various users via the same development application.
o Integrates with web services and databases.
o Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per
the organization's need.
o Support multiple languages and frameworks.
o Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".
Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App
Engine, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications
are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help
of internet connection and web browser.
Characteristics of SaaS
There are the following characteristics of SaaS -
o Managed from a central location
o Hosted on a remote server
o Accessible over the internet
 o Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied
automatically.
o The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis
Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,
ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.

Difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS

The below table shows the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS -

IaaS Paas SaaS

It provides a virtual data center to It provides virtual platforms and It provides web software and
store information and create tools to create, test, and deploy apps to complete business
platforms for app development, apps. tasks.
testing, and deployment.

It provides access to resources It provides runtime environments It provides software as a

such as virtual machines, virtual and deployment tools for service to the end-users.
storage, etc. applications.

It is used by network architects. It is used by developers. It is used by end users.

IaaS provides only Infrastructure. PaaS provides SaaS provides

Infrastructure+Platform. Infrastructure+Platform
+Software.

Infrastructure as a Service | IaaS

Iaas is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is one of the layers of the cloud
computing platform. It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures such as
servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual machines, and other resources.
Customers access these resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per use model.
In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific period of
time, with pre-determined hardware configuration. The client paid for the configuration
and time, regardless of the actual use. With the help of the IaaS cloud computing
platform layer, clients can dynamically scale the configuration to meet changing
requirements and are billed only for the services actually used.
IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to
maintain the IT infrastructure.
IaaS is offered in three models: public, private, and hybrid cloud. The private cloud
implies that the infrastructure resides at the customer-premise. In the case of public
cloud, it is located at the cloud computing platform vendor's data center, and the hybrid
cloud is a combination of the two in which the customer selects the best of both public
cloud or private cloud.
IaaS provider provides the following services -
1. Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units and virtual
main memory for the Vms that is provisioned to the end- users.
2. Storage: IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.
3. Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking components such as routers,
switches, and bridges for the Vms.
4. Load balancers: It provides load balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.

Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

There are the following advantages of IaaS computing layer -
1. Shared infrastructure
IaaS allows multiple users to share the same physical infrastructure.
2. Web access to the resources
Iaas allows IT users to access resources over the internet.
3. Pay-as-per-use model
IaaS providers provide services based on the pay-as-per-use basis. The users are
required to pay for what they have used.
4. Focus on the core business
IaaS providers focus on the organization's core business rather than on IT infrastructure.
5. On-demand scalability
On-demand scalability is one of the biggest advantages of IaaS. Using IaaS, users do not
worry about to upgrade software and troubleshoot the issues related to hardware
components.
Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer
1. Security
Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of the IaaS providers are not able to
provide 100% security.
2. Maintenance & Upgrade
Although IaaS service providers maintain the software, but they do not upgrade the
software for some organizations.
3. Interoperability issues
It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS provider to the other, so the customers might
face problem related to vendor lock-in.
Some important point about IaaS cloud computing
layer
IaaS cloud computing platform cannot replace the traditional hosting method, but it
provides more than that, and each resource which are used are predictable as per the
usage.
IaaS cloud computing platform may not eliminate the need for an in-house IT
department. It will be needed to monitor or control the IaaS setup. IT salary expenditure
might not reduce significantly, but other IT expenses can be reduced.
Breakdowns at the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's can bring your business to
the halt stage. Assess the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's stability and finances.
Make sure that SLAs (i.e., Service Level Agreement) provide backups for data, hardware,
network, and application failures. Image portability and third-party support is a plus
point.
The IaaS cloud computing platform vendor can get access to your sensitive data. So,
engage with credible companies or organizations. Study their security policies and
precautions.
Top Iaas Providers who are providing IaaS cloud
computing platform

IaaS Vendor Iaas Solution Details

Amazon Web Elastic, Elastic Compute The cloud computing platform pioneer, Amazon
Services Cloud (EC2) MapReduce, offers auto scaling, cloud monitoring, and load
Route 53, Virtual Private balancing features as part of its portfolio.
Cloud, etc.

Netmagic Netmagic IaaS Cloud Netmagic runs from data centers in Mumbai,
Solutions Chennai, and Bangalore, and a virtual data center in
the United States. Plans are underway to extend
services to West Asia.

Rackspace Cloud servers, cloud files, The cloud computing platform vendor focuses
cloud sites, etc. primarily on enterprise-level hosting services.
 Reliance Reliance Internet Data RIDC supports both traditional hosting and cloud
Communications Center services, with data centers in Mumbai, Bangalore,
Hyderabad, and Chennai. The cloud services offered
by RIDC include IaaS and SaaS.

Sify Technologies Sify IaaS Sify's cloud computing platform is powered by HP's
converged infrastructure. The vendor offers all three
types of cloud services: IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.

Tata InstaCompute InstaCompute is Tata Communications' IaaS

Communications offering. InstaCompute data centers are located in
Hyderabad and Singapore, with operations in both
countries.

Platform as a Service | PaaS

Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows programmers to
easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications. You can purchase these
applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use basis and access them
using the Internet connection. In PaaS, back end scalability is managed by the cloud
service provider, so end- users do not need to worry about managing the infrastructure.
PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform
(middleware, development tools, database management systems, business intelligence,
and more) to support the web application life cycle.
Example: Google App Engine, Force.com, Joyent, Azure.
PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks,
Databases, and Other tools:
1. Programming languages
PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the developers to develop
the applications. Some popular programming languages provided by PaaS providers are
Java, PHP, Ruby, Perl, and Go.
2. Application frameworks
PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand the application
development. Some popular application frameworks provided by PaaS providers are
Node.js, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.
3. Databases
PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and
Redis to communicate with the applications.
4. Other tools
PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to develop, test, and deploy
the applications.
Advantages of PaaS
There are the following advantages of PaaS -
1) Simplified Development
PaaS allows developers to focus on development and innovation without worrying
about infrastructure management.
2) Lower risk
No need for up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers only need a PC
and an internet connection to start building applications.
3) Prebuilt business functionality
Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business functionality so that users can
avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can directly start the projects
only.
4) Instant community
PaaS vendors frequently provide online communities where the developer can get the
ideas to share experiences and seek advice from others.
5) Scalability
Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without any changes to
the applications.
Disadvantages of PaaS cloud computing layer
1) Vendor lock-in
One has to write the applications according to the platform provided by the PaaS
vendor, so the migration of an application to another PaaS vendor would be a problem.
2) Data Privacy
Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be private, so if it is not located
within the walls of the company, there can be a risk in terms of privacy of data.
3) Integration with the rest of the systems applications
It may happen that some applications are local, and some are in the cloud. So there will
be chances of increased complexity when we want to use data which in the cloud with
the local data.
Popular PaaS Providers

The below table shows some popular PaaS providers and services that are provided by
them -

Providers Services

Google App Engine (GAE) App Identity, URL Fetch, Cloud storage client library, Logservice

Salesforce.com Faster implementation, Rapid scalability, CRM Services, Sales cloud, Mobile
connectivity, Chatter.

Windows Azure Compute, security, IoT, Data Storage.

AppFog Justcloud.com, SkyDrive, GoogleDocs

Openshift RedHat, Microsoft Azure.

 Cloud Foundry from Data, Messaging, and other services.
VMware

Software as a Service | SaaS

SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software distribution model in
which services are hosted by a cloud service provider. These services are available to
end-users over the internet so, the end-users do not need to install any software on
their devices to access these services.
There are the following services provided by SaaS providers -
Business Services - SaaS Provider provides various business services to start-up the
business. The SaaS business services include ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), billing, and sales.
Document Management - SaaS document management is a software application
offered by a third party (SaaS providers) to create, manage, and track electronic
documents.
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Example: Slack, Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.

Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites are used by the general
public, so social networking service providers use SaaS for their convenience and handle
the general public's information.
Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-mail
services, many e-mail providers offering their services using SaaS.
Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1) SaaS is easy to buy
SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it allows
organizations to access business functionality at a low cost, which is less than licensed
applications.
Unlike traditional software, which is sold as a licensed based with an up-front cost (and
often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers are generally pricing the
applications using a subscription fee, most commonly a monthly or annually fee.
2. One to Many
SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single instance of the
application is shared by multiple users.
3. Less hardware required for SaaS
The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need to invest in additional
hardware.
4. Low maintenance required for SaaS
Software as a service removes the need for installation, set-up, and daily maintenance
for the organizations. The initial set-up cost for SaaS is typically less than the enterprise
software. SaaS vendors are pricing their applications based on some usage parameters,
such as a number of users using the application. So SaaS does easy to monitor and
automatic updates.
5. No special software or hardware versions required
All users will have the same version of the software and typically access it through the
web browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and software
maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.
6. Multidevice support
SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as desktops, laptops, tablets,
phones, and thin clients.
7. API Integration
SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services through standard APIs.
8. No client-side installation
SaaS services are accessed directly from the service provider using the internet
connection, so do not need to require any software installation.

Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing

layer
1) Security
Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an issue for some users.
However, cloud computing is not more secure than in-house deployment.
2) Latency issue
Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at a variable distance from the end-
user, there is a possibility that there may be greater latency when interacting with the
application compared to local deployment. Therefore, the SaaS model is not suitable for
applications whose demand response time is in milliseconds.
3) Total Dependency on Internet
Without an internet connection, most SaaS applications are not usable.
4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult
Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of transferring the very large
data files over the internet and then converting and importing them into another SaaS
also.
Popular SaaS Providers

The below table shows some popular SaaS providers and services that are provided by
them -

Provider Services

Salseforce.com On-demand CRM solutions

Microsoft Office Online office suite

365

Google Apps Gmail, Google Calendar, Docs, and sites

NetSuite ERP, accounting, order management, CRM, Professionals Services Automation

 (PSA), and e-commerce applications.

GoToMeeting Online meeting and video-conferencing software

Constant Contact E-mail marketing, online survey, and event marketing

Oracle CRM CRM applications

Workday, Inc Human capital management, payroll, and financial management.

Virtualization in Cloud Computing

Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such
as a server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources".
In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a single physical
instance of a resource or an application among multiple customers and organizations. It
does by assigning a logical name to a physical storage and providing a pointer to that
physical resource when demanded.

What is the concept behind the

Virtualization?
Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is known as
Hardware Virtualization. A Virtual machine provides an environment that is logically
separated from the underlying hardware.
The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create is known as Host
Machine and that virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine

Types of Virtualization:
1. Hardware Virtualization.
2. Operating system Virtualization.
3. Server Virtualization.
4. Storage Virtualization.
1) Hardware Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is directly
installed on the hardware system is known as hardware virtualization.
The main job of hypervisor is to control and monitoring the processor, memory and
other hardware resources.
After virtualization of hardware system we can install different operating system on it
and run different applications on those OS.
Usage:
Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server platforms, because controlling
virtual machines is much easier than controlling a physical server.
2) Operating System Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is installed on the
Host operating system instead of directly on the hardware system is known as operating
system virtualization.
Usage:
Operating System Virtualization is mainly used for testing the applications on different
platforms of OS.
3) Server Virtualization:
When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is directly
installed on the Server system is known as server virtualization.
Usage:
Server virtualization is done because a single physical server can be divided into multiple
servers on the demand basis and for balancing the load.
4) Storage Virtualization:
Storage virtualization is the process of grouping the physical storage from multiple
network storage devices so that it looks like a single storage device.
Storage virtualization is also implemented by using software applications.
Usage:
Storage virtualization is mainly done for back-up and recovery purposes.

How does virtualization work in cloud

computing?
Virtualization plays a very important role in the cloud computing technology, normally
in the cloud computing, users share the data present in the clouds like application etc,
but actually with the help of virtualization users shares the Infrastructure.
The main usage of Virtualization Technology is to provide the applications with the
standard versions to their cloud users, suppose if the next version of that application is
released, then cloud provider has to provide the latest version to their cloud users and
practically it is possible because it is more expensive.
To overcome this problem we use basically virtualization technology, By using
virtualization, all severs and the software application which are required by other cloud
providers are maintained by the third party people, and the cloud providers has to pay
the money on monthly or annual basis.

Conclusion
Mainly Virtualization means, running multiple operating systems on a single machine
but sharing all the hardware resources. And it helps us to provide the pool of IT
resources so that we can share these IT resources in order get benefits in the business.

Data Virtualization
Data virtualization is the process of retrieve data from various resources without
knowing its type and physical location where it is stored. It collects heterogeneous data
from different resources and allows data users across the organization to access this
data according to their work requirements. This heterogeneous data can be accessed
using any application such as web portals, web services, E-commerce, Software as a
Service (SaaS), and mobile application.
We can use Data Virtualization in the field of data integration, business
intelligence, and cloud computing.
Advantages of Data Virtualization
There are the following advantages of data virtualization -
 o It allows users to access the data without worrying about where it resides on the
memory.
o It offers better customer satisfaction, retention, and revenue growth.
o It provides various security mechanism that allows users to safely store their personal
and professional information.
o It reduces costs by removing data replication.
o It provides a user-friendly interface to develop customized views.
o It provides various simple and fast deployment resources.
o It increases business user efficiency by providing data in real-time.
o It is used to perform tasks such as data integration, business integration, Service-
Oriented Architecture (SOA) data services, and enterprise search.

Disadvantages of Data Virtualization

o It creates availability issues, because availability is maintained by third-party providers.
o It required a high implementation cost.
o It creates the availability and scalability issues.
o Although it saves time during the implementation phase of virtualization but it consumes
more time to generate the appropriate result.

Uses of Data Virtualization

There are the following uses of Data Virtualization -
1. Analyze performance
Data virtualization is used to analyze the performance of the organization compared to
previous years.
2. Search and discover interrelated data
Data Virtualization (DV) provides a mechanism to easily search the data which is similar
and internally related to each other.
3. Agile Business Intelligence
It is one of the most common uses of Data Virtualization. It is used in agile reporting,
real-time dashboards that require timely aggregation, analyze and present the relevant
data from multiple resources. Both individuals and managers use this to monitor
performance, which helps to make daily operational decision processes such as sales,
support, finance, logistics, legal, and compliance.
4. Data Management
Data virtualization provides a secure centralized layer to search, discover, and govern
the unified data and its relationships.
Data Virtualization Tools
There are the following Data Virtualization tools -
1. Red Hat JBoss data virtualization
Red Hat virtualization is the best choice for developers and those who are using micro
services and containers. It is written in Java.
2. TIBCO data virtualization
TIBCO helps administrators and users to create a data virtualization platform for
accessing the multiple data sources and data sets. It provides a
builtin transformation engine to combine non-relational and un-structured data
sources.
3. Oracle data service integrator
It is a very popular and powerful data integrator tool which is mainly worked with Oracle
products. It allows organizations to quickly develop and manage data services to access
a single view of data.
4. SAS Federation Server
SAS Federation Server provides various technologies such as scalable, multi-user, and
standards-based data access to access data from multiple data services. It mainly
focuses on securing data.
5. Denodo
Denodo is one of the best data virtualization tools which allows organizations to
minimize the network traffic load and improve response time for large data sets. It is
suitable for both small as well as large organizations.
Industries that use Data Virtualization
o Communication & Technology
In Communication & Technology industry, data virtualization is used to increase revenue
per customer, create a real-time ODS for marketing, manage customers, improve
customer insights, and optimize customer care, etc.
o Finance
In the field of finance, DV is used to improve trade reconciliation, empowering data
democracy, addressing data complexity, and managing fixed-risk income.
o Government
In the government sector, DV is used for protecting the environment.
o Healthcare
Data virtualization plays a very important role in the field of healthcare. In healthcare, DV
helps to improve patient care, drive new product innovation, accelerating M&A
synergies, and provide a more efficient claims analysis.
o Manufacturing
In manufacturing industry, data virtualization is used to optimize a global supply chain,
optimize factories, and improve IT assets utilization.