SWAMI VIVEKANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(POLYTECHNIC), SOLAPUR.

Micro Project Report On

“Transport Layer Protocols”

Of Subject

Advanced Computer Network(22520)

Submitted by

Name:- Roll No:-

Ms. Laxmi Shriniwas Boga 343

Ms. Sneha Vitthal Puttha 338

Ms. Monika Sunil Kenchi 346

Under The Guidance Of

Mr. Shinde.V.P.

Academic Year:- 2020-2021

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that:

Name Roll No

Ms. Laxmi Shriniwas Boga 343

Ms. Sneha Vitthal Puttha 338

Ms. Monika Sunil Kenchi 346

Above students has completed the micro project of subject “Advanced Computer Network”

The academic year 2020-2021 as prescribed in curriculum002E

Mr. Shinde.V.P. Mr. Katre D.D. Prof. Gore

(Subject Teacher) (H.O.D) (Principal)

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 List of Contents

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1 Brief Introduction 4

2 Aim Of Micro Project 4

3 Course Outcomes 4

4 Actual Procedure Followed 5

5 Actual Resources Used 9

Skill Developed /
6 9
Learning out of this Micro-Project

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 ❖ BRIEF INTRODUCTION

The transport layer is the fourth layer of the OSY Model. It provides host to host communication
services for the application. It receives data from the application, and breaks it into chunks called segments,
and sends them to the network router for delivery.

❖ AIM OF MICRO PROJECT

Transport layer protocols The objectives of a transport layer protocol include the setting up of an end-
to-end connection, end-to- end delivery of data packets, flow control, and congestion control. At transport
layer TCP and UDP are two protocols.

Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer
services to the upper layers. The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control,
segmentation and de-segmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state- and connection-oriented.
This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail. The
transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next
data if no errors occurred. Typical examples of layer 4 are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

❖ COURSE OUTCOMES

● Implement different Transport Layer Protocol

● Configure User Datagram Protocol (UDP) using relevant software.

● Configure Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) using relevant software.

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 ❖ ACTUAL PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

❖ Transport Layer Protocols

o The transport layer is represented by two protocols: TCP and UDP.

o The IP protocol in the network layer delivers a datagram from a source host to the destination host.

o Nowadays, the operating system supports multiuser and multiprocessing environments, an executing
program is called a process. When a host sends a message to other host means that source process is
sending a process to a destination process. The transport layer protocols define some connections to
individual ports known as protocol ports.

o An IP protocol is a host-to-host protocol used to deliver a packet from source host to the destination
host while transport layer protocols are port-to-port protocols that work on the top of the IP protocols
to deliver the packet from the originating port to the IP services, and from IP services to the
destination port.

o Each port is defined by a positive integer address, and it is of 16 bits.

⮚ UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

o UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol.

o UDP is a simple protocol and it provides non-sequenced transport functionality.
o UDP is a connectionless protocol.
o This type of protocol is used when reliability and security are less important than speed and size.
o UDP is an end-to-end transport level protocol that adds transport-level addresses, checksum error
control, and length information to the data from the upper layer.
o The packet produced by the UDP protocol is known as a user datagram.

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 ▪ User Datagram Format

o Source port address: It defines the address of the application process that has delivered a message.
The source port address is of 16 bits address.

o Destination port address: It defines the address of the application process that will receive the
message. The destination port address is of a 16-bit address.

o Total length: It defines the total length of the user datagram in bytes. It is a 16-bit field.

o Checksum: The checksum is a 16-bit field which is used in error detection.

▪ Disadvantages of UDP protocol

o UDP provides basic functions needed for the end-to-end delivery of a transmission.
o It does not provide any sequencing or reordering functions and does not specify the damaged packet
when reporting an error.
o UDP can discover that an error has occurred, but it does not specify which packet has been lost as it
o does not contain an ID or sequencing number of a particular data segment.

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 ⮚ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
o TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.
o It provides full transport layer services to applications.
o It is a connection-oriented protocol means the connection established between both the ends of the
transmission. For creating the connection, TCP generates a virtual circuit between sender and
receiver for the duration of a transmission.

▪ Features Of TCP protocol

o Stream data transfer: TCP protocol transfers the data in the form of contiguous stream of bytes.
TCP group the bytes in the form of TCP segments and then passed it to the IP layer for transmission
to the destination. TCP itself segments the data and forward to the IP.

o Reliability: TCP assigns a sequence number to each byte transmitted and expects a positive
acknowledgement from the receiving TCP. If ACK is not received within a timeout interval, then the
data is retransmitted to the destination. The receiving TCP uses the sequence number to reassemble
the segments if they arrive out of order or to eliminate the duplicate segments.

o Flow Control: When receiving TCP sends an acknowledgement back to the sender indicating the
number the bytes it can receive without overflowing its internal buffer. The number of bytes is sent
in ACK in the form of the highest sequence number that it can receive without any problem. This
mechanism is also referred to as a window mechanism.

o Multiplexing: Multiplexing is a process of accepting the data from different applications and
forwarding to the different applications on different computers. At the receiving end, the data is
forwarded to the correct application. This process is known as demultiplexing. TCP transmits the
packet to the correct application by using the logical channels known as ports.

o Logical Connections: The combination of sockets, sequence numbers, and window sizes, is called a
logical connection. Each connection is identified by the pair of sockets used by sending and
receiving processes.

o Full Duplex: TCP provides Full Duplex service, i.e., the data flow in both the directions at the same
time. To achieve Full Duplex service, each TCP should have sending and receiving buffers so that
the segments can flow in both the directions. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. Suppose the
process A wants to send and receive the data from process B. The following steps occur:

▪ TCP Segment Format

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 o Source port address: It is used to define the address of the application program in a source
computer. It is a 16-bit field.
o Destination port address: It is used to define the address of the application program in a destination
computer. It is a 16-bit field.
o Sequence number: A stream of data is divided into two or more TCP segments. The 32-bit
sequence number field represents the position of the data in an original data stream.
o Acknowledgement number: A 32-field acknowledgement number acknowledge the data from other
communicating devices. If ACK field is set to 1, then it specifies the sequence number that the
receiver is expecting to receive.
o Header Length (HLEN): It specifies the size of the TCP header in 32-bit words. The minimum size
of the header is 5 words, and the maximum size of the header is 15 words. Therefore, the maximum
size of the TCP header is 60 bytes, and the minimum size of the TCP header is 20 bytes.
o Reserved: It is a six-bit field which is reserved for future use.
o Control bits: Each bit of a control field functions individually and independently. A control bit
defines the use of a segment or serves as a validity check for other fields.
o URG: The URG field indicates that the data in a segment is urgent.
o ACK: When ACK field is set, then it validates the acknowledgement number.
o PSH: The PSH field is used to inform the sender that higher throughput is needed so if possible, data
must be pushed with higher throughput.
o RST: The reset bit is used to reset the TCP connection when there is any confusion occurs in the
sequence numbers.
o SYN: The SYN field is used to synchronize the sequence numbers in three types of segments:
connection request, connection confirmation ( with the ACK bit set ), and confirmation
acknowledgement.
o FIN: The FIN field is used to inform the receiving TCP module that the sender has finished sending
data. It is used in connection termination in three types of segments: termination request, termination
confirmation, and acknowledgement of termination confirmation.
o Window Size: The window is a 16-bit field that defines the size of the window.
o Checksum: The checksum is a 16-bit field used in error detection.
o Urgent pointer: If URG flag is set to 1, then this 16-bit field is an offset from the sequence number
indicating that it is a last urgent data byte.
o Options and padding: It defines the optional fields that convey the additional information to the
receiver.
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 ❖ ACTUAL RESOURCES USED

Sr.no Instrument/object/software specification Quantity

1. Pc/Laptop I3 processor,4GB 1
Ram

2. Software Microsoft Word 1

3. Operating system Windows10 1

❖ SKILL DEVELOPED / LEARNING OUT OF THIS MICRO-PROJECT

● The Transport layer is built on the Internetwork layer and is what makes our design,
Web development, programming, or even network administration. At a minimum, you will be a
much wiser network citizen.

● Open protocol standards, freely available and developed independently from any specific computer
hardware or operating system. Because it is so widely supported, TCP/IP is ideal for uniting different
hardware and software components, even if you don’t communicate over the Internet.

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