Dams and reservoirs

Lecture 2
 lrrigation structures

 Control structures
- Dams
- Regluators
- Locks
- Weirs
- Escapes

Crossing structures
- Bridges
- Culvert
- Syphons
- Aqueducts
 Data Required for dam construction

River hydrographic data (bed levels, flood

levels, cross section, bank/valley levels)
Groundwater table data in the vicinity, u/s
and d/s area
 Public recreation need
Land evaluation
Public/Private buildings
Availability of construction materials
River stage-discharge data (u/s, tail water)
 Geo-political economic data
Demographic/land ownership/housing data
for the reservoir area
 Data Required for dam construction

Location & vicinity map

Topographic
Elevation surveys
Transportation map (road, rail, air)
Geological / rock formations data of dam site
Seismic/tectonic activity map
Climatic data
Stream flow data (daily average flows)
Sediment data
 Data Required for dam construction
River environment/ecology (u/s, at site, d/s) (fish,
w/life, birds, flora, fauna, vegetation)
Project water requirement
Power requirements & national grid /
transmission lines
Flood data (instantaneous peak flow rates, time
to peak, base time, flood duration, flood volumes,
flow hydrograph, etc) of all or major floods
Water rights
 Classification of dams
Dams are classified on several aspects, some of the
important aspects are as follow:

 Based on Hydraulic Design:

 Over flow dams (e.g. concrete dams)
 Non over flow dams (e.g. embankment dams)
 Based on Structural Design:
 Gravity dams
 Arch dams
 Buttress dams
 Based on Usage of Dam:
 Storage dams
 Diversion dams
 Detention dams
 Classification of dams

 Based on Construction Material:

 Concrete / Masonary dams
 Earthfill dams
 Rockfill dams
 Earthfill rockfill dams
 Concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD)
 Based on Capacity:
 Small dams
 Medium dams
 Large dams
 Classification of dams

Embankment Dams
•Earthfill Dam:
- constructed of selected soils (0.001 ≤ d ≤ 100 mm).
- these soils are compacted uniformly and intensively in relatively thin
layers (20 to 60 ± cm) and at controlled optimum moisture content.
- Zoned part is made of relatively finer material that reduces seepage
flow, e.g. clay.

Figure 2. Earthfill dam. Left-homogeneous, right-zoned dam.

Figure 3. Earthfill embankment dams.
 Classification of dams
Embankment Dams
•Rock fill Dam:
- over 50% of fill material be of class ‘rock’ usually a graded rockfill (0.1 ≤ d
≤ 1000 mm) is filled in bulk or compacted in thin layers by heavy plant.
- Some impervious membranes/materials are placed in the interior or on
u/s face of the embankment to stop/reduce seepage through the dam
embankment.

Earthfill-rockfill or Earth-rock dams:

- These dams are made of mix of large proportions of earthfill and rockfill
materials.
Figure 3. Rockfill embankment dams.
 Classification of dams

Concrete Dams
•Gravity dam:
- Stability due to its mass.
- Dam straight or slightly curved u/s in plan (no arch action).
- The u/s face is vertical or nearly vertical, d/s sloping.

•Buttress dam:
- It consists of continuous u/s face supported at regular intervals by d/s
buttress (massive buttress /diamond head, round head) with each
section separate.
- Ambursen / flat slab buttress / decked buttress.
 Classification of dams
Concrete Dams
•Arch dam:
- Arch dam has considerable u/s plan curvature.
- U/s and d/s faces are nearly straight / vertical.
- Water loads are transferred onto the abutments or valley sides by arch
action.
- Arch dam is structurally more efficient than concrete gravity dams
(requires only 10-20% concrete).
- However abutment strength and geologic stability is critical to the
structural integrity and safety of the dam. Multiple arch dams.

•Cupola/Dome/Double curvature dam:.

- U/s & d/s faces curved in plan and profile section, curved in plan as
well/ as arch (Part of a dome or shell structure).
Figure 4. Concrete dams.
 Purposes of a Dams

0.60% 5.40%
5.30% Irrigation

Hydropower

10.00% Water Supply

48.60% Flood Control

12.70%
Recreation

Navigation and
17.40% Fishing

Others

Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOL)

 Large Dams: World Wide Registered
Statistics (ICOLD 1998)

Group Type ICOLD* Code %

Embankment Earth Fill TE 82.9
Dams Rock Fill ER
Concrete Gravity PG 11.3
Dams Arch VA 4.4
including
Masonry dams Buttress CB 1.0
Multiple MV 0.4
arch
Total Large 41413
Dams
ICOLD= International Commission of Large Dams
Tarbela Dam: Earth and Rockfill Dam Warsak Dam: Gravity dam

Mangla Dam: Earthfill

Gordon Dam: Arch Dam Hoover Dam: Arch Dam
Hume Dam: Buttress dam Coolidge Dam: Buttress dam

Le Prele Dam: Buttress dam

Itaipu Dam: Buttress dam
Dam components (http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/ORG/WATER/WM/dsfm/dams/gallery.html)
 Dam site selection
Small river channel width with steep side gorge:
short dam crest length, leads to large storage for
small dam length
A wide and gently sloping valley upstream of the
dam site (for storage dams) and narrow and steeply
sloping valley for hydropower dams.
River channel and valley has very flat slopes u/s
of dam site (leads to large storage for small dam
heights).
Deep reservoir possible – require less area and
lesser land costs, less surface evaporation
 Dam site selection

Enough water flow/yield available to meet

requirements/demand
High sediment load tributaries are excluded
Geology favorable for foundation, competent hard
rock is most suitable.
Abutments are water tight, and reservoir rim allow
minimum percolation and seepage losses.
Small river sediment rate
 Selection of type of dam

 Topography
 Geology and nature of foundation
Bearing capacity of the underlying soil
Foundation settlements
Permeability of the foundation soil
 Availability of construction materials
 Spillway location
 Safety considerations
 Earthquake zones
 Purpose of dam and economics
 Aesthetic considerations
 The situation of a wide valley floored with deep deposits of fine grained soils,
e.g. glacial tills etc., is illustrated in Fig. 1(a). Considerations of foundation
deformation and the depth of excavation required favour an earthfill
embankment, given the ready availability of suitable fill

The availability of competent rock at

shallow depth, however, as shown in Fig.
1(b), favours either a rockfill
embankment or, alternatively, a concrete
gravity
or buttress dam. Availability of rockfill,
and thus relative cost, would dictate the
final choice.
 A narrow and steep-sided valley in sound rock,
as illustrated in Fig. 1(c), may be suited to an
arch or cupola dam given competent
abutments. Economic considerations may,
however, suggest the rockfill embankment as a
viable alternative.

The situation shown in Fig. 1(d), with deep overburden under onehalf of the
site, could well suggest the composite solution shown. An earthfill
embankment is constructed where overburden depth is considerable, the
spillway being conveniently accommodated on a concrete gravity section where
the required excavation depth is reasonable,

Figure 1. Illustrative examples of dam type in relation to valley profile

 Disadvantages of dams

 Changes in temperature and flow in the river

downstream from the dam

 Loss of flowing water habitat and replacement with

standing water (reservoir) habitat

 Interruption of animal movements along the course of

the river

 Reduction in the delivery of river nutrients to

downstream section of the river because of
entrapment by the reservoir
 Dam Components

 Dam
- dam structure and embankment

 Outlet structure
- inlet tower or inlet structure, tunnels, channels and
outlet structure

 Spillway
-The purpose of the spillway is to pass flood water.
-It has two principal components: the controlling spillweir
and the spillway channel.
 Aswan High Dam

Dam and spillways

Height 111 metres
Length 3830 metres
Base width 980 metres
Impounds River Nile
Spillway capacity 11000 cubic metres per second
Reservoir
Creates Lake Nasser
Capacity 111 cubic kilometres
Surface area 5250 square kilometres (2,030 sq mi)
Power station
Turbines 12
Installed capacity 2100 Megawatts
 ‫‪Aswan High Dam‬‬
‫‪ -‬جســـم الســد‬

‫بعد دراسات وأبحاث عالمية عديدة تم تصميم السد العالى بحيث يكون من النوع‬
‫الركامى ومزود بنواة صماء من الطفلة وستارة رأسية قاطعة للمياه‬

‫منسوب قاع السد ‪ 85‬مترا‬

‫منسوب قمة السد ‪ 196‬مترا‬
‫طول السد عند القمة ‪ 3830‬مترا‬
‫طول السد بالمجرى الرئيسى للنيل ‪ 520‬مترا‬
‫عرض قاعدة السد ‪ 980‬مترا‬
‫عرض السد عند القمة ‪ 40‬مترا‬
‫عمق ستارة الحقن الرأسية ‪ 170‬مترا‬
 ‫‪Aswan High Dam‬‬

‫‪ -‬بحيـــرة التخـــزيـن‬

‫تكون المياه المحجوزة أمام السد العالى بحيرة صناعية كبيرة خصائصها كالتالى‪:‬‬

‫طول البحيرة ‪ 500‬كيلو متر‬

‫متوسط عرض البحيرة ‪ 10‬كيلو متر‬
‫سعة التخزين الكلية ‪ 162‬مليار متر مكعب‬
‫سعة التخزين الميت ‪ 32‬مليار متر مكعب‬
 ‫‪Aswan High Dam‬‬
‫‪ -‬قناة مفيض توشكى‬

‫يتم تصريف المياه الزائدة عن منسوب ‪00‬و‪178‬متر فى بحيرة ناصر الى‬

‫المنخفض الطبيعى المعروف بمنخفض توشكى غرب النيل عن طريق قناة موصلة‬
‫بين بحيرة ناصر ومنخفض توشكى عبر خور توشكى‪.‬‬

‫والمواصفات الهيدروليكية لقطاع القناة كما يلى‪:‬‬

‫طول القناة ‪ 22‬كيلو متر‬
‫عرض القاع عند المأخذ ‪ 750‬مترا‬
‫عرض القاع عند النهاية ‪ 275‬مترا‬
‫منسوب القاع عند المأخذ ‪ 178‬مترا‬
‫انحدار القاع ‪ 15‬سم‪/‬كم‬
‫أقصى تصرف للقناة ‪ 250‬مليون متر مكعب فى اليوم‬
 ‫‪Aswan High Dam‬‬
‫‪ -‬قنــــــاة التحـويــــل‬

‫تم حفر قناة التحويل فى الضفة الشرقية للنيل المرارالتصرفات المطلوبة من أمام‬
‫السد الى الخلف وتتكون من قناة أمامية مكشوفة وقناة خلفية مكشوفة يصل‬
‫بينهما األنفاق الرئيسية الستة المحفورة تحت الجناح األيمن للسد‬
‫طول القناة األمامية ‪ 1150‬مترا‬

‫عرض القناة األمامية عند المأخذ ‪ 50‬مترا‬

‫عرض القناة األمامية عند النهاية ‪ 230‬مترا‬
‫طول القناة الخلفية ‪ 485‬مترا‬
‫عرض القناة الخلفية عند المأخذ ‪ 278.5‬مترا‬
‫عرض القناة الخلفية عند النهاية ‪ 40‬مترا‬
 ‫‪Aswan High Dam‬‬

‫‪ -‬األنفــــــــــاق‬

‫يصل القناة األامامية بالقناة الخلفية ستة أنفاق رئيسية وهذة األنفاق مبطنة‬
‫بالخرسانة المسلحة‪.‬‬

‫ويتم التحكم فى هذه األنفاق عن طريق بوابات يتم تشغيلها بواسطة رافع‬
‫كهربائى‪.‬‬

‫متوسط طول النفق ‪ 282‬مترا‬

‫قطر النفق ‪ 15‬مترا‬
‫أقصى تصرف تصميمى لالنفاق ‪ 11,000‬متر مكعب فى الثانية‬
 ‫‪Aswan High Dam‬‬

‫‪ -‬محطـــــة الكهربــــــــاء‬

‫توجد محطة الكهرباء عند مخارج األنفاق حيث يتفرع كل نفق الى فرعين مركب‬
‫على كل منهما توربينة لتوليد الكهرباء‪:‬‬

‫عدد التوربينات ‪ 12‬توربينة‬

‫قدرة التوربينة ‪ 175‬ميجاوات‬
‫القدرة االجمالية للمحطة ‪ 2.1‬مليون كيلووات‬
‫الطاقة الكهربية المنتجة ‪ 10‬مليار كيلووات ساعة سنويا‬