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    Transmission Media and Switching

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    Satyanarayan Mirajkar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Transmission Media and Switching

    Uploaded by

    Satyanarayan Mirajkar
    4 views22 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views22 pages

    Transmission Media and Switching

    Uploaded by

    Satyanarayan Mirajkar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    Transmission Media And Switching:

    SlideMake.com
    Introduction to Transmission Media and Switching

    Transmission media refers to the physical


    pathways that carry signals from one
    device to another.

    Switching involves the process of directing


    data packets from one network element to
    another.

    Understanding transmission media and


    switching is crucial for efficient
    communication in modern networks.
    Types of Transmission Media

    Types of transmission media include wired


    (e.g., copper cables, fiber optics) and
    wireless (e.g., radio waves, microwaves).

    Wired media offer higher bandwidth and


    better security compared to wireless media.

    Wireless media provide flexibility and


    mobility for devices but may be susceptible
    to interference.
    Copper Cables

    Copper cables are commonly used for


    short-distance communication within
    buildings or homes.

    They are cost-effective and easy to install,


    but they are susceptible to electromagnetic
    interference.

    Different types of copper cables include


    twisted-pair cables and coaxial cables.
    Fiber Optic Cables

    Fiber optic cables use light signals to


    transmit data over long distances with high
    bandwidth and low latency.

    They are immune to electromagnetic


    interference and offer enhanced security for
    data transmission.

    Fiber optic cables are commonly used in


    high-speed internet connections and
    telecommunications networks.
    Radio Waves

    Radio waves are a wireless transmission


    medium used in technologies like Wi-Fi,
    Bluetooth, and cellular networks.

    They can travel long distances and


    penetrate obstacles, providing flexibility for
    mobile communication.

    However, radio waves may be prone to


    interference and signal degradation in
    crowded environments.
    Microwaves

    Microwaves are another form of wireless


    transmission medium used for point-to-
    point communication over long distances.

    They offer high data transfer rates and low


    latency, making them ideal for backhaul
    links in telecommunications networks.

    Microwaves require line-of-sight


    communication and are vulnerable to
    weather conditions.
    Switching Techniques

    Switching techniques include circuit


    switching, packet switching, and message
    switching.

    Circuit switching establishes a dedicated


    communication path before data
    transmission, commonly used in traditional
    telephone networks.

    Packet switching breaks data into packets


    that are independently routed to their
    destination, allowing for more efficient use
    of network resources.
    Packet S witching

    In packet switching, data packets are


    forwarded based on destination addresses,
    allowing for flexible routing and load
    balancing.

    Packet switching enables data to be


    transmitted in parallel and can handle
    varying traffic loads efficiently.

    Examples of packet-switched networks


    include the Internet and Ethernet networks.
    Circuit S witching

    Circuit switching reserves a continuous


    communication path for the duration of a
    connection, ensuring constant bandwidth
    availability.

    It is commonly used in voice


    communication where a dedicated circuit is
    established for the duration of a call.

    Circuit switching may lead to inefficient use


    of resources for bursty data transmission.
    Mes s age S witching

    Message switching involves forwarding


    entire messages from one node to another,
    leading to slower transmission compared to
    packet switching.

    It is less commonly used in modern


    networks due to its inefficiency and delay in
    message delivery.

    Message switching was prevalent in early


    telecommunication systems before the
    advent of packet switching.
    Virtual Circuit S witching

    Virtual circuit switching combines the


    benefits of circuit switching and packet
    switching by establishing temporary paths
    for data transmission.

    It provides a balance between dedicated


    bandwidth and efficient use of network
    resources.

    Virtual circuit switching is used in


    technologies like ATM (Asynchronous
    Transfer Mode) networks.
    ATM (As ynchronous Trans fer Mode)

    ATM is a high-speed networking technology


    that uses virtual circuit switching to transmit
    data in fixed-size cells.

    It offers low latency, high bandwidth, and


    quality of service guarantees for real-time
    applications.

    ATM was widely used in the past for


    backbone networks but has been largely
    replaced by packet-switched technologies.
    E thernet S witching

    Ethernet switching is a common switching


    technology used in local area networks
    (LANs) to forward data frames to their
    destination.

    Ethernet switches use MAC addresses to


    make forwarding decisions and reduce
    network collisions.

    Managed switches offer additional features


    like VLAN support, Quality of S ervice
    (QoS ), and security controls.
    L ayer 2 S witching

    Layer 2 switching operates at the Data Link


    layer of the OS I model, using MAC
    addresses for forwarding decisions.

    It provides fast and efficient data forwarding


    within the same network segment or VLAN.

    Layer 2 switches are essential for building


    scalable and reliable LANs.
    Layer 3 Switching

    Layer 3 switching combines the


    functionalities of routing and switching by
    forwarding data based on IP addresses.

    It allows for inter-VLAN routing and efficient


    traffic forwarding between different network
    segments.

    Layer 3 switches are commonly used in


    enterprise networks for improved
    performance and scalability.
    S witching Fabric

    S witching fabric refers to the internal


    architecture of a network switch that
    enables data forwarding between ports.

    It consists of backplane connections,


    switching modules, and memory buffers for
    efficient packet processing.

    High-performance switching fabrics are


    essential for handling increasing data traffic
    in modern networks.
    Multi-Layer S witching

    Multi-layer switching integrates Layer 2 and


    Layer 3 switching capabilities to optimize
    network performance.

    It allows for intelligent traffic forwarding


    based on both MAC and IP addresses.

    Multi-layer switches are used in complex


    networks to improve efficiency and reduce
    latency.
    Quality of Service (QoS) in Switching

    Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms


    prioritize certain types of traffic to ensure
    optimal performance for critical
    applications.

    QoS features in switches include traffic


    prioritization, bandwidth management, and
    congestion control.

    QoS is essential for guaranteeing service


    levels for real-time applications like voice
    and video conferencing.
    R edundancy and High Availability in S witching

    Redundancy techniques like link


    aggregation and spanning tree protocol
    ensure network reliability by providing
    backup paths.

    High availability features in switches


    include hot-swappable components, dual
    power supplies, and failover mechanisms.

    Redundancy and high availability are critical


    for maintaining network uptime and
    minimizing downtime.
    Conclus ion

    Transmission media and switching play a


    crucial role in enabling efficient
    communication in modern networks.

    Understanding the different types of


    transmission media and switching
    techniques is essential for designing
    reliable and high-performance networks.

    As technology continues to evolve,


    advancements in transmission media and
    switching will drive innovation in network
    connectivity and data transmission.

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