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Transmission Media and Switching

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Satyanarayan Mirajkar

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Transmission Media and Switching

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Satyanarayan Mirajkar

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Transmission Media And Switching:

SlideMake.com
Introduction to Transmission Media and Switching

Transmission media refers to the physical

pathways that carry signals from one
device to another.

Switching involves the process of directing

data packets from one network element to
another.

Understanding transmission media and

switching is crucial for efficient
communication in modern networks.
Types of Transmission Media

Types of transmission media include wired

(e.g., copper cables, fiber optics) and
wireless (e.g., radio waves, microwaves).

Wired media offer higher bandwidth and

better security compared to wireless media.

Wireless media provide flexibility and

mobility for devices but may be susceptible
to interference.
Copper Cables

Copper cables are commonly used for

short-distance communication within
buildings or homes.

They are cost-effective and easy to install,

but they are susceptible to electromagnetic
interference.

Different types of copper cables include

twisted-pair cables and coaxial cables.
Fiber Optic Cables

Fiber optic cables use light signals to

transmit data over long distances with high
bandwidth and low latency.

They are immune to electromagnetic

interference and offer enhanced security for
data transmission.

Fiber optic cables are commonly used in

high-speed internet connections and
telecommunications networks.
Radio Waves

Radio waves are a wireless transmission

medium used in technologies like Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, and cellular networks.

They can travel long distances and

penetrate obstacles, providing flexibility for
mobile communication.

However, radio waves may be prone to

interference and signal degradation in
crowded environments.
Microwaves

Microwaves are another form of wireless

transmission medium used for point-to-
point communication over long distances.

They offer high data transfer rates and low

latency, making them ideal for backhaul
links in telecommunications networks.

Microwaves require line-of-sight

communication and are vulnerable to
weather conditions.
Switching Techniques

Switching techniques include circuit

switching, packet switching, and message
switching.

Circuit switching establishes a dedicated

communication path before data
transmission, commonly used in traditional
telephone networks.

Packet switching breaks data into packets

that are independently routed to their
destination, allowing for more efficient use
of network resources.
Packet S witching

In packet switching, data packets are

forwarded based on destination addresses,
allowing for flexible routing and load
balancing.

Packet switching enables data to be

transmitted in parallel and can handle
varying traffic loads efficiently.

Examples of packet-switched networks

include the Internet and Ethernet networks.
Circuit S witching

Circuit switching reserves a continuous

communication path for the duration of a
connection, ensuring constant bandwidth
availability.

It is commonly used in voice

communication where a dedicated circuit is
established for the duration of a call.

Circuit switching may lead to inefficient use

of resources for bursty data transmission.
Mes s age S witching

Message switching involves forwarding

entire messages from one node to another,
leading to slower transmission compared to
packet switching.

It is less commonly used in modern

networks due to its inefficiency and delay in
message delivery.

Message switching was prevalent in early

telecommunication systems before the
advent of packet switching.
Virtual Circuit S witching

Virtual circuit switching combines the

benefits of circuit switching and packet
switching by establishing temporary paths
for data transmission.

It provides a balance between dedicated

bandwidth and efficient use of network
resources.

Virtual circuit switching is used in

technologies like ATM (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode) networks.
ATM (As ynchronous Trans fer Mode)

ATM is a high-speed networking technology

that uses virtual circuit switching to transmit
data in fixed-size cells.

It offers low latency, high bandwidth, and

quality of service guarantees for real-time
applications.

ATM was widely used in the past for

backbone networks but has been largely
replaced by packet-switched technologies.
E thernet S witching

Ethernet switching is a common switching

technology used in local area networks
(LANs) to forward data frames to their
destination.

Ethernet switches use MAC addresses to

make forwarding decisions and reduce
network collisions.

Managed switches offer additional features

like VLAN support, Quality of S ervice
(QoS ), and security controls.
L ayer 2 S witching

Layer 2 switching operates at the Data Link

layer of the OS I model, using MAC
addresses for forwarding decisions.

It provides fast and efficient data forwarding

within the same network segment or VLAN.

Layer 2 switches are essential for building

scalable and reliable LANs.
Layer 3 Switching

Layer 3 switching combines the

functionalities of routing and switching by
forwarding data based on IP addresses.

It allows for inter-VLAN routing and efficient

traffic forwarding between different network
segments.

Layer 3 switches are commonly used in

enterprise networks for improved
performance and scalability.
S witching Fabric

S witching fabric refers to the internal

architecture of a network switch that
enables data forwarding between ports.

It consists of backplane connections,

switching modules, and memory buffers for
efficient packet processing.

High-performance switching fabrics are

essential for handling increasing data traffic
in modern networks.
Multi-Layer S witching

Multi-layer switching integrates Layer 2 and

Layer 3 switching capabilities to optimize
network performance.

It allows for intelligent traffic forwarding

based on both MAC and IP addresses.

Multi-layer switches are used in complex

networks to improve efficiency and reduce
latency.
Quality of Service (QoS) in Switching

Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms

prioritize certain types of traffic to ensure
optimal performance for critical
applications.

QoS features in switches include traffic

prioritization, bandwidth management, and
congestion control.

QoS is essential for guaranteeing service

levels for real-time applications like voice
and video conferencing.
R edundancy and High Availability in S witching

Redundancy techniques like link

aggregation and spanning tree protocol
ensure network reliability by providing
backup paths.

High availability features in switches

include hot-swappable components, dual
power supplies, and failover mechanisms.

Redundancy and high availability are critical

for maintaining network uptime and
minimizing downtime.
Conclus ion