NUMBERS, QUANTIFICATION AND NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS

Modulo Arithmetic:
Eular’s Division Lemma:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎, 𝑏(≠ 0), 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞, 𝑟 ∈ Ζ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑟 < |𝑏|
Modulo Arithmetic is the arithmetic of remainders.
𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑟
 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑏 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝒃 = 𝟎
 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝒃 = 𝒂
Congruence Modulo:
Let R be a relation on the set of integers Z defined as
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 = 𝑏(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑛)∀, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ Ζ, 𝑛 ∈ Ν, 𝑛 > 1}

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write the value of 21 mod 8?
2. Write the value of 3⨁8 12 ?
3. Find 11 ⊝8 3?
4. If 24 = 8(mod x), then what are the possible values of x?
5. Find the equivalence class of 2(mod3).
6. Find (576 + 789)mod 9.
7. If 57 = x (mod5), Find least positive value of x.
8. If it is 6:00pm currently. What time (in A.M or P.M) will be in next 1500 hours.
9. Find −6(𝑚𝑜𝑑7).
10. Find subtraction modulo 8 if a and b are 15 and 4 respectively.
ANSWERS
1. 5 5. {… , −4, −1, 2, 5, 8, 11, … } 9. 1
2. 7 6. 6 10. 3
3. 0 7. 2
4. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 8. 06:00 am

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

12 (𝑚𝑜𝑑7).
1. Find 6
2. Find the last digit 1717.
3. Find the last two digits of 220.
4. Using modulo Find the remainder when 672+541 + 383+295 +101+86 is divided by 3
5. Find all the positive integers less than 30 forming the equivalence class of 5 for modulo 7
6. There are 81 boxes with 21 articles in each. When we rearrange all of the articles so that each box
has 5 articles, how many articles will be left out without a box?
ANSWERS
1. 1 3. 76 5. {5, 12, 19, 26}
2. 7 4. 2 6. 1
Allegation and Mixture:
𝑪. 𝑷. 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒓 (𝒅) − 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆(𝒎) 𝒅 − 𝒎
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐(𝑹) = =
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆(𝒎) − 𝑪. 𝑷. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒓(𝒄) 𝒎 − 𝒄
𝒚 𝒏
 Quantity of Pure Liquid is 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒙)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡, 𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 − 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In what ratio must rice at 70/kg be mixed with rice 100/kg so that the mixture is worth 80/kg?
2. A certain quantity of water is mixed with milk priced at Rs 50 per litre. The price of mixture is Rs 40
per litre. Find out the ratio of water and milk in the new mixture.
3. In what ratio should a kind of sugar at 8 Rs/kg be mixed with another kind of sugar at 10 Rs/kg so
that the mixture be worth 9 Rs/kg?
4. The cost of Type 1 rice is Rs. 15 per kg and Type 2 rice is Rs. 20 per kg. If both Type 1 and Type 2
are mixed in the ratio of 2 : 3, then the price per kg of the mixed variety of rice is
5. In what ratio must water be mixed with milk costing Rs. 12 per litre to obtain a mixture worth of Rs.
8 per litre?
6. A container contains 40 litres of water. From this container 4 litres of water was taken out and
replaced by milk. This process was repeated further two times. How much water is now contained by
the container?
7. A vessel is filled with liquid, 3 parts of which are water and 5 parts syrup. How much of the mixture
must be drawn off and replaced with water so that the mixture may be half water and half syrup?
8. A mixture of certain quantity of milk with 8 L of water is worth 45 Rs per litre. If pure milk be worth 54 Rs
per litre, how much milk is three in the mixture?
9. 600 g of sugar solution has 40% sugar in it. How much sugar should be added to make it 50% in the
solution?
10. In what ratio must a grocer mix rice worth Rs. 30 per kg, so that by selling the mixture at Rs. 34.10 per kg,
he may gain 10%?
ANSWERS
1. 2: 1 5. 1:2 9. 120 gram
2. 1: 4 6. 29.16 litres 10. 3:2
3. 1:1 7. 1/5
4. Rs 18 8. 40 litre

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. A container has 60 L of milk, from his container, 4 L of milk is taken out and replaced with water. If this
process is repeated 3 times, then quantity of milk in container left.
2. In what ratio, water must be added to dilute honey costing 240 per litre so that the resulted syrup
would be worth 200?
3. A dishonest milkman professes to sell his milk at cost price but he mixes it with water and thereby
gains 25%. The percentage of water in the mixture is:
4. Two vessels A and B contain milk and water in the ratio of 5:2 and 2:3. When these mixtures are mixed to
form a new mixture containing half milk and half water, they must be taken in the ratio :
5. Copper and Zinc are in the ratio 2 : 3 in 200 gms of an alloy. The quantity (in grams) of copper to be added
to it to make the ratio 3 : 2 is:
6. Tea worth Rs. 126 per kg and Rs. 135 per kg are mixed with a third variety in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2. If the
mixture is worth Rs. 153 per kg, the price of the third variety per kg will be:
7. How many litres of water should be added to a 35-litre mixture of HCl and water containing HCl and water
in the ratio of 4 : 3 such that the resultant mixture has 60% water in it?
8. A shopkeeper deals in milk and 45 litre mixture is to be distributed in Milk & Water in the ratio of 4:1. If 4
litre milk & 3 litre water will be added in the mixture then what will be the new ratio of water and milk?
ANSWERS
1. 48.78 L 4. 7 :15 7. 15 litres
2. 1:5 5. 100 gram 8. 3:10
3. 20% 6. Rs. 175.50
Boats and Streams:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑦 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝒖) = 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝒗) = 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑢+𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 =
2 2

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Ratio between speed of boat in still water to speed of stream is 5 : 2. If 224 km is travelled by
downstream in 4 hours then find the difference between speed of boat in still water and speed of
stream?
2. Sita can row upstream at 30 km/hr and downstream at 34 km/hr. Find the average of Sita’s rate in
still water and rate of the current.
3. A boat goes 360 km upstream and returns to the same point in 35 hours. If the speed of current is
3km/h, how much distance boat will cover in still water in 6 hours?
4. A boat can travel 9.6 km upstream in 36 min. If speed of the water current is 20% of the speed of the
boat in upstream, then how much time will the boat take to travel 24.64 km downstream?
5. A boat can travel from point A to point B and return back to point A in 9 hours. Speed of the boat in
still water is 8 km/h and the speed of the stream is 4 km/h. Find the distance between A and B.
6. The ratio of speed of A and B in still water is 5 : 7. If A and B both start from the same point
simultaneously and travel downstream, the distance between them 4 hours later will be 24 km. What
will be the distance between them after 6 hours, when they travel in opposite directions
simultaneously from the same point in still water?
ANSWERS
1. 24km/h 3. 126 5. 27m
2. 17 km 4. 1.1 hours 6. 216

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The ratio of speed of A and B in still water is 3 : 2. A and B start from the same point in the river, A
goes upstream and B goes downstream. After 3 hours the stream stops flowing and A starts rowing in
the opposite direction to meet B. How much time after the stream stops flowing does A meet B?
2. A steamer can go 12 km in still water in 25 minutes. One day, it went 11.25 km upstream and
returned the same distance in downstream. If the difference between the time taken to travel
upstream and downstream was 12.5 minutes, then what was the speed of stream in km per hour?
3. A boat goes a certain distance upstream and comes back downstream to the starting point in 144
min. If the speed of the boat in still water becomes 66.67% of the original, time taken for the same
journey will be 224 min. What is the ratio of the speed of boat in still water and speed of current?
4. A man rows to a place 46 km distance and back in 11 hours 30 minutes. He found that he can row 5
km with the stream in the same time as he can row 4 km against the stream. Find the rate of the
stream.
5. A man can row 30 km downstream in 3 hours 45 minutes and 11 km upstream in 2 hours 12
minutes. What is the difference between the speed of the man in still water and the speed of the
stream?
6. There are 3 points P, Q and R in a straight line, such that point Q is equidistant from points P and R.
A man can swim from point P to R downstream in 24 hours and from Q to P upstream in 16 hours.
Find the ratio of speed of man in still water to speed of stream?
ANSWERS
1. 15 hours 3. 6:1 5. 5
2. 7.2 km per hour 4. 0.9 km/h 6. 70 km/h
Pipes and Cisterns:
A pipe connected to a tank or cistern which fills it is known as inlet pipe and the pipe connected to the
tank which drains or empties it is known as outlet pipe. When a tank is connected to many pipes (inlets
and outlets), then the difference between the sum of the work done by inlets and the sum of the work
done by outlets gives the filled part of the tank.

 Let a pipe fill a tank in x number of hours, then it can fill (1/x) th portion of the tank in one hour.
 If a pipe can empty a tank in y number of hours,
 then it can empty out (1/y)th portion of the tank in one hour.
1 1
 The portion of tank they can fill together in one hour = ( − )th
𝑥 𝑦
1
 If a pipe fills part of a tank in 1 hour, then the time taken by the pipe to fill the tank completely is x
𝑥
hours
 Two pipes can fill a tank in x and y hours respectively. If both the pipes are opened simultaneously, then
𝑥𝑦
time taken by both the pipes to fill the tank is hours.
𝑥+𝑦
 If two pipes A and B together can fill a tank in x hours and the pipe A alone can fill the tank in y hours,
𝑥𝑦
then time taken by pipe B alone to fill the tank is hours.
𝑦−𝑥
 If a pipe A can fill a tank in x hours and a pipe B can empty the full tank in y hours (where y > x), then
𝑦−𝑥
net part filled in 1 hour is .
𝑥𝑦
 If a pipe A can fill a tank in x hours and a pipe B can empty the full tank in y hours (where x > y ), then
𝑥−𝑦
net part emptied in 1 hour .
𝑥𝑦
 Three pipes A, B and C can fill a tank in x y, and z hours respectively. If all the three pipes are opened
𝑥𝑦𝑧
simultaneously, then time taken by all the pipes to fill it is hours.
𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥
 If two pipes are filing a tank at the rate of x hours and y hours respectively and a third pipe is emptying it
1 1 1
at the rate of z hours, then in one hour the part of the tank filled is + − .Time taken to fill the tank
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥−𝑥𝑦
is .
𝑥𝑦𝑧

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. A cistern is filled by Pipe A and Pipe B together in 2.4 hours. Pipe A alone can fill the cistern at the rate
of 100 litres per hour. Pipe B alone can fill the cistern in 4 hours. What is the capacity of the cistern?
2. A cistern can be filled in 6 hours by taps P and Q. If tap R also joins them, then cistern is filled in 5
hours. Tap P can fill the cistern at twice the rate of tap Q. In what time tap Q and R fill the cistern?
3. A cistern is normally filled with water in 10 hours but takes 5 hours longer to fill because of a leak in
its bottom. If the cistern is full, the leak will empty the cistern in
4. A pipe can fill a tank in 6 hours. Another pipe can empty the tank in 12 hours. If both pipes are opened
simultaneously, the part of tank filled by both pipes in 1 hour is?
5. A tap having diameter 'd' can empty a tank in 84 min. How long another tap having diameter '2d' take
to empty the same tank?
6. A pump can fill a tank with water in 20 minutes and another pump can fill the same tank m 30 minutes.
If both the pumps are opened together, then how much time will be taken to fll the tank completely?
7. Two pipes A and B together can fill a tank in 10 minutes. If pipe A takes 15 minutes less than B to fill
the tank alone, then find the time taken by pipe B to fill the tank alone.
8. Pipes A and B can fill a tank in 6 hours and 8 hours respectively. Pipe C can empty it in 12 hours. If all
the three pipes are opened together, find the time in which the tank can be filled.
9. A pipe can fill a tank in 40 minutes. Due to a leakage in the bottom it took 60 minutes to fill the tank.
How much time will it take for the leakage to empty the full tank?
10. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in ½ hour and 1 hour respectively. A pipe C can empty the tank in 2
hours. If all three pipes are opened simultaneously, how long does it take to fill the empty tank?
ANSWERS
1. 600 litres 5. 21 minutes 9. 2 hours
2. 11.25 hours 6. 12 minutes 10. 24 minutes
3. 30 hours 7. 30 minutes
4. 1/12 th part 8. 4 hours
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. A cistern can be filled by two pipes A and B in 12 minutes and 15 minutes respectively. Another tap
C can empty the full tank in 20 minutes. If the tap C is opened 5 minutes after the pipes A and B are
opened, find when the cistern becomes full?
2. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 30 minutes and 45 minutes respectively. Both pipes A and B
are opened together for some time and then pipe B is turned off. If the tank is filed in 20 minutes,
then find after how many minutes the pipe B is turned of ?
3. A tap can fill a cistern in 8 hours and another tap can empty it in 16 hours. Find the time taken to fill
the tank, if both the taps are open.
4. A cistern has three pipes A B, and C . A and B can fill it in 3 hours and 4 hours respectively while C
can empty the completely filled cistern in 1 hour. If the pipes are opened in order at 3 P.M., 4 P.M.
and 5 P.M. respectively, at what time will the cistern be empty ?
5. A tap can fill a tank in 40 minutes and another outlet pipe can empty it in 24 minutes. If the tank is
already two-fifths full and both the taps are opened together, will the tank be filled or emptied? How
long will it take before the tank is either filled completely or emptied completely, as the case may
be?
6. A cistern can be filled by an inlet pipe in 20 hours and can be emptied by an outiet p 25 hours. Both
the pipes are opened. After 10 hours, the outlet pipe is closed, find the total time taken fill the cistern.
7. Three pipes A, B and C are installed to fill a tank. Pipes A and B opened together can fill the tank in
the same time in which C can alone fill the tank. If pipe B can fill the tank 15 minutes faster than
pipe A and 5 minutes slower than pipe C, then find the time required by pipe A to fill the tank alone.
8. Two pipes can fill a tank in 20 minutes and 24 minutes respectively and a waste pipe can empty 3
gallons of water per minute. If all the three pipes working together can fill the tank in 15 minutes,
find the capacity of the tank.
9. A tank is filled by three pipes with uniform flow. The first two pipes operating simultaneously fill
the tank in the same time during which the tank is filled by third pipe alone. The second pipe fills the
tank 5 hours faster than the first pipe and 4 hours slower than the third pipe. Find the time required
by first pipe to fill the tank alone.
10. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a tank in 72 minutes. If all the three pipes remain opened tor 36
minutes and then pipe C is closed it took 1 hour more to fill the tank by pipes A and B. Find the time
required to fill the tank by pipe C alone.
ANSWERS

1. 7 min 30 sec. 6. 28 hours

2. 15 minutes 7. 30 minutes
3. 16 hours 8. 120 gallons
4. 7 : 12 pm 9. 15 hours
5. Empty in 24 minutes 10. 3 hours
Races and Games:
 Suppose X and Y are participating in a race.
“X gives Y a start of x metres” means Y starts the race x metres ahead of X.
“X gives Y a start of t-minutes” means X will start t minutes after B starts the race.
“X beats Y by x metres” means when X reach the finishing point, Y is x metres behind X.
“X beats Y by t minutes” means Y finish t minutes after X.
“X beats Y by x metres and t minutes” means Y is x-metres behind X and finish race t-
minutes after X.
 A game of 100 means that the person among the participants who scores 100 points first is the
winner.
“ X beats Y by 25 points” or “X can give Y 25 points” means X scores 100 while Y scores
only 75points (100-25).

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. In a 100 m race, A can give B 10 m and C 28 m. In the same race B can give C.
2. A and B take part in 100 m race. A runs at 5 kmph. A gives B a start of 8 m and still beats him by 8
seconds. Find the speed of B
3. In a 500 m race, the ratio of the speeds of two contestants A and B is 3 : 4. A has a start of 140 m.
Then, A wins by
4. In a 100 m race, A beats B by 10 m and C by 13 m. In a race of 180 m, B will beat C by
5. In 100 m race, A covers the distance in 36 seconds and B in 45 seconds. In this race A beats B by
6. In a game of 100 points, A can give B 20 points and C 28 points. Then, B can give C
7. A can run 22.5 m while B runs 25 m. In a kilometre race B beats A by
8. In a 300 m race A beats B by 22.5 m or 6 seconds. B's time over the course is
9. In a 50 m race, A can give a start of 5 m to B and a start of 14 m to C. In the same race, how much
start can B give to C?
10. In a 500 m race, A reaches the final point in 28 s and B reaches in 35 s. By how much distance does
A beat B?
ANSWERS
1. 20 metres 5. 20 m 9. 10 m
2. 4.14 km/h 6. 10 points 10. 100 m
3. 20 m 7. 100 metres
4. 6 m 8. 80 seconds
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In a 10 km race. A, B, and C, each running at uniform speed, get the gold, silver, and bronze medals,
respectively. If A beats B by 1 km and B beats C by 1 km, then by how many metres does A beat C?
2. A and B run a km race A wins by 1 minute. A and C run a km race and A wins by 375 metres. B and
C run a km race and B win By 30 seconds. Find the time that C takes to run a km race.
3. Two men A and B walk around a circle 1500 metres in circumference. A walks at the rate of 140
metres, and B at the rate 80 metres per minute .if they start from the same point, and walk in the
same direction, when will they be together again?
4. In a race of 200 metres, A can give a start of 10 metres to B, C give a start of 20 metres to B. The
start that C can give to A, in the same race is
ANSWERS
1. 1900 m
2. 4 minutes
3. 25 minutes
4. 30 metres
Numerical Inequalities:
 Any two real number associated by <, >, ≤ 𝑜𝑟 ≥ forma numerical inequality
 If a, b are positive numbers and AM and GM are their arithmetic mean and geometric mean
𝒂+𝒃
respectively, then 𝑨𝑴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑮𝑴 = √𝒂𝒃
𝟐
2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2√𝑎𝑏 (√𝑎 − √𝑏)
𝐴𝑀 − 𝐺𝑀 = − √𝑎𝑏 = = ≥0
2 2 2
∴ 𝑨𝑴 ≥ 𝑮𝑴
 Properties of Linear Inequalities
For three real numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 > 𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 > 𝑐
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ± 𝑐 > 𝑏 ± 𝑐
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 > 0 (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐.
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 < 0 (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 (𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠)
1 1
o 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 <𝑏 (𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠)
𝑎

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Insert appropriate sign of inequality:
√3(√50 + √32)_______________2√54 + 3√24
2. Insert appropriate sign of inequality:
(√3 + √8)_______________√90
3. Solve the inequality for real x:
4 − 2𝑥 ≥ 3𝑥 + 19
4. Solve the following inequality, and graph the solution on number line.
2𝑥 − 5 ≤ 𝑥 + 2 < 3𝑥 + 8
5. 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑒 need to be stored and transported at +2° 𝑡𝑜 + 8° 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 temperature. What is
5
the range of temperature in degree Fahrenheit if the conversion is given by 𝐶 = 9 (𝐹 − 32) where C
and F are temperature in degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit respectively? Is it safe to transport the
vaccine in a temperature-controlled truck, which maintains temperature between40℉ 𝑡𝑜 45℉?

ANSWERS
1. < 𝟗√𝟔 < 𝟏𝟐√𝟔
2. > √3 + √8 ≥ 2√24 = √96 > √90 ⟹ √𝟑 + √𝟖 > √𝟗𝟎
3. 𝒙 ≤ −𝟑 𝑶𝑹 (−∞, −𝟑]
4. −𝟑 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟕; (−𝟑, 𝟕]
5
5. 2 < 𝐶 = 9 (𝐹 − 32) < 8 ⟹ 𝟑𝟓. 𝟔 < 𝑭 < 𝟒𝟔. 𝟒.
Yes, it’s safe to transport the vaccine by truck.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑐 + 𝑎).
2. How many litres of water should be added to 120 litres of 60% solution of acid so that the resulting
mixture will contain more than 20% but less than 30% of acid content?
3. How many litres of 25% solution of acid, should be added to 600 litres of 10% solution of acid so
that the resulting mixture will contain more than 12% but less than 15% of acid content?
 ANSWER
1. 8abc
𝐴𝑀 ≥ 𝐺𝑀 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥ 2√𝑎𝑏, 𝑏 + 𝑐 ≥ 2√𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 + 𝑎 ≥ 2√𝑐𝑎
⟹ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑐 + 𝑎) ≥ 2√𝑎𝑏. 2√𝑏𝑐. 2√𝑐𝑎 = 𝟖𝒂𝒃𝒄
2. Let 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 of water is added to 120 litres of solution, then the total mixture is (𝑥 + 120) 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
20% 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 + 120) < 60% 𝑜𝑓 120 < 30% 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 + 120)
20 60 30
⟹ (𝑥 + 120) < × 120 < (𝑥 + 120)
100 100 100
⟹ 2(𝑥 + 120) < 6 × 120 < 3(𝑥 + 120)
⟹ 2𝑥 + 240 < 720 < 3𝑥 + 360
⟹ 2𝑥 + 240 < 720 𝑎𝑛𝑑 720 < 3𝑥 + 360
⟹ 2𝑥 < 480 𝑎𝑛𝑑 360 < 3𝑥
⟹ 𝑥 < 240 𝑎𝑛𝑑 120 < 𝑥 𝑖𝑒. 𝟏𝟐𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟐𝟒𝟎
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 120 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 240 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
3. Let 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 of 25% solution of acid is added to 600 litres of solution, then the total mixture is(𝑥 +
600) 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
12% 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 + 600) < 25% 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 + 10% 𝑜𝑓 600 < 15% 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 + 600)
12 25𝑥 10 15
⟹ (𝑥 + 600) < + × 600 < (𝑥 + 600)
100 100 100 100
⟹ 12(𝑥 + 600) < 25𝑥 + 6000 < 15(𝑥 + 600)
⟹ 12𝑥 + 7200 < 25𝑥 + 6000 < 15𝑥 + 9000
⟹ 12𝑥 + 7200 < 25𝑥 + 6000 𝑎𝑛𝑑 25𝑥 + 6000 < 15𝑥 + 9000
⟹ 1200 < 13𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10𝑥 < 3000
1200 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
⟹ < 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 300 𝑖𝑒. ≈ 𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟑𝟎𝟎
13 𝟏𝟑
1200
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3000 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠.
13
MATRICES
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS
1. Definition: A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns.
2. Order of a Matrix: (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠) × (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠)
3. Types of Matrices:
3.1 Row Matrix: A matrix with only one row (ie. Order = 1 × 𝑛).
3.2 Column Matrix: A matrix with only one column (ie. Order = 𝑚 × 1.
3.3 Square Matrix: A matrix with number of rows equal to number of column (m=n).
3.4 Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix with 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 < 𝑗.
3.5 Lower Triangular matrix: A square matrix with 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 > 𝑗
3.6 Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix with all non-diagonal elements equal to zero.( 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗).
3.7 Scalar Matrix: A diagonal Matrix with all diagonal elements equal. (𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑘)
3.8 Identity Matrix: A diagonal Matrix with all diagonal elements equal to 1. (𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 1)
3.9 Zero, Null Matrix: A matrix will all elements equal to zero. (𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗)
4. Equality & Operation of Matrices:
4.1 Equal Matrix: 𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = (𝑏𝑖𝑗 )𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑓𝑓
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 & 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ∀𝑖, 𝑗
4.2 Addition & Subtraction of Matrix: If matrices A=(aij) and B=(bij) are of order 𝑚 × 𝑛, then the
sum/difference of matrices 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝐶 = (𝑐𝑖𝑗 ) is also of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 where 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗