Sensor and Actuator Networks
and the Internet of Things"
George Roussos!
Birkbeck College, University of London!
[email protected]!
Overview"
• WSANs and the Future Internet!
• Smart Dust and the first generation of WSANs!
• Shift to next generation WSANs and the IoT!
• The Internet of People!
• Analytics for IoT WSAN systems!
• Capturing and employing collective behaviours!
The Internet today "
The Internet of Things"
Device evolution"
Problems and evolution"
• Smart Dust faces significant problems!
– Energy harvesting!
– Maintenance!
– Programmability at the system level!
• Mobility seen as significant for robustness/performance!
• Popularity and proliferation of mobile networks!
– 400M sensors in mobile phones in 2014!
• Shift of emphasis to smart-phone centric networks!
– e.g. sensor clouds around smart-phone core !
• Shift of focus on data and human dynamics!
The Internet of People"
Business Week
March 2009
Core ingredients"
• Humans carry sensors and actuators on personal
devices!
• These devices interact with embedded systems such
as building networks, Smart Dust, Personal Area
Networks and RFID!
• The IoT captures and processes the data!
• Maintain, infer, characterize and provide intelligence!
New problems emerge"
• IoT sensor network systems generate automatically massive
data sets!
• How to tell what is important and what is not!
• How to find significant information!
• One solution we currently investigate in our group!
– To combining behaviours, preferences, or ideas of a group of people to
create novel insights!
– aka collective intelligence!
Significant locations"
• Identify significant places!
• Use mobile phone location records!
• Identify hot-spots of activity!
• Time specific!
• Commercially available through Sense
Networks!
• Track real-world consumer behaviour !
sensenetworks.com
RFID Analytics "
• RFID-tagged products and locations!
• Scan traffic at specific chock points!
• Analyse traffic and identify hot-spots
or problem areas!
• Visual tools!
• Different spatial resolution!
Illic et al, Auto-ID Lab Zurich
TrakSens
Social networks"
• Observe social networks in the
real world!
• Tag and rank location of
individual!
• Identify meetings through
collocation or device-to-device
interaction!
• Create social network graph !
• Conduct analysis!
• Reality mining data set!
Shen et al, UC Davies
Patterns of behaviour"
• Identify typical behaviours !
• Possibly context and task specific!
• Applications in navigational assistance,
personalisation, recommendations!
• Best-trails i.e. most popular pathways
followed!
– GPS data from London Zoo! Experience Recorder
• Daily activity patterns!
– Reality Mining data!
Shen et al, UC Davies
Prediction"
• Predict driver destination!
• Use dense grid to identify
locations!
• Metric representations of space
extremely costly!
• Machine learning to identify
common behaviours!
• Used for navigational assistance!
Krumm et al
Microsoft Research
Navigational assistance"
• Find best route between two places!
• Use data from an expert data set!
• Taxi drivers are considered experts in
this task!
Ziebart et al, CMU
• Navigate like a cabbie!
• Similarities of geographic navigation
and web navigation!
Navigationzone.net
Summarization"
• Reduce a complex data set to typical
behaviours!
• GSM tracks over metropolitan area!
• Cluster typical behaviours in profiles!
• Use road graph to identify sequences!
• Topological descriptions of space are
more efficient !
Adrienko et al
Fraunhofer IAIS
Our groupʼs point-of-view"
• Spatiality/physicality sets most constraints, thus the starting
point !
• Reality is a semantic-spatiotemporal environment!
– pervasive computing technology to capture user behavior!
– identify significant landmarks and pathways!
– trail-based processing!
• Core ingredients!
– trails!
– metrics of significance!
– suffix-tree based algorithms!
A landmark is"
• A location!
– A scanning station!
– A popular place!
– A nodal point according to Space Syntax!
• A person!
– A mobile phone-carrying individual!
– A mote-tagged conference attendee!
• A (physical or data) object!
– A URI!
– An RFID-tagged artefact!
Identifying landmarks"
• A-priori!
– Defined by system-specific characteristics!
– Bluetooth, WLAN, GSM etc access point!
– RFID, mote or other tag!
– Construction of space graph e.g. Space Syntax!
• A-posteriori!
– Identify significance through use!
– e.g. Minimum Volume Embedding Algorithm !
Experiments on 3 main data sets"
• Dartmouth University!
– campus-wide wifi network!
• Reality Mining!
– User movement over a mobile phone network!
• Cityware!
– Bluetooth scanning at Bath!
Landmark analytics"
•Statistics per landmark !
•Total number of visits!
•Visit frequency!
•Average and total dwell
time!
•Per hour, per day, per
week etc!
Trail analytics"
Best trails using different metrics!
– frequency, time, orientation, hybrid!
and constraints!
– start and end at specific landmark!
– passes through specific landmark!
– minimum, maximum, exact trail length!
– time of day, week, month etc!
– nodes tagged with specific meta-data!
– user-specific !
Examples (1/4)"
Top-10 trails by
frequency
Dartmouth data set
Wi-Fi associations
3-year period
Examples (2/4)"
Top-3 trails by time Top-3 trails weighted
Exact length 3 Exact length 3
Cityware data set, 3-month period
Examples (3/4)"
Hard to interpret visually
Nodes are individuals
Trails show patterns of contact
Top-10 trails by frequency
At least 7 different landmarks
Intel imote data set
Examples (4/4)"
Concept drift: best-trail evolution over time
Reality-mining data set
Popular trails algorithm
Mobile phone (cellular and Bluetooth) over 9
months
Hit and Miss results"
Using all trails in the data set. Using best trails only.
Identify individual without ID"
Reality-mining data set
Identify user 39 using 2 months for training and test on next month
Summary"
• New model for WSANs!
• Data capture and connectivity to the IoT!
• Significant developments in recent years!
• Analytics, prediction, classification!
