> (Let) The repulsive diamagnetic forces produced by water molecules in the body Gf a frogare strong enough to levitate iin anintense magnetic field of 167. (Animals levitated in ths way appear to surfer no hharmor discomfort) (Right) This sal magnet suspended inthe stong mag- netic fiekl produced by alaxger magne! above it (outside the photo). Ordinarily, Such an arrangement would be high'y stable. Te addition of small, repulsive amagnetic forces due to a person's fn m however, issufficient to anvert it int astable equilibrium. force of gravity pulls it down even farther. With the diamagnetic effect of the fin _gers, however, the small magnet is stabilized. If itis displaced upward now, the repulsive diamagnetic effect of the finger pushes it back down; if it is displaced downward, the diamagnetic repulsion of the thumb pushes it back up. The result isa stable, magnetic levitation—with no smoke or mirrors. PODER GN PUTTING PHYSICS IN CONTEXT LOOKING BACK Newvion’s thi lw (GHGBIGE) fe applied to the force between bar magnets in Section 22-1 Tt is important tomnote that Newton's Ives apply tal types of forces including electicand magnetic lores. The direction ofthe force exerted on a ‘moving charge bya magnetic field is given by the nght-nand rule (Chapter 1), as we see in Section 22-2, The magnetic field also exertsa force on current- carrying wires, This can result ina torque (Chapter i) ona current loop, as shown in Section 22-5. The force exerted by a magnetic field ona moving charge is at right angles to the velocity. This can lead to cireular ‘motion (Chapter 6). Several examples of circular motion are discussed in Section 22-3. LOOKING AHEAD ‘The magnetic field is central to the concept of Faraday’slaw of induction, which is presented in Chapter 23,1 also playsa key role in alzemating-current (ac) circuits as we shall see in Chapter 24. In Chapier 23 we introduce the idee of an inductor. In particular, we will show that an inductor ean store energy in the form of a magnetic feld, just as a «capacitor (Chapter 20) can store energy imanelectric field In Chapter 23 we also show that a changing magnetic feld is contra to the ‘operation of electric motors and generators, as well as transformers, ‘We study light ond the electromagnetic spectrum in Chapier 25. As we shal see, light is 2 wave formed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Both electric and magnetic fields must be present for Tight to exis. 22-1 THE MAGNETIC FIELD The magnetic field gives an indication of the effect a magnet will have ina given region. Magnetic Poles A magnet is characterizad by to poles, referred to as the north pole and the south pole, These poles cannat be separated magnets have both poles Magnetic Field Lines ‘Magnetic fields can be represented with lines in much the same way as electric fields can be portrayed. In particular, the more closely spaced the lines, the more intense the field. Magnetic field lines, which point away from noth poles and toward south poles, always form closed loops. D ssi ins S oO S12-2 ars Geomagnetism The Earth produces its owa magnetic field, which is inclined at an angle of about 11.5° with its rotational axis. The geographic north pole ofthe Earth is actually the south magnetic pole of the Earth's magnetic fel. THE MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING CHARGES In order fora magnetic field to exert a force on a particle, the particle must have charge and must be moving. Magnitude of the Magnetic Force The magnitude of the magnetic force ia F = |qh ‘where q is the charge of the particle, visits speed, B is the magnitude of the ‘magnetic field, and is the angle between the velocity vector W and the mag polis field vecior B Magnetic Force Right-Hand Rule (RHR) Tho magnotic Force F points in a direction that is perpendicular to both Band ¥. Fora positive charge, peint the fingers of your right hand in the direction of F and curl them towerd the direction of B, Your thumb points in the direction of the force F, The force on a negative charge is in the opposite direction to that on a positive charge. eB sine a THE MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD The motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field is quite different from that in an electric field Electric Versus Magnetic Forces A charged particle in an electric field accelerates in the direction of the field: ina magnetic field the acceleration is perpendicular to the feld and to the velocity. The electric field does work on « particle and changes its speed; a magnetic field does no work on a particle, and its speed remains consiant. Constant-Velocity Motion Ifa charged particle moves parallel or antiparallel toa magnetic field, it exper ences no force: hence, its velocity remains constant. Circular Motion a charged particle moves perpendicular toa magnetic Feld, it will obit with constant speed in a cicle of radius = s10/|qlB. Helical Motion When partice’s velocity has components both parallel and perpendicular toa ‘magnetic field, it wil follow a holical path. THE MAGNETIC FORCE EXERTED ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE An electric currentin a wire is caused by the movement of electric charges. Since maving electric charges experience magnetic Forces, i follows that a current-carrying wire will as well. Force on a Current-Carrying Wire A wire of length L carrying a current! at an angle 0 to a magnetic field B experi- ences a force given by F = 1LBsine 24 LOOPS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETIC TORQUE ‘A current loop placed ina magnetic field experiences a torque thet depends on the relative orientation of the plane of the loop and the magnetic field. ‘Torque on a General Loop The magnetic torque exerted ona current loop is given by += NIABSino m6 where Nis the number of turns around the loop, Tis the current, A isthe area of the loop, Bis the strength of the magnetic field, and ¢ is the angle between the plane of the loop and the magnetic force. ia 8 | Maximam Pore " L Fle B sine a 1° 7ero fore22-6 ELECTRIC CURRENTS, MAGNETIC FIELDS, AND AMPERE’S LAW 22-7 22. ‘The key observation that serves to unify electricity ond magnetism is that clectric currents cause magnetic fields. Magnetic Field Right-Hand Rule ‘The direction of the magnetic field produced by a current is found by pointing the thumb of the right hand in the direction of the current, The fingers of the right hand curl in the direction of the fel. Ampére’s Law Ampére's law can be expressed as follows: DIAL ~ Holencoee aa ‘where B,is the component of the magnetic field parallel to a segment of a closed path of length AL, Tis the current enclosed by the path, and a = 4 X17 T+m/A isa consiant called the permeability of free space. Magnetic Field of a Long, Straight Wire ‘Along, straight wire carrying a current I predluces a magnetic field of magal- tude f given oy ns In this expression, ris the radial distance from the wire. Forces Between Current-Carrying Wires Two wires, carrying the currents I; and f exert forces on each other Ifthe wires are separated by a distanced, the force exerted ona length boli aa 240 ‘Wires that carry current in the same direction attract one another, wires with, ‘opposite-direcied currents repel one another CURRENT LOOPS AND SOLENOIDS Aaingle loop of current produces a magnetic field much like that of a perma nent magnet. A succession of loops grouped together in a coll forms a solenoid Current Loop ‘The magnetic field at the center of a current loop of N tums, radius R, and current lis Magnetic Field of a Solenoid The magnetic field inside a solenoid is nearly uniform and aligned along the solenoid’ axis. Ifthe solenoid has N loops in a length L and carries a current | its magnetic field is b= (r= nat aa In this expression, is the number of loops per length; n = N/L. The magnetic field cutside a solenoid is small, and in the ideal case can be considered tobe zero MAGNETISM IN MATTER The ultimate origin of the magnetic fiekds we observe around usis circulating, electric currents on the atomic level. Paramagnetism {A paramagnetic material hasno magnetic field unless an extemal magnetic field is applied to it. In this case, it develops.a magnetization in the ditection of the external field Ferromagnetism ferromagnetic material produces a magnetic fild even in the absence of an exter nal magnetic field. Permanent magneis are constructed of ferromagnetic materials. Magncticfiel linesDiamagnetism Diamagnetism is the effect of the production by a material of a magnetic field in the opposite direction to an external magnetic field that is applied to it All ‘materials show at least a small diamagnetic effect. SpmoBLeM-soLviNG SUMMARY ‘Type of Problem Relevant Physical Concepts Related Examples Find the magnetic force exeried The magnitude ofthe magnetic force depends onthe charge, Examples 22-1) 22-2 ‘oma moving charge the speed. the magnetic field. and the angle between the magnetic field and the velocity. The direction of the magnetic forse is given by the righthand rule. Determine the radius of the path A charged particle moving at right angles toa uniform Example 22-3 followed by a charged particle magnetic field moves on a circular path with a radius ina magnetic field given by r= mo/lq/B Calculate the magnetic force ona Ia wire segment of length L carries current Jat an Example 22-4 current-carrying wire angled io a magnetic field of strength B, the force it experiences is F = ILBsin 0. Find the torque exerted on a Ifacurrent loop with current cross-sectional area A,and Example 22-5 current loop. N turnsis in a magnetic field B, the maximum torque 's t= NIAB. The maximum torque occurs when the plane of the loop isparallel to the magnetic field (@ = 90°) When the plane of the loop is atan angle # to the magnetic force, the torque is 7 = NAB sin 8 Determine the magnetic fed The magnetic field produced by along straight wire with 2 Exainple 22-5) praduced by along. straight wire current circulates around the wire in a direction given carrying a current | by the right-hand rule. The magnitude of the magnetic Field a vadial distance rfrom the wire i B = jigl/2arr. This result follows from Ampare's law. Find the magnetic field inside [An ideal solenoid with » tums per length and current I Example 22-7, a solenoid. produces a uniform magnetic eld of magnitude B = gt ‘The field is parallel to #heaxia of the solenoid. Inthe idesl case, the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zer0. for tctorassiged homework, g (0 wwwmasteringphysescomr (Ancwere ro odd-numbered Conceptual Questions canbe found in the back ofthe book) 1, Two changed particles move at right angles to a magnetic field 4, Describe how the motion of a changed particle can be used to and deflect in opposite directions, Can one conclude that the distinguish between an electric and a magnetic field particles have opposite charges? 5. Explain how a charged particle moving in 9 ciecle af small ra 2. An electron moves with constant velocity through a region of divs can take the same amount of time to complete an orbit as space that is free of magnetic fields, Can one conchide that the snidentical particle orbiting ina citele of large radius 6 A currentearrying wire is placed in » region with a uniform 3. An electron moves with constant velocity through a region of magnetic field. The wire experiences zero magnete force. space that i free of electic fields, Can one conclude that the Explain. magnetic fields Zora in this region? Explain. (ERE Note: Ansivers odd-numbered Problems and Conceptual Exercises can be found inthe backof te ook. IP denotes an integrated problem, wth bt com ‘epee surcerical parts; BNO identifies proves of iolygical or medical terest; €B indicates a conceptual exercise Predict/Explain protlens ask for eo responses: a) your preicton ofa physical outcome, and (b te best explanation among three proved. On all proflems, re bullets (2, #®, #»#) fore used (indicate the loel of dificult,