SURVEYING-II

(CE-229)

Lecture Notes
Edited By;
Engr. Arshad A. Azeemi
Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KPK
Email: [email protected]
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 CLASS OUTLINES
HYDROPGRAPHIC SURVEYS

• Introduction
• Objectives of Hydrographic Survey and Electronic Charting
• Horizontal Control & Vertical Control
• Depth and Tidal Measurements
• Position Fixing Techniques
• Sounding Plan

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 Hydrographic Surveying
❑ Hydrographic surveying is the branch of the survey which deal with any body of still or
running water i.e. a lake, harbor work, stream or river.
❑ Hydrographic survey are used to define shore line and under water features.
❑ Hydrographic survey are made to acquire and present data on lake, bay, or harbors.

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 Hydrographic Surveying
❑ Hydrographic survey comprises all survey made for the determination of;
❑ Shore line
❑ Soundings
❑ Characteristics of the bottom
❑ Area subjected to scouring and silting
❑ Depth available for navigation
❑ Velocity and characteristics of flow of water
❑ The location of buoys, light house, rocks, sand bars, etc.

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 Objective of Hydrographic Survey & Electronic Charting
Why we need Hydrographic Survey;
a) Off shore engineering & the shipping industry have continued to expand.
b) Drilling rigs (wells), located upto 125 miles (200 km) offshore, search for resources
particularly oil & gas.
c) Offshore island are constructed of dredged materials to support marine structures.
d) Harbors depths up to 80 ft (25 m) are required to accumulate the larger ships and
tankers. (Containerization has become an efficient and preferred method of cargo
handling).
e) The demand for recreational transportation ranges from large cruises through ship to
small sail boats.

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 Objective of Hydrographic Survey & Electronic Charting
1) Measurement of tides for sea coasts i.e. construction of the sea defense work, harbors
etc.
2) Determination of the bed depth by sounding (For navigation, For location of rock,
sand bar, buoys, navigation lights etc., For location of the under water works, volume
of the under water excavation etc., In connection with irrigation and land drainage
scheme.)
3) Determination of direction of current in connection with; location of sewer out fall,
Determination of the area subjected to silt and scour, For navigation purposes.
4) Measurement of quantity of water and flow of water in connection with water scheme,
power scheme, flood control etc.

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 Control on Hydrographic Survey
❑The first step in making the hydrographic survey is to establish the control, i.e.
both horizontal and vertical control.
❑The main objective in hydrographic surveying is to determine the depth of water
at a certain point. (sounding is the measurement of depth below the water
surface).
❑For sounding, vertical control is needed and to locate the sounding, a horizontal
control is needed.

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 Horizontal Control on Hydrographic Survey
❑ In an extensive survey the primary horizontal control is established by triangulation
(employed for widely separated points) & the secondary one by running the transit
(theodolite) & tape traverse between the triangulation station, the traverse lines been run
to follow the shore line approximately.
❑ In survey of less extent the primary horizontal control only is required & is established
by running a transit & tape traverse line, sufficiently close to the shore line.
❑ For rough work the control may be established by running a transit & stadia traverse or
plan table traverse.
❑ The under water and near water points may be located with reference to the
triangulation or traversing.

❑ Horizontal control – Northing & Easting Calculated (X & Y)

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 Vertical Control on Hydrographic Survey
❑ It is based upon a series of bench mark established near the shore line by spirit levelling
or direct levelling & these serve for setting & checking tides gauges (to find the level of
water) to which the sounding are present.
❑ Vertical connection may be affected by the determination of the depth of the point
below the water surface.
❑ Vertical Control – Depth Calculated (R.L calculated)

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
Sounding
❑ The measurement of depth below the water surface is called sounding.
❑ The object of making sounding is to determine the configuration of the bottom of the
body of water.
❑ This is done by measuring from boat the depth of water at various points.

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
Sounding are required for;
❑ The preparation of charts for navigation.
❑ Determination of quantity of materials dredged & the area where the material is to be
dredged or where the dredged materials may dumped.
❑ The design of work i.e. break water, sea wall etc.

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
Equipments required for making sounding;
❑ Sounding Boat / Survey Vessels

❑ Sounding Rods (or Poles)

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
❑ Lead Line

❑ Sounding Chain

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
❑ Sounding Lead

❑ Sounding Machine

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
❑ Fathometer

❑ Sextant

❑ Signals

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
Ranges;
❑ The lines on which soundings are taken, called ranges or range lines.
❑ They are laid on the shore parallel to each other and at right angles to the shore line or
radiating from a prominent natural object.
❑ Each range line should be marked by means of signals erected at two points on it which
should be at considerable distance apart.

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
❑ The position of the signal defining range should be carefully located by direct
measurement, stadia or triangulation.
❑ In case of river or stream of great magnitude the ranges are usually run at right angles at
axis of the stream, the signal being erected on either one bank or both banks.
❑ The spacing of the range lines ranges from 6m to 30m, depending upon the object of the
survey and the nature of the bottom.

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
Sounding Party;
❑ The Surveyor or Chief of the Party
❑ The Instrument Man
❑ The Recorder
❑ The Leadsman
❑ The Boat Crew
❑ The Signal Man

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
Making the Soundings;
❑ Up to depths of 20m (75 ft), the sounding are made while the boat is in motion.
❑ If the sounding is made by sound rods, the leadsman stands in the bow and plunges it in
forward direction far enough that when it reaches the bottom, it will in vertical position.
❑ He then reads the rod quickly and calls out the observed reading of each sounding to the
recorder who repeat it and records it as well as the time and number of the sounding.

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 Depth and Tidal Measurements
❑ The nature of bottom is observed and recorded at intervals in the note book.
❑ When the sounding line is used, the leading plunges the lead forward at such that the
line will become vertical at point where the sounding is to be taken when leads reaches
the bottom.
❑ If the water is very deep and still, sounding are taken by stopping the boat for each
sounding.
❑ For ordinary engineering purposes sounding are taken at 8 to 15 m intervals. (but for
special purposes they may be taken at as close as 2- 3m intervals)

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 Position Fixing Techniques
❑ The location of the survey vessel (Boat) in the horizontal plane when a particular
sounding has been measured is a fundamental requirement for the hydrographic survey.
❑ Direction control of the vessel along the sounding lines is an important factor for
ensuring that the survey area is covered sufficiently to meet the specifications.
❑ Three Over all methods of position fixing techniques are;
1. Manual
2. Electronic (EDM)
3. GPS (DGPS and RTK)
❑ The factors governing the selection of the technique to be used relate primarily to; the
location of the site, the complexity of the survey area, the volume of the data collected,
and the necessity of collecting the similar data over the same area on a weekly,
monthly, or seasonal basis.

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 Position Fixing Techniques
Methods of Locating Sounding (Manual Methods);
Sounding may be located by the following methods;
❑ By Transit and Stadia

❑ By Range and Time Intervals

(Constant Vessel Velocity)

❑ By Range and One Angle from Shore

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 Position Fixing Techniques
❑ By Range and One Angle from Boat

❑ By Two Angles from Shore

(Intersection from Theodolites Stations on Shore)

❑ By Two Angles from Boat (Double-Sextant Angles Observed from the Vessel)
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 Position Fixing Techniques
❑ By Intersecting Ranges (Intersecting Range Lines)

❑ By Cross Rope

❑ By Distance Along a Wire or Rope Stretched across a Stream between Stations

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 Position Fixing Techniques
Electromagnetic Position-Fixing Systems (EDM);
❑ EPF systems are usually light-based, as are electronic distance measurement (EDM)
instruments or they are microwave-based.
❑ EPF systems determine the vessel’s location by the intersection of a minimum of two
range distances measured to shore stations.
❑ The systems are classified based on the different characteristics of radio microwave
propagation used into;
❑ Short Range Based
❑ Medium Range Based
❑ Long Range Based

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 Hydrographic Surveying and the Global Position System (GPS)
Global Positioning Systems (GPS);
❑ This remarkable positioning development is revolutionizing the way we determine our
geographical location at any moment in time.
❑ Its impact on marine positioning and navigation will probably be even greater than on
land-based surveys.
❑ Marine positioning involves few obstructions to the reception of the satellite signals,
and the electronic nature of the technology permits simultaneous capture of position,
headings, and sounding data.

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 Sounding Plan
❑ The most economical coverage of the seabed is achieved through a series of equally spaced
sounding lines over the survey data. Specific considerations are;
❑Appropriate scale of the survey.
❑Spacing between the sounding lines and their orientation with the shoreline.
❑Interval between fixes along a sounding line.
❑Speed of the vessel (Boat)
❑Direction in which the sounding lines are run.

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 HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEY

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