Index:

1) introduction

2) need and objective

3) literature review

4) organisation of dissertation

5) methodology

6) about proe wildfire

7) about ansys software

8) result and conclusion

9) referances

Page 1
 1. INTRODUCTION:
The finite element method (FEM) has now become a very important tool of
engineering analysis. Its versality is reflected in its popularity among engineers and
designers belonging to nearly all the engineering disciplines. Whether a civil engineer
designing bridges, dams or a mechanical engineers designing auto engines, rolling
mills, machine tools or an aerospace engineer interested in the analysis of dynamics of
an aero plane or temperature rise in the heat shield of a space shuttle or a metallurgist
concerned about the influence of a rolling operation on the microstructure of a rolled
product or an electrical engineer interested in analysis of the electromagnetic field in
electrical machinery-all find the finite element method handy and useful. It is not that
these problems remained unproved before the finite element method came into vogue;
rather this method has become popular due to its relative simplicity of approach and
accuracy of results.

Traditional methods of engineering analysis, while attempting to solve an engineering

problem mathematically, always try for simplified formulation in order to overcome
the various complexities involved in exact mathematical formulation.
In the modern technological environment the conventional methodology of design
cannot compete with the modern trends of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE)
techniques. The constant search for new innovative design in the engineering field is a
common trend.

To build highly optimized product, which is the basic requirement of today for
survival in the global market today? All round efforts were put forward in this
direction. Software professional and technologists have developed various design
packages.

Page 2
 2. NEED AND OBJECTIVE:
The stress analysis in the fields of civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering,
nuclear engineering is invariably complex and for many of the problems it is
extremely difficult and tedious to obtain analytical solutions. In these situations
engineers usually resort to numerical methods to solve the problems. With the
advent +engineering analysis are the finite element method and the method
being used for the analysis of structures/solids of complex shapes and
complicated boundary conditions.

Due to development of computers and subsequent development of numerical

methods, it is now possible to model the components, simulate the conditions
and perform testing on computer without actual model making, One of the most
popular numerical methods used is the Finite Element (FEM) offered by the
existing CAD/CAM/CAE. The most popular software, which is based on Finite
Element Analysis, is “ANSYS “package, which is used in this work

Page 3
 3. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Swing arm plates are subjected to various loads.Due to these load
various stress induced in swing arm plate. So stress and strain mapping on the
swing arm plate provide a vital information concerning the swing arm plate and
lead to the detection of critical swingarm plate sections.The failure at the swing
arm plates is directly attributable tp poor engineering design. Using the cargo
box and frame as a swing arm results in high stresses in the swing arm plates,
owing to the short length of the connection with the upper and lower tubes. A
second reason for failure at the swing arm plates is that the design does not
follow basic vehicle dynamics precepts. One goal of vehicle dynamics is to
minimize the amount of unsprung weight, i.e, the weight not carried by the
springs.A vehicle with a lower unsprung mass can have a ligher frame, since
reduced forces are transmitted through the springs.

Fatigue failure result from a combination of steady stress, vibratory stress, and
material imperfections. However, the size of microscopic imperfections is
difficult to control. Hence, stress-range diagrams are used to quantify the
allowable vibratory stress amplitudes to avoid fatigue damage.

It is essential to incorporate the Computer Aided Engineering in the suspension

system development and design process. We have started to establish the
method of getting the optimum profile using stress value and displacement as
limiting condition.

It is introduced that products can gain the performance and reliability by using
Computer Aided Engineering and shape optimization.The conventional method
of structural analysis has been the repeated work. The profile model is created
and then analysis is made. The profile is changed according to the evaluation

Page 4
results. Then calculation is made again.In future, however it is important to
adopt the process of getting the optimum profile where stress and displacements
are used as limiting conditions.

It is ideal that Computer Aided Engineering be incorporated in the

development design process and used in the initial phase of development
designing. To achieve this, we will make more efforts to solve many issues and
to make contribution to further development of the subsequent Computer Aided
Engineering and renovations in the true sense of manufacturing.

4.organisation of dissertation:
Page 5
5.METHODLOGY:

Page 6
The motorcycle rear suspension system has evolved into two systems which are
commonly used today - "The rigid motorcyle rear suspension" and "the swing
arm motorcycle rear suspension. Rear suspensions are primarily used to absorb
the shock as a result of imperfect roads.
A SWING ARM REAR:
The swing arm is originally known as a swing fork or pivoted fork, is the main
component of the rear suspension of most modern motorcycles and ATV's. it is
used to hold the rear axle firmly, while pivoting vertically, to allow the
suspension to absorb bumps in the road.
The msot widely used rear suspension type in motorcycles today is the swing
arm type. swing arm rear suspension is a system used by most modern
motorcycles which uses a pivoting fork located at the frame's lower section just
behind the transmission. it also consists of a spring which absorbs shock.This
shock absorber spring also supports the frame's rear section.

TYPES OF SWING ARMS:

There are two types of swing arms found on most bikes. Typically, most bikes
have what is referred to as a monoshock regular swing arm. In this design, a
coilover shock is joined to a linkage that is connected to the bike frame and the
H-shaped swing arm itself. A newer version is the single-sided swing arm. This
type is similar to the H-shaped swing arm in function and design, except that
one side has been removed so a tire can be easily changed.
Swinging fork :- the original version consisting of a pair of parallel pipes
holding the rear axle at one end and pivoting at the other. A pair of shock
absorbers are mounted just before the rear axle and attached to the frame, below
the seat rail
Cantilever :- An extension of the swinging fork where a triangulated frame
transfers swingarm movement to compress shock absorber/s generally mounted
in front of the swingarm. The HRD-vincent motorcycles is a famous early form
of this type of swingarm, though Matchless used it earlier, and Yamaha
subsequently. The Harley Davidson softail is another form of this swingarm,

Page 7
though working in reverse, with the shock absorbers being extended rather than
compressed
Parallelogram Suspension:- was first introduced commercially in
1985 on the Magni "Le Mans". Magni called the system Parallelogrammo.
Various parallelogram systems have been developed by other manufacturers.
Whereas a chain-driven bike would squat at the rear under
acceleration, a shaft drive machine would do the opposite, causing the seat (and
rider) to rise upwards, a phenomenon known as shaft-jacking". This anti-
intuitive sensation can be disconcerting to riders, and parallelogram suspensions
seek to neutralize such unwelcome torque reactions.
A single-sided swingarm :- is a type of swingarm which lies along
only one side of the rear wheel, allowing the rear wheel to be mounted like a car
wheel (unlike the conventional motorcycle double-sided swingarm). Single-
sided swingarms are traditionally found on small motorcycles, where a robust
chain case doubles as the swingarm linking the engine and rear wheel. Single-
sided swingarms need to be much stiffer than the double-sided versions, to
accommodate the extra torsional forces, and as a result, they are usually heavier
than double-sided arms. Having a single mounting point guarantees proper
wheel alignment

6.About Pro-E wildfire:

Page 8
PTC was founded in 1985, by Samuel Peisakhovich Ginsberg, who previously worked at
Prime Computer, Computer vision (CV) and Applicant. Pro/ENGINEER (a.k.a. Pro/E) the
company's first product, shipped in 1988.

John Deere became PTC’s first customer. Once an initial version of Pro/ENGINEER
was developed, the company received venture capital funding from Charles River Associates
and Steve Walske became the CEO. Pro/ENGINEER was the first commercially successful
parametric feature based solid modeler. Through a combination of innovative technology,
and no-holds-barred sales tactics, PTC quickly became a major force in the CAD industry. Its
strong ascent continued unabated until the mid-1990s, when the introduction of Microsoft
Windows NT, and the availability of commercial geometric modeling libraries opened the
door to a new generation of low-cost competitors and PTC's reputation for overly aggressive
sales tactics alienated many of its customers.

Page 9
 These competitors, symbolized by Solid works, squeezed PTC from the bottom, while
more established companies like Unigraphics and IBM held the 'high ground' in automotive
and aerospace industries. PTC's sales began a multi-year decline from which it took years to
recover. It took a new CAD product (Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire) and an expanded product
line, but PTC has been able to transform itself over the past 10 years into the third largest
provider of Product Lifecycle Management software.

On December 29, 2006 Standard & Poor's bumped PTC off its S&P 500 Index, and
replaced it instead with the newly spun-off natural gas company Spectra Energy Corp.
(NYSE: SE). Parametric then bumped Pier 1 Imports Inc. (NYSE: PIR), a retailer of home
furnishings, down one spot and off the bottom of the S&P Midcap 400 Index In 2008, PTC
once again achieved revenues of over $1 billion something it had not been able to accomplish
since 1999.

Creo Elements/Pro, a product formerly known as Pro/ENGINEER is a parametric,

integrated 3DCAD/CAM/CAE solution created by parametric Technology Corporation
(PTC). It was the first to market with parametric, feature-based, associativesolid modeling
software. The application runs on Microsoft Windows platform, and provides solid modeling,
assembly modeling and drafting, finite element analysis, and NC and tooling functionality for
mechanical engineers. The Pro/ENGINEER name was changed to Creo Elements/Pro on
October 28, 2010, coinciding with PTC’s announcement of Creo, a new design software
application suite

Creo Elements/Pro (formerly Pro/ENGINEER), PTC's parametric, integrated 3D

CAD/CAM/CAE solution, is used by discrete manufacturers for mechanical engineering,
design and manufacturing.

Created by Dr. Samuel P. Geisberg in the mid-1980s, Pro/ENGINEER was the industry's first
successful rule-based constraint (sometimes called "parametric" or "variational") 3D CAD modeling
system.[5] The parametric modeling approach uses parameters, dimensions, features, and
relationships to capture intended product behavior and create a recipe which enables design
automation and the optimization of design and product development processes. This design
approach is used by companies whose product strategy is family-based or platform-driven, where a
prescriptive design strategy is fundamental to the success of the design process by embedding

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10
 engineering constraints and relationships to quickly optimize the design, or where the
resulting geometry may be complex or based upon equations. Creo Elements/Pro provides a
complete set of design, analysis and manufacturing capabilities on one, integral, scalable
platform. These required capabilities include Solid Modeling, Surfacing, Rendering, Data
Interoperability, Routed Systems Design, Simulation, Tolerance Analysis, and NC and
Tooling Design.

Companies use Creo Elements/Pro to create a complete 3D digital model of their

products. The models consist of 2D and 3D solid model data which can also be used
downstream in finite element analysis, rapid prototyping, tooling design, and CNC
manufacturing. All data is associative and interchangeable between the CAD, CAE and CAM
modules without conversion. A product and its entire bill of materials (BOM) can be modeled
accurately with fully associative engineering drawings, and revision control information. The
associativity functionality in Creo Elements/Pro enables users to make changes in the design
at any time during the product development process and automatically update downstream
deliverables. This capability enables concurrent engineering design, analysis and
manufacturing engineers working in parallel and streamlines product development processes.

Almost thirty five years, Pro Engineer has been the most powerful and popular three
dimensional computer aided design software in the industry. It has the most variety 11

in terms of advancement in product development capabilities that are currently

available on the market. The current version of Pro Engineer is simple to use and learn. It is
also very affordable, no matter whether you have small or medium size company.

For almost thirty five years, Pro Engineer has been the most powerful and popular
three dimensional computer aided design software in the industry. It has the most variety in
terms of advancement in product development capabilities that are currently available on
the market. The current version of Pro Engineer is simple to use and learn. It is also very
affordable, no matter whether you have small or medium size company.

Basically, it has every functionality that a small business requires to be successful.

There are many client testimonials that provide product feedback. This is very important
because it is always good to hear it straight from your peers. Many people who represent

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11
the small business sector were recently asked about why they used this particular CAD
software.

The testimonials were located in various countries and represented various

industries, too. They explained how the software provided a positive impact on their
operations and the feedback was quite comprehensive. Almost everyone has business
operations that involve daily tasks, including product design. Some types of projects and
product design include the creation of an overall design for the primary components. This is
an assembly type that could be assisted by the Pro Engineer program.

Once you have created the digital model you may need to apply plastics on the form.
The software allows you to create the styling and surfacing as it is able to simulate the
characteristics of different materials. This step will then drive the design for all the product
sub-components. The pro Engineer software allows you to drive the complete design from a
single primary file. When this product is used, be sure to be aware of the specifications and
references in the very beginning of the project.

If changes need to be made, the software can do it automatically. Both the

measurements and the design of the components can be altered according to your desire.
This creates very big opportunities for time saving processes, which is why this software
program is such a powerful tool. Without the ability to make changes so easily, you would
have to make drafts for every component on an individual basis.

If for example the complete dimensions of your design change, some types of
software would force you to change each individual component where as Pro Engineer
allows you to change all the units and measurements easily in one go.

It can also be used for production. When three dimensional files are sent to a
manufacturer, they can construct the tooling straight from the files that were sent. Since the
file is 3D and it has all the necessary measurements, it can save you from the task of
needing to create the two dimensional sketches that the manufacturer used to have to have
in order to review the part.

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12
 You can easily make call outs to the important measurements that you want them to
perform total analysis on. This is a real time saver. In fact, it can save about twenty per cent
of the time that you would generally spend on the whole process.

If you need a powerful solution for your product development process, Pro Engineer
is a good choice, as it allows you to work more efficiently and with improved design
verification.

13

VERSIONS OF PRO-ENGINEER

S.NO NAME\VERSION BUILD NUMBER YEAR

1 Pro\ENGINEER(Auto fact 1987 R 1.0 1987

premier)
2 Pro\ENGINEER R 8.0 1991
3 Pro\ENGINEER R 9.0 1992

4 Pro\ENGINEER R 10.0 1993

5 Pro\ENGINEER R 11.0 1993

6 Pro\ENGINEER R 12.0 1994

7 Pro\ENGINEER R 13.0 1994

8 Pro\ENGINEER R 14.0 1994

9 Pro\ENGINEER R 15.0 1995

10 Pro\ENGINEER R 16.0 1996

11 Pro\ENGINEER R 17.0 1997

12 Pro\ENGINEER R 18.0 1997
13 Pro\ENGINEER R 19.0 1998
14 Pro\ENGINEER R 20.0 1998
15 Pro\ENGINEER R 2000i 1999
16 Pro\ENGINEER R 2000i2 2000

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13
 17 Pro\ENGINEER R 2001 2001
18 Pro\ENGINEER WILDFIRE R 1.0 2002

19 Pro\ENGINEER WILDFIRE R 2.0 2004

21 Pro\ENGINEER WILDFIRE R 4.0 2008
22 Pro\ENGINEER WILDFIRE R 5.0 2009

23 CREO ELEMENTS/PRO R 5.0 2010

20 Pro\ENGINEER WILDFIRE R 3.0 2006

Pro-E Modules

 Sketcher (2D)
 Part (3D)
 Assembly
 Drawing and Drafting
 Sheet Metal
 Rendering

3. swingarm MODELING IN PRO-E

swingarm design modeling we will do in pro-e. pro-e is a 3D modeling

software. is a dassualt systems corp.inc. Subsidiary company.which has over 5
million designers working and 100 over country's using

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14
Pro-e has 3 modules

 Part

 Assemble

 Drafting

In part design we will do the swingarm design

The procedure followed for the swingarm design is

The above figure shows the Module of Swing Arm

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15
 7.About Ansys software:-
Ansys software is a comprehensive finite element analysis tool for structural
analysis, including linear, non linear and dynamic studies. The engineering
simulation product provides a complete set of element behavior, material
models and equation solvers for a wide range of mechanical design problems. In
addition, structural analysis and thermal analysis
THE TYPICAL ANSYS ANALYSIS HAS THREE DISTINCT STEPS:
• PRE-PROCESSOR (build the model)
• SOLUTION (apply loads and obtain solution)
• POST-PROCESSOR (review the result)

Units:-
TABLE 1
Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees RPM Celsius
Angle Degrees
Rotational Velocity RPM
Temperature Celsius

Model (A4):-

The above figure shows model of swing arm

Geometry
TABLE 2
Model (A4) > Geometry

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16
 Object Name Geometry
State Fully Defined
Definition
C:\Users\ANSYS\Desktop\swing arm design_files\dp0\SYS-6\DM\
Source
SYS-6.agdb
Type DesignModeler
Length Unit Meters
Element Control Program Controlled
Display Style Body Color
Bounding Box
Length X 540. mm
Length Y 148.97 mm
Length Z 689.05 mm
Properties
Volume 1.5275e+006 mm³
Mass 11.991 kg
Scale Factor Value 1.
Statistics
Bodies 1
Active Bodies 1
Nodes 11222
Elements 5589
Mesh Metric None
Basic Geometry Options
Parameters Yes
Parameter Key DS
Attributes No
Named Selections No
Material Properties No
Advanced Geometry Options
Use Associativity Yes
Coordinate Systems No
Reader Mode Saves Updated
No
File
Use Instances Yes
Smart CAD Update No
Compare Parts On Update No
Attach File Via Temp File Yes
Temporary Directory C:\Users\ANSYS\AppData\Local\Temp
Analysis Type 3-D
Decompose Disjoint Geometry Yes
Enclosure and Symmetry
Yes
Processing
TABLE 3
Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts
Object Name Part 1
State Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible Yes
Transparency 1
Definition
Suppressed No
Stiffness Behavior Flexible
Coordinate System Default Coordinate System
Reference Temperature By Environment
Material

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17
 Assignment Structural Steel
Nonlinear Effects Yes
Thermal Strain Effects Yes
Bounding Box
Length X 540. mm
Length Y 148.97 mm
Length Z 689.05 mm
Properties
Volume 1.5275e+006 mm³
Mass 11.991 kg
Centroid X -3.4699 mm
Centroid Y 0.59753 mm
Centroid Z 17.558 mm
Moment of Inertia Ip1 3.0285e+005 kg·mm²
Moment of Inertia Ip2 6.7032e+005 kg·mm²
Moment of Inertia Ip3 3.9239e+005 kg·mm²
Statistics
Nodes 11222
Elements 5589
Mesh Metric None

Coordinate Systems:-
TABLE 4
Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System
Object Name Global Coordinate System
State Fully Defined
Definition
Type Cartesian
Coordinate System ID 0.
Origin
Origin X 0. mm
Origin Y 0. mm
Origin Z 0. mm
Directional Vectors
X Axis Data [ 1. 0. 0. ]
Y Axis Data [ 0. 1. 0. ]
Z Axis Data [ 0. 0. 1. ]

SWING ARM MESHING:-

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18
 The above figure shows meshing of swing arm
Mesh:-
TABLE 5
Model (A4) > Mesh
Object Name Mesh
State Solved
Defaults
Physics Preference Mechanical
Relevance 0
Sizing
Use Advanced Size Function Off
Relevance Center Coarse
Element Size Default
Initial Size Seed Active Assembly
Smoothing Medium
Transition Fast
Span Angle Center Coarse
Minimum Edge Length 2.5063e-002 mm
Inflation
Use Automatic Inflation None
Inflation Option Smooth Transition
Transition Ratio 0.272
Maximum Layers 5
Growth Rate 1.2
Inflation Algorithm Pre
View Advanced Options No
Patch Conforming Options
Triangle Surface Mesher Program Controlled
Patch Independent Options
Topology Checking Yes
Advanced
Number of CPUs for Parallel Part Meshing Program Controlled
Shape Checking Standard Mechanical
Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements No
Number of Retries Default (4)
Extra Retries For Assembly Yes
Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced
Mesh Morphing Disabled

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19
 Defeaturing
Pinch Tolerance Please Define
Generate Pinch on Refresh No
Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On
Defeaturing Tolerance Default
Statistics
Nodes 11222
Elements 5589
Mesh Metric None

Static Structural (A5):-

TABLE 6
Model (A4) > Analysis
Object Name Static Structural (A5)
State Solved
Definition
Physics Type Structural
Analysis Type Static Structural
Solver Target Mechanical APDL
Options
Environment Temperature 22. °C
Generate Input Only No
TABLE 7
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings
Object Name Analysis Settings
State Fully Defined
Step Controls
Number Of Steps 1.
Current Step Number 1.
Step End Time 1. s
Auto Time Stepping Program Controlled
Solver Controls
Solver Type Program Controlled
Weak Springs Program Controlled
Large Deflection Off
Inertia Relief Off
Restart Controls
Generate Restart Points Program Controlled
Retain Files After Full Solve No
Nonlinear Controls
Newton-Raphson Option Program Controlled
Force Convergence Program Controlled
Moment Convergence Program Controlled
Displacement Convergence Program Controlled
Rotation Convergence Program Controlled
Line Search Program Controlled
Stabilization Off
Output Controls
Stress Yes
Strain Yes

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20
 Nodal Forces No
Contact Miscellaneous No
General Miscellaneous No
Store Results At All Time Points
Analysis Data Management
Solver Files Directory C:\Users\ANSYS\Desktop\swing arm design_files\dp0\SYS-6\MECH\
Future Analysis None
Scratch Solver Files
Directory
Save MAPDL db No
Delete Unneeded Files Yes
Nonlinear Solution No
Solver Units Active System
Solver Unit System nmm
TABLE 8
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads
Object Name Fixed Support Force
State Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry 4 Faces
Definition
Type Fixed Support Force
Suppressed No
Define By Components
Coordinate System Global Coordinate System
X Component 0. N (ramped)
Y Component 250. N (ramped)
Z Component 0. N (ramped)
FIGURE 1
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force

Solution (A6):-
TABLE 9
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution
Object Name Solution (A6)
State Solved
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Max Refinement Loops 1.
Refinement Depth 2.
Information
Status Done
TABLE 10
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information
Object Name Solution Information
State Solved
Solution Information
Solution Output Solver Output
Newton-Raphson Residuals 0
Update Interval 2.5 s
Display Points All
FE Connection Visibility
Activate Visibility Yes
Display All FE Connectors
Draw Connections Attached To All Nodes

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21
 Line Color Connection Type
Visible on Results No
Line Thickness Single
Display Type Lines
TABLE 11
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results
Total
Object Name Equivalent Stress
Deformation
State Solved
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry All Bodies
Definition
Total
Type Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress
Deformation
By Time
Display Time Last
Calculate Time History Yes
Identifier
Suppressed No
Results
Minimum 0. mm 1.751e-004 MPa
Maximum 5.0609e-002 mm 8.1993 MPa
Minimum Value Over Time
Minimum 0. mm 1.751e-004 MPa
Maximum 0. mm 1.751e-004 MPa
Maximum Value Over Time
Minimum 5.0609e-002 mm 8.1993 MPa
Maximum 5.0609e-002 mm 8.1993 MPa
Information
Time 1. s
Load Step 1
Substep 1
Iteration Number 1
Integration Point Results
Display Option Averaged
Average Across Bodies No

1)Computer aided stress analysis of swing arm:

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22
 The above figure shows the stress analysis of a Swing Arm:-
2) Computer aided structural analysis of swing arm

The above figure shows the Deformation of swing arm:-

Material Data:-
Structural Steel
TABLE 12
Structural Steel > Constants
Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1
Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1
Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1
Resistivity 1.7e-004 ohm mm
TABLE 13
Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength
Compressive Ultimate Strength MPa
0
TABLE 14
Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength

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23
 Compressive Yield Strength MPa
250
TABLE 15
Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength
Tensile Yield Strength MPa
250
TABLE 16
Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength
Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa
460
TABLE 17
Structural Steel > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Reference Temperature C
22
TABLE 18
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress Mean Stress
Alternating Stress MPa Cycles Mean Stress MPa
3999 10 0
2827 20 0
1896 50 0
1413 100 0
1069 200 0
441 2000 0
262 10000 0
214 20000 0
138 1.e+005 0
114 2.e+005 0
86.2 1.e+006 0
TABLE 19
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters
Cyclic Strain
Strength Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength
Hardening
Coefficient MPa Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient MPa
Exponent
920 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1000 0.2
TABLE 20
Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity
Temperature
Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa
C
2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005 76923
TABLE 21
Structural Steel > Isotropic Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability
10000

8.result and conclusion:

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24
9.referances:

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25