Name: Jehan Kristell R. Lucero ID NO.

202323403
Subject: PYM 106 (Field Methods in Psychology)

MODULE II

Lesson 1A Assessment:

Answer/accomplish and submit to [email protected].

1. When do we use a correlational research design?

Correlational research is ideal for gathering data quickly from natural settings. That
helps you generalize your findings to real-life situations in an externally valid way.

2. How do we do correlational research?

There are many different methods you can use in correlational research. In the
social and behavioral sciences, the most common data collection methods for this
type of research include surveys, observations, and secondary data.

1. Surveys are a quick, flexible way to collect standardized data from many
participants, but it’s important to ensure that your questions are worded in
an unbiased way and capture relevant insights.
2. Naturalistic observation is a type of field research where you gather data
about a behavior or phenomenon in its natural environment. This method
often involves recording, counting, describing, and categorizing actions and
events.
3. Secondary data. Instead of collecting original data, you can also use data
that has already been collected for a different purpose, such as official
records, polls, or previous studies.

3. Are correlation and causation the same?

Correlation and causation are not the same, although they are related concepts
often discussed in research and statistics. Correlation tells us that two variables
are related in some way, but it does not tell us the direction of the relationship or
whether one variable causes change in the other. Causation, on the other hand,
implies a direct cause-and-effect relationship between variables, which typically
requires more rigorous research methods to establish.
 MODULE II

Lesson 1B Assessment:

Answer/accomplish and submit to [email protected].

1. How is correlation associated with prediction?

Correlation is associated with prediction since it provides information about the

strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, which can be
useful for making predictions about future outcomes.

2. Create three (3) sets of simple hypotheses where your identified variables
can be correlated.

Set 1: Sleep Duration and Academic Performance

1. Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no correlation between sleep duration and

academic performance.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a positive correlation between sleep
duration and academic performance, such that students who sleep longer
tend to achieve higher grades.

Set 2: Exercise Frequency and Mental Well-being

1. Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no correlation between exercise frequency

and mental well-being.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a negative correlation between
exercise frequency and mental well-being, indicating that individuals who
exercise more frequently report higher levels of mental well-being.

Set 3: Stress Levels and Coping Strategies

1. Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no correlation between stress levels and
coping strategies.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a negative correlation between stress
levels and adaptive coping strategies, such that individuals experiencing
higher levels of stress are more likely to employ effective coping strategies
to manage their stress.
 3. Again, why it is safe to say that correlation is not causation?

It's safe to say that correlation is not causation because correlation alone does not
establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. While correlation is a
valuable tool for identifying associations between variables, it does not provide
sufficient evidence to establish causation. To determine causation, researchers
typically rely on experimental designs and/or longitudinal studies.

MODULE II

Lesson 1C Assessment:

Answer/accomplish and submit to [email protected].

1. What is Canonical Correlation? How is this utilized in the study?

Canonical correlation analysis is a multivariate statistical technique used to explore

the relationship between two sets of variables. It seeks to identify linear
combinations of variables within each set that are maximally correlated with each
other. In other words, canonical correlation analysis aims to find the strongest
possible correlations between two sets of variables.

2. How are the study variables Learning Assessments (LA) and Assessment
Preferences (AP) defined and treated in the study?

In a research study, the variables "Learning Assessments (LA)" and "Assessment

Preferences (AP)" defined and treated depending on the specific research aims,
methodology, and theoretical framework.

3. Preparing important data instruments in your future studies, look and

download the instruments used: 1.) Approaches and Study Skills Inventory
for Students and 2.) Assessment Preference Inventory.

1. Approaches and study skills inventory for students (ASSIST)

• The ASSIST questionnaire is a widely used instrument for assessing students'

approaches to learning and study skills. It measures factors such as deep
approach to learning, surface approach to learning, and strategic approach to
learning.
• We can easily find the ASSIST questionnaire and related information through
academic databases, institutional repositories, or the official website of its
developers or publishers. Some universities or research institutions may also
provide access to the instrument for academic purposes.
Approaches and study skills inventory for students (ASSIST) Questionnaire
 2. Assessment Preference Inventory

• The Assessment Preference Inventory is a tool used to assess individuals'

preferences for different assessment methods or formats.
• Similar to the ASSIST questionnaire, you can search for the Assessment
Preference Inventory through academic databases, institutional repositories, or
relevant research literature.

MODULE II

Lesson 2 Assessment:

Answer/accomplish and submit to [email protected].

1. What is Descriptive Research? When do we use the descriptive research

design?

Descriptive research is a type of research design used and utilized when

researchers seek to describe, to systematically observe, and summarize the
characteristics, behaviors, or phenomena of interest within a particular population
or group. Unlike experimental research, which aims to establish cause-and-effect
relationships by manipulating variables, descriptive research focuses on providing
an accurate portrayal or snapshot of the subject being studied without intervention.

2. How do we construct a descriptive research question?

Constructing a descriptive research question involves identifying the specific topic

or phenomenon you want to investigate and then formulating a question that
focuses on describing it.

3. What are examples of developmental studies using descriptive research?

Developmental studies using descriptive research aim to describe and understand

various aspects of human development across different ages, stages, or
populations.

1. Language Development in Infants - Descriptive research may involve

observing and documenting the milestones and progression of language
acquisition in infants. Researchers might track when babies start cooing,
babbling, saying first words, and forming sentences.

2. Physical Growth Patterns in Children - Researchers might conduct descriptive

studies to document the typical growth patterns in children, including height,
weight, and body mass index (BMI) at various ages. These studies provide
benchmarks for monitoring healthy growth and development.
 3. Cognitive Development in Adolescents - Descriptive research can explore the
development of cognitive abilities, such as memory, problem-solving, and
decision-making, in adolescents. Studies might use standardized tests or
cognitive tasks to assess different aspects of cognitive functioning across age
groups.

4. What is a research variable?

A research variable is any characteristic, property, or factor that can vary or take
on different values within a study. Variables are used in research to understand
relationships between different phenomena, test hypotheses, and draw
conclusions. They are essential components of research design and analysis.

MODULE II

Lesson 3A Assessment:

Answer/accomplish and submit to [email protected].

1. Discuss critically this statement based on the lecture presentation on

experimental research: “Determine the CAUSE of something by ISOLATING
the hypothesized CAUSES and COMPARING the controlled RESULTS.”

The statement accurately summarizes the essence of experimental research in

determining causality but it is also important to recognize its strengths, limitations, and
alternative approaches. Experimental research plays a crucial role in advancing
scientific knowledge, but researchers must carefully consider the trade-offs and
methodological considerations involved.

2. Justify this statement based on the lecture-presentation: "The experimental

method is the only research method that can identify cause-effect
relationships."

The experimental method is uniquely suited to identify cause-effect relationships

because of its ability to manipulate variables, control for extraneous factors, establish
temporal sequence, and ensure internal validity through rigorous experimental design.

3. Distinguish the possible challenges or problems in doing experimental

research. What is a placebo effect as a problem in the conduct of an
experimental research?

The experimental research offers a powerful approach to studying cause-and-effect

relationships but the researchers must be mindful of potential challenges such as
selection bias, experimenter bias, participant variability, demand characteristics, and the
placebo effect. By implementing appropriate controls and safeguards, researchers can
minimize these problems and draw valid conclusions from their experiments.

MODULE II

Lesson 3B Assessment:

Answer/accomplish and submit to [email protected].

1. Classify the three (3) types of experimental designs that are commonly used
in field methods.

Experimental designs commonly used in field methods can be classified into three
main types: pre-experimental designs, quasi-experimental designs, and true
experimental designs. Each type of experimental design has its strengths and
limitations, and the choice of design depends on factors such as the research
question, practical constraints, and ethical considerations.

2. Construct your own working research topic using the experimental

research.

Research Topic: The Impact of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress Reduction

among Drug Users

Research Question: Does participating in a mindfulness meditation program lead

to reduced levels of stress among drug users

Hypothesis: Participants who undergo a mindfulness meditation program will

report lower levels of perceived stress compared to those in the control group who
do not receive the intervention.

Participants: Tagbilaran City Probationers (Drug Users)

Expected Outcomes:

• If the experimental group shows a significant decrease in stress levels compared

to the control group, it would provide evidence for the effectiveness of mindfulness
meditation in reducing stress among drug users.
• If no significant difference is found between the two groups, it may suggest that
the mindfulness meditation program used in the study was not effective or that
other factors may have influenced stress levels.