FonmarmenTAL § OF Logic <= oe > Basic Connecwvec reutly Table 5 Logical fquuivalence ° Logica Lnpltcatiow, Use of ayes vers - Defenabion and Prools Obtneoreme. py ceed — Cosrtisvan produch > One-One & Onto funcheny > Xperia Functions | > Pegeonhale ‘Theorem Composite ancl Inverse Funttions' UNIT= 4 5 iit!- : jara dt da denived Jrom pute word "Logos" usha} y pice UO Happy Birtha PP = Not p Means Arasen (019 purinuiple: Le provider ~| you beautiful foe ore te Net P en by which one can detiimine herr, | aslel2022 asiclae® an Oagquenent ws VOLd or not ke CONNECTIVES i Te dasign Computer cttuuues, construckiay | % Computer programs and for the Verdict ©} Corrediness Q)-the programs py rlegatin + wor! foe —J 9) Conjunctien + “Ano! [eur' [a] 9 Dusjnctuew + or (v] 4) Conditional Gonplicatew) :[> (ony S] ay ted “apetion "Ropeittion cen statement UA | tcondtiona :[>008) 0 “ah! 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Flo): aAWhiCh of the Potlowsing Blatements ase propositions 2 D5 wa prime aumbex + P(T) Beis a statement colors din which, feak equivalance axe used’ eA bogical equivalence consists of Unberce of Proportions Sith toes r lopeeal operations — Depiction that explains equivalence and Lmplicabion 6} proportians &Conne The wiord's @D phroses(or) symbels whichare Used Ie Make proposition sby arer> mere Aes ‘propositions arw cated fogical Conned ives cotek Tee aru basic conne 2 Dathi is capital of dndia + P(T)‘conditional: and. b-conditonat * Truth Tables: = Negation : The negation of a statement us gencratty formed by ustitting the word ‘Not! ab- & proper place tn ahe statement Cproposction ) ©r» by Prefiaisng. sine slatemut, Se: Pithdaxabad us Fags Sith athe phrase “dt da not the case tit’ => + Pt skakement nt aclia it ap yp: Negation of statement ai + Also coed. “denion! \p| Pri Ire nv Trath Table: Unless, not we use 1. us A Compatind Proposuion, soeened 2 (or more Prepoictions Pay uonnébine ‘AND ' denoted. Prgand quad a» pandey Canunctton- is Bie ont when PE 4 antag and shewsue AU ether cases ane Jalse “Thay fable [pla [Pnaleral Am and [tt fpf T[r [Tt |T\ ; TlelF It | en F|T|F bin pairing Sida FIFE LE | 9! 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[FOE bony a ope al ore |r TET F E qT rele ty} . | T Fr r cyt _ |r ere tir | 7 | —£9 P® (pv 9) 269 bp © tT) Tr ei) Fo fr a. T | F | Fd a7 LT , 2) O (p94) ‘| peasy) ma i caleae F | + F [ T fi Lr \ a | pve} ‘rp @(rvay rp | T F Tle T F a T a | ele | F z if feo y—P (oa) toh) tons 8) (¥—> 7p) > a } P| VJ] Wee] ; hl ry 26 7 P) | pee tT | F{ af 7 jf F uy i. i Elo ee Tig T (Va) (poe) § 4a45-4 A Toatology : A atatcinente jounute wlan’ |v rue abaarpt sbure vuganelles ofthe Values ofthe Slatimerity which veeplace poy Pay He Vasixables uit ubvit called a univenally F | (pSua) Nalid formula ©? a Lagi'cat cbuth 91a EY) - | tantigdittion’ A Stodement terenula wlhick vi otuomys pple | sugardder op triuts. vals 6} stalementi which suplace the Variabler Jn ut Us Zaid to be a contraction —_ emaCont statement formula. 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Pan Vv (gar) V (payer[rx aa) [74 est n (—(qvp) vye)) BAT OL ostilze22 *> (py) —> (—ry¢apy9) ]<(-py9) 488 (pra) — (p— (apv9))| lawsog (paw Vp) S Irplieni (pra ¥ (4P very) cena) Erp p fete Byes > (prOvEpry) by dustibubve Law (pea) v¥ = (pro acy) > A “ (PYEPYY) A ( yv E—pry)) © By Assoutative low 3 (Q-p va) (@ pv4) 2 (rv) Avena) Cie ay) TA (AR) & TAP 4) eS ery) (ans) us Fautol oy ti. flows we ery? ey) (pra) V(pyy) ee CoPv9)y (py) (Gy Perangar' lo ee v (way pv al) Associchuve Law zaepi (Tig) laws digandion a vat ao Show that , [cpvann a Crt) v(-pang) (by singleton’ Sian [eon ene) va pra [rv (oy a) pe uw) uo Geealaway), (pra) a (pv fn) v Rigen Freeway | | (pyy A (paar) v—a(Pv(any) (PyD AT = (vay *\pvay Pv(yar|v PA (14 v-r) By Negation Demorgans Law Uv)” (evcane) v (Py (var) | (ra) 4 (pya) Alp v¥) ¥ =I(pva)a(ew POD A(Pr) V—[ipvayacpval PVCAK) Vf pu Cqav)) \\y ralitland4 y ye Darin gr SOWA VAG tee — i Boberneek t | Hs Mi Sk ng ation, othe felling | 4” Modeenerhss yh wack 0 con and verte aug 4 4 sp V0) ‘ 9) Jorn yh dove @ yb Jn dD, oy pew F é 994 deft work oan cy ook wnsine uyle 1 dy eee pho 2 My cot dow tthe a pug oP May ts PAR cam oh bec shay 30k dus cok des Jorn vos cob bake job so edo si ard de nok go ty paduol, scncol adve fallea ond Sark 4 : -_ ’ = 4 ove oot foulen b) Tomes wu binge or 1.0 tomorrow ot UA 4 con top ply Aap nney 4) You Gudy 0 youdont yt re re + Jaroes un. not bioyde ond ne vse y do nck sudy B not run tomorrow - 9 4 the processor us fost, then the printen ss good god Blow # Wilk Tne negation, 64 tne shewee 4OLY Py 0i( payee W(mpyy) | 9) 4p ate ws seiieg, 308 Bre gore at : Fr Pr oy corcelied. : #MGTne precessor pb fast ord. the printe] Huis ae and the gome wet Concelled: Je not slows’) ae sitar, Pawo pacd the exami BD dh he stiies han he will pass the €Zamuations » Pov Vmpva)e pry % He deceit study & he win rot pass the examenations . * CW >¥ and p+ (qs sgpicaurt PO > seeialt Tasty your Ansusert swing expressions of Angie aausell a dusty tables Cray Sr: jwpvad S U(npva) vr Server (PYDO ACwayvy) Poly D: p> (PVD

eg wut nokercel, then you wal not study haxd bard tegic regotion » (pov) w (upyy? PayWot the dual the Fellowseng. Aan’ Foo Jormulas or eee punt ig Bene OE CON be obtoined. pom the cnet by serairg AE a - Jou gat ove soid: Fe be Perro that aU pana) 2 (=P VCP) prs) Le andW by A_] ~The connedines V And A oy Spa rend collul duals O each oter 9} the formula. A contains ‘the special, variable TIF then Jit dual vs obtained be sreplacing TbyF ES and F byT vin addekin ty tne abou ec < le cpaa) v (Expy) v9) mentioned. Anterchanges i formulae Ova ay > (Pra vr (iy (paanvT > Ova) AF Ah (png) v( py yng) > bYDA(pAalav-s)) AResutt: Thenegation of he formula wr equivolunt te JG dual in which vey vob a : sreploced. by Run negation, We can prove ey (PAW V (pv) |e sendy) VV ation condlilien. Implve (apn) v (appv) By associative Lowy By gaempotent Law sear pLCar sn (evap Gnd vy eT A(qvapv¥ 2 ® @aupecry) Wepvgn acrracaprayer Carey trom (a) ePnay v Capy (ap) re? TAR Pay Pq) eo ACR Ba 1A)ale ows kTROPOSETIONAL FUNCTION PvP % (apr Capra) > (PAA) cores TON A prepositional funclion defied. on a aver, ABoudicoti: luk A ub On CAPAMOM. PL) uohich hasthe ae that PCA) vib Bie (ov false for each A paedivats us a declarative éentence | Trt a geh Le Pl) becores a propesitirn whenever ang dement us assigned for | Quatifiou : f au dhe voxables un a : | propositional Auncion, ane assigned volun © produces a propésttin when cach of | then dae susutling wilt have a truth fate , Uivosiables is steplaced by specie Value | Value je: J become a proposal creating. from universe of discourse a propesitional function ushile assigning | Ee: Pla GA a stttonal musey Valiss ato a subjed wis caltud, Quointfins a 2 BUhiversal. Quailipions | [rokwetse OF Coonse 7 ees Which © centain ore @r) more vasuables ® St is not a proposition reistertial. Guantyod | St Speuyes “the possille values & variates | } ana propositional. function - __)) Universe Quan Tiree: (ssasets tele mena po NEesAL on Ha pant a us a subject F coed Guarbicntion 0 prem” a patt us called predécdte-l “nani teeta pte) aoe propatine P Teas Crit cups the propeod 0} 0549) hus tor alt Valuis of 2° in Pa) 0. propoidtioral statement Sfdigcourse- ; The motahien. ‘atx Pl2)_ dense c fh Quartiticatien & pea fa feneet al ees preptien Ja alse exprassen ab “fe aan 8", Pla) vs Sriat, "(09 “for everuy Pay ustiun” fer) “Yor each t/ PC) 46 eu A Express the sotemen's using. Guana: be Brow dudent un cse have Tludiid TAA Jonquage Hen universe of dikcounse us sek 64 Sladentt ecse cl ~x has sludincl JAVA Janguoye boo: dso Tidink of ese dass aia): % has atidied Taur Janguage ¥%, Pe ye fe: 4 pls) a astolimnent pla): et > then whol Js Sunt value of ijicolion, apo AEA, PCA) Wot ne Universe aes, Uso sot Of Sua numbers Ee: lhod is te Aut value of ¥%, PX) whore pM dendes 2?<10 and univerte Gancourse vis ave unttapry not eacuding in Pid ws Bur fet 0-2-3 and fale for a araie ds Fabe Guatipicatiere Ve Pd va fake ” existential Guar | ghe Gaustintiol quantyecation Of p(>) us a propostiten. tiuse eal an element % | un dhe Universe of olzcowrse Suchtnat | pe) abate | ge The natatiions “3x, pCO" denctes the eauStential quantrpiccction. af PC): | Hexe J is known as encistential quanlyir | dé can also be expressed a5 “Thue us an Such thet ple) Wa due” ce | | thew da atin one e such thal ple) us bu" oe “for some a pcm) i Bout”fer Pla): 223 Universe 0f dizcourse us tek 64 sual numbers aan ae ‘Ne Cia ara a The above pucpeiition 4n can be ops det ch qeends . sax x Mme cree cust 2 wtee, | Reo ete pn writtn as" Thene esists a, POD" ve eps 7 64 om ends ee ae a] Hoey) g a a. poe 36 | La ¢ whlzona— *~ pte [opts] KE ia tn this velass |? Gas [ou Veup slider un tear attended, ayary [Fey — Ped] Wu exthey Dis or DS" Using Yrardipans i UAE OL [symboue. form ef ava ty [fley— re] gixen 5 Latement | pve Vy LEH y) apes] > von. sek of shidents in athe claw 4a4% | 6) 3% Fy LOY) v opts) _ (0) vyco| vohow, lr poo sehas ttl Ghandi ane Aalement : : _ VO)» vs Du vy Ye [rea rae gee *” Nowe one vu pouect: agen: . ety] “Not ew is pexyed” — : exuyene sp i F (arb) —» arb ane pus 7 UL oh your grein prope on: set of Atadents An meg “oe a ind apenpe” de Foe BoE K cadena de OY AO your pind due ae eee Yq tat “Everyone of your pind and-us peg”histe ane some students + for au : Alident? Suth that ay au pusndy and %,< ane puunds but gr € ane strangess ten yea rok pusrds - Aebu srusmening, birds are Hicrly colousea| Hessel obalose INo dange birds dive om honey gBirds that de not live en honey. aad axe dutl in coleuwt 9 Hamming. beds ane sma Lod: set sf birds, say z= CQ Humming bed GO — Kicnby colewadd Plx) > Lange r(4) —» Live en MELIS| % vx [ape] » 32 fran] D2 [ord av yes)| dx [Ee > pry] lx hoor SIRATEGY* a Argument Ain argument da Mathematics ant Logic Js a fthus sequence of statements Pecreea Po 9 SUN Aha CB ans mPa ap Foon seakement AW dee Sequin Ppp UBL scaled 04 prumise or assumplioniery yp and P dy cabled 0 conctuston Jogica amplicatiew “The prop p Jogi | followss tom se props PLP Ry | : | Pus daue whenever Py Pa, .-- Fy ante Hur ie GrPan-.-- Po) >P | Weorem: A propeitiy thal ls proved te be | Fue ua Rnovin as atheorem- | | |cow_disproo}: A proof oj the property P's a moctematical toniutting of a Aequence of, stakements FR 2. B efaom vahich p togtentty fotteriss 40 pe called 9% cond.uston 6] the Ctqument ‘Raoo| ent 4s ohne agud at a motherosiealtceeptatle evidence that shows That & Propesty AS uunivensatly SIAL Ad “Abosing a property ws thee iy | “ 7 “ | proo] methed | 9€ axe AWAYS to §h an There ave RWAHS Te Prove theorem by cadiyect the prove that (ie cop dshue) tren, | & preol by conbrapesthitve Auth a proof ih carted Adeck proof | 4 preo| Leck Prot | prod} by contradittove Conject & onjectors | Pref. by cont A mathematical prog whith can néctor | Ringe the Ampkieation pry db equivatentty be proved nov Aksproved us catd | fs contraposttive 9 —srop then the poy cenjector 4h a coojertor us proved dan ae | be proved by Shewieng that ste conivapsative e NYSP vis Buc s4n aagument of this Lupe Q (Pe would’ be atheorem and if not proved eis ev eatued Andivect preol by cenbrapositive negation 2 Methads 0} proving tneoiems Wi Prog} by combradkietion + aa — | Fecal, by contradkittion Trae anu Aaigjount metals of preving:ticamy ah anit meme te pracsistiuc J a (Bouck pres Amplccoition Pray we start asseemcng thet Ub Indincet preg} | i" qo . es vex dope) Vie fase Ce nog as Aswertner by oe A dibuck pre} of simpeations py atk Regie oat a atten whe valiol argument that begins yitth the t ff vata dase te assumplicns that pis Aue and in one or cigar aswell o more applicator ef the Law af detachment This can happen concludes that qamust be but Sa a direct preo} of pv we start by owsuming Anat p du Hue then vine ne askeps We conclude “that ay us kruc | & propesttion We xeach a contradiction only when ry us false: “Theyjare bus / THE method wis cat proef by cnt fis OT secchurtioe absrndeem ade se Us gpm be or moas AE nelees on ouduceny a qiren ascumplion 6 an absurd iy & Fk Use Be ditect saree | PYoo} toshow that "tine vod tise odd nos Uodd" yo Let M1 be an od no Give a dined prod] ofsthe theorem : i Misaki; “Gh ndsodd ? dsodd”. no we an edd no Sot: Lt nv! be odd na=2may ALKO2 =2hD Om, bee ne 2ktl-@ kez +0) : = 4m 424204 | We have prove 9? us odd | eee consider = (ow) S2q4l a= 2kmekim =2faw)+ 4kt| ee es 2Owa2k) +1 |# GT the squane of aneven novus an | = 2441 even no: where qy sania ez | deb M be an even no N=2k | => Usodd | Sqpore Sh = phe @k) eq kh a let n be an odd uinkegen Such =2(on’) . a ay that “sum 6} tuo odd antiguu ub even an ib even Lbni bea add “antago RET Hn atve integer then oe odd. ny = aktl dy StH ds odd (proo] by contradiction tub nar he an Othit add =— nls odd yp snap ured zam+ ae ' Fanstly , suppose n 2aadd > 9-241 kes mane ames Lisnre us odd , ~ alkem#l) = ay qyekrm+l < slows) £6 =RE one ~ U ca tsei) +1 =2tH Se Oya wi ever tdat 026 be any 2 non-empty sets , 4 func, | f from A to Bus an assignenernt 4 exacby one element of 8 te each element 64.0 wWe wids Pa)=b Uf but a antgue clement of B assigned byane Funitlion ~ tothe element a oA. Ad, fk a function pom Ate 8; we wade #:A8 function us also kneuen ax napping or tansformation Ad} da func from A ts 8 we say that ost * 4 fla)=b rue soy that bus mage 640. and a ds othe pre-amage Ob A Let f,,42 be the funtlions prom ALR den Fitts 2 Fifa ae abo functiora POM AtoR delined by $ (er 22) = (ae) +4 (203) Ci) #(aey-%2) = Flor) -F2) ee pat Fi gna fi gretuncions Atta 2 FFs, A ds adomain off and Bas tthe codomain and t2. be fundhions 64 & to R Such (x) => and fa(@) =a =2% What osu fytfas tena Fh = (4-0) = 24 a) dat A > Garbrerdiey & Bua 4% woh f(a)=a: f(b)=4: #(c)=4; f(de1: He) = 4: The image 64 Subset Of S-fbcdt Us the sok F(5) us 4 24" toG bodes Hea & One té_one function (4-4) ° A Junction ft is Aaid te be 4-4. @0 ‘ i fa) =$(b)aa=bra sanyective ig, 2 uf 2 un the “aoa oft and funthion 4s Aad to be an anyection (on a-4+ *nlte, A func tds a-a off flo) + 4(Y whenever ateb fus4-1 obtauned voy Joking contrapestinve Gf athe Lenplicat PS Decttiming wihethar the func # from Vai boe, dh te $12,3,454 woth 10)te zt % because 4 Lakes ge Noy the func fas not onto becasue difvalues 9) ta, | Oe SAGO un domain whos square 4 dlements from the vis negative mumber An codomaye , domain | we dathe func #00 sat! from 2 2 isonty, DDditamine whether the func fOd=x+,| Yes, Fis onto (OM the a . ye et 0 8 te ately vis ne. $5 onal 4 6 ee ee aoe 5 ) ak do ane tune #00 Patacre: b. The func # uaa ue yeclion (01) one-one @and onto: Yes # da ene toone funchén because | dh func AB is called sbejechions iff cit HO) £#(y) | sots}ies ene-ene £erte-, Such ‘mapping oi ge) is alse called 0 4-4. correspondance bled “ FY Age Dale functien (on dusjation 24, fla)saxtl for MERZ FRR fea A function. # pom ATSB cscated ontg | “Pyrer; bp beB Fach with tla)=bthen the ee ean Hey fundhuen # is catud suxpction, saris aft / =e Lay-1 ER Gnsiden A2$a,b.d4 S 8-25 | \ fas onbo ‘exeruy element Joe tun Codemacn has pre-sxmage in dematn ow Fu jecken: fete 166) 3, #8) 23 5 H(0)= 1B Ald) 3 A hfe} B04 element sin the \j 3] codémain, B have Pow u minages nAid ue nSerily a fhe atunction Luch Ab “ - et os vs depined by H-a een sthen vncailed an udercly- we fanchon, 09 valertile ctrarsjoxmattion, Note: Adentitg is always & bijection HTL) 4 | Te inate ents since Tas Ve Ex DF ee WAAL Z)av us nok aca on! kGmposite Functions Lr FxSY; GtYe we 2 fundiew then, dons, composition OF8 q ie Fog (or) get usta furtlion dom ate % and as gor= gles] ee Aba {Daa} Shar J Pa R422 GH) = me-2 & h(x) =32 for KER: uind ge, fog fot, goa fob, hog, hot & fohes prsevd-an —a=x 409 =f(x-2) sea =x fof Hai)= ad dta= arg » oF (aH) = 3at fo a) ‘ ehla-)= 3x- h ne 2 asad = Bx +e a= t(94-8) Bx D 4tonog = Fn ae evs a yanction Fx Y us said te be anvextible “upinverse func $71 sale Func tom Fx range op 2eF a pancho x ¥ dt tnvedtibie <7 Fis biped adak X= bd Gs Y=EU 24 4S $:x2Y be given by $2400 (bi2). Coad d} ds fla func (dnwectibld) J fun nok one-one & onto at lis notak + us not unvodible 9097 RD wana negdn additum de the above fur sreportond anctiens OG ie 5 anethux 2 impor a. seb ) ste analygt > the ale date. J solve cae Ae | tag problems a. portiinlan Ape noth, OH =4 J these functions are payets ~ Floor funchien, \al}no22 - ing fun td see & Pigeon! Hove FainciPue + Floor FUNCTION ak “aot drak ip tnwu av more pipers dat x be Qoual numbers che floor aon jnoles then there musk be £ function sounds ce che atest antiga) hele sum atleast more than 4 pAgeen oo) ak & Gn generals iy hia teas Bh tL (00 Laced ints & boxes then ders than Ox qual t6-%, Denoted by : LxJ CEILING FUNCTION Lt be @ real umber tnceblorg funcbiow sounds 2 fe uplo the wlesest unlign quar tron 0 Qyalite Denoted by: req \> ae Floor value of hat: [YJ = 0 wf LHS =H 31 Lat] =3 e: Lt)=F more object ou there du aiuast 4 box woh, Dor MONE of the objects 4), posstble suppose that con ‘tenboin more-thian: 4 obit * Tenthe prtol no- of, pbjeck would be atmost K° This is a contradichew Sine thew at none ofthe b bors kt eal “This prenciple v4 alse known a4 nt DitcHd- daauser prcnciplePe 4 Hok prenéaple tea gerenatised Pig yon bp ans = then thee us AeA { nie fo: of opel din uk: Hou a cases auise Cases. When 9 usnt multiple of Ks din dnis case an ansts Obj por bow by spreading the objectt axaind evenly 4 Suppose _m objs 4 mMAKen then the viemauny aoe. aced'in (n=mAR) boxes Ce m= [AL place ) be hye ase placed sin dhe bones that Cer SOME OAhe boxes ust have MeL : a [J No: of Obes: There sxe atleast ene box contaunirg plored trite b bey,| t 4 bor Contain, ent us made ints She box te minimise the ror oy axe placed pen bow woke Also some ofpdhe boxes wil have one me tie WX] 00 rk \ Gy N=lr Ket @ 4b axe £10 B4io : omuast 20bwUE An £ach box go yee OT OM egies obj s= No ye Oe" | es gar cnen gidtbulon, oh 00-64 saotsl _omove 2ne & bea = fl -/s =3 cose 2! nt daa rauttiple ob K a case wren asin h ofjeds h en page wie have m= Lich ot =[% ethene exists atieast 4 box containing Vy noo Ob4s Show that there ane atleast 4 people whe Were born in the same month Af tnene ane \00people Hence proved dt can be srepramed as disbuibationy eo ob s( people) ants arenes (months)By pigeon hele principle » thee WL be. 1G P artuast [ez] people bor? dn 2hE Sarre am same m month t-e 4 people bom Ont RWhot os dae min no- of students gyn ey fo show that atleast 6 Wh An DS ai ame gade Lg twee § possiy, geuieve tne grades A, BiC/DE > By Pigeon hele pitndiple we have é N FA =6 where’ N ds dhe smallest ‘and Ces min no: of students Hote un DS class © LN 26 | Contra odd’ This contradiction supposttiow shat nds nok odd |aGive an uindinect proo. Of ab 3042 us odd amen ov odd (Bycontraposuatre position) ga: pve MVP det ant2 isodd we have te proof ve 9 dsodd He know ted bq undiaect proof tre by contropescive de hn vis even then ana2 ds even: | so deo dk even Naaks KOE =6K42. constden:/BN+2 > (2k) +2. =2(aht1) Qeakhtlex: oot # Prove hak tne tnbeqe n da odd’ alt niaedd-s: prs (pag) AyD We howe ‘to prove that tb 9 us odd. then 9 trodd: Firstly det nus odds n-aktl er N2C2KHW = ah rake! Conversely suppose thar snth vs odd :Qk rk capReny =2ttl €3 ores aL ak+oKyk 5) aoh hex 345 = (KH ts = n? is odd Now, conversely SUPP tie have 1 prove y dbo 4, posite Suppose nak 9 us pose. tna rt wt odds dd * we N45 YReven’ MOE OAD pg, | This (Sthe Contrad.tean to the hypathesis we! na d | nat ndt5 daodd: This ds because of owt n=2k ; false Suppoddtiew that 0 ui add pwhide Poa gi =2(2k") a2 Aaa» nr us even ee f TS L the contradidlion torwenypotheste: [4 pz, VE is wraional by ering > Pread CP inodd: hits because Of our TOUS conbradiilion (reduabive absurduum) Suppisthiow that n ub even wiuch os face $: ak pr 3 brahibral "Nik odd da jroue we hove to prove’ p’ de bua A°S7 Hh nda an ‘atlages and nts gy | NONE PYENE HE by contradittion proc) odd then nds even" using co) proo} by Aipposiwle uk piu not wrchinal ep wa contrapesttive (b) prec} by contraddtlion ae 4 deb PHS vis edd and n us dents, =a —O whene a,be z and b¢0 Wehave te pt nukeven Oo” ° A2b ane 19 Sones LEME 7 — : otapetie *Suppose n vrodd Lerthed dart havecommon PT 3 $5 ub even” on usddd pn =2k+/ oo conser r++ <(ake? +s @ 2f/o%(: by dives} = 244 akY K13) eal 4-2 @ > 845 ds even By onan Sue n.d ob a=2¢ Cez Poa gous =sateqcr abe4cnr