VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM

GUDUVANCHERY

ALL INDIA SENIORS CHOOL

CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT
2024–2025
TELESCOPE

MADE BY:
NAME: SHREEYAN KUMAR K S
REG NO:
GRADE: XII
SEC: D
GROUP: BIOLOGY/COMPUTER SCIENCE
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this PHYSICS Investigatory Project on

the topic “TELESCOPE” has been successfully completed by

“SHREEYAN KUMAR K S”of class XII(BIOLOGY/COMPUTERSCIENCE)

Register.no…………………. at Velammal Vidhyashram, Guduvanchery

for the partial fulfilment of this project as a part of All India Senior

School Certificate Examination-CBSE, New Delhi for the academic

Year 2024–2025.

Date: …………………….

Signature of Principal Signature of the Guide

Name: Name:

Submitted for AISSCE 2024-2025, PHYSICS Practical examination

on ………………….
Signature of the Signature of the
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success of any project depends largely on

people associated with it. I would like to take this opportunity to

acknowledge the enthusiasm of all these personalities. I hereby
express my heartfelt thanks to our Senior Principal ---------------for
having given this opportunity to do the project in the physics
laboratory and for his constant encouragement. I extend my sincere
gratitude to acknowledge my sense of gratitude to my physics
teacher_____________ for the valuable guidance offered to me. Her
wholehearted encouragement and constant stimulant inspiration
and advice enabled me to complete the project successfully. I am also
thankful to all our teachers and Non-Teachers for their help during
my course of study. I take this opportunity to express my sincere
thanks to my parents for their encouragement and support
 AIM

 To understand the working of different types of telescopes

 To understand the necessity of telescopes in scientific research

 To know about the magnifying power of telescopes

 INTRODUCTION

Telescope is an optical instrument that has a particular arrangement

of curved mirrors and lenses in such a manner that distant objects
appear nearer.

 Distant objects can be seen through telescopes through their

emission, absorption, or reflection of light.
 Telescopes are one of the most important tools in astronomy.
 They are used in the study of planets, stars, and other objects
in outer space.
 There are two major types of telescopes namely Refracting
Telescopes and Reflecting Telescopes.
 Telescopes are used for different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum and other types of detectors.
 PARTS OF A TELESCOPE

The components or parts of a telescope are as follows:

 Optical Tube: It holds the mirrors and lenses of a

telescope. These mirrors or lenses gather light from distant
objects during nighttime and form a clear image for the viewer.

 Eyepiece: It forms the magnified image of the object and

passes it to the eye of the viewer.

 Focuser: It is a tube consisting of an eyepiece that can be

moved using knobs to adjust the focus of an image.
 Finderscope: It is present in the telescope tube to find out
the direction of the object to be observed.
 Star Diagonal: It helps to see through a telescope
comfortably by adjusting the light coming from a telescope.
 Mount: Mount is used for holding a telescope and helps to
rotate it in the direction of the object.

 Tripod: A tripod is where the mount and a telescope are

placed. Tripod has height-adjustable legs that prevent the
telescope from vibrating during the observation.
 REFLECTING TELESCOPES

 Reflecting Telescopes are more powerful than refracting

telescopes.
 Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to form images
 The Hubble Space Telescope, which orbits Earth on a
spacecraft, is an example of a reflecting telescope

Newton’s Reflecting telescope

WORKING OF A REFLECTING TELESCOPE

 Reflecting telescopes uses two mirrors, called the primary and

secondary mirror, as well as a glass lens (eyepiece) in their
lens system.
 Light rays gather through the aperture and travel to the back of
the telescope where the primary mirror is located.
 The primary mirror is shaped parabolically so that all
incoming parallel rays will reflect off the mirror at their
specific angles and hit the surface of the secondary mirror.
 Another reflection will occur, and all the rays will converge to a
single point called the focal point.
 Light rays continue to travel and refract at the eyepiece lens
and form an image that is magnified according to the user’s
observation. However, this image is inverted to the original
image.
 REFRACTING TELESCOPE

 Refracting Telescope is a type of telescope that uses a lens as its

objective to form an image.
 It is a tube with one or more lenses at each end.
 The different types of refracting telescopes are the Galilean
Telescope, Keplerian Telescope, and Achromatic Refractors.

A refracting telescope
WORKING OF A REFRACTING TELESCOPE

 The primary objective lens is a concave lens that converges

light rays to a single point in front of it.
 Then the eyepiece is a convex lens that increases the apparent
size of the observed object.
 The distance between these two lenses determines the amount
of magnification the telescope produces.
 The eyepiece is usually located near the front of the telescope,
while the objective lens is at the back.
 When you observe an object through a refracting telescope,
light from the object enters the telescope through the objective
lens.
 The objective lens then bends (or refracts) the light and
focuses it at a point in front of the eyepiece lens, called the
focal point. The eyepiece is present at the focal point. It
magnifies the object’s image, making it easier for the viewer to
see.
 USES OF A TELESCOPE

Telescopes are an integral component of Astronomy. There are

several important functions of a telescope which are:

 Telescopes are commonly used to observe astronomical bodies

such as planets and stars.

 Radio Telescopes can receive Radio signals from galaxies,

quasars, pulsars, etc.

 X-ray Telescopes help in Observing high-energy events, such as

black holes and supernovae

 Gamma ray Telescopes help in studying extremely energetic

events, such as gamma-ray bursts
MAGNIFIYING POWER OF TELESCOPES

 Magnifying Power is a measure of the extent to which an object

can be enlarged/magnified through a telescope.

 The formulas for resolving power, magnifying power, and light-

gathering power, apply to both reflectors and refractors as well.

 The formula for the magnifying power of a telescope is

 HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is the first sophisticated optical

observatory placed into orbit around Earth
 The HST is a large reflecting telescope whose mirror
optics gather light from celestial objects and direct it into
two cameras and two spectrographs
 The HST has various recording instruments that can detect
visible, ultraviolet and infrared light.
 The HST took the Hubble Deep Field, a photograph of about
1,500 galaxies, revealed galactic evolution over nearly the
entire history of the universe.

 The HST was also used to discover Hydra and Nix,

two moons of the dwarf planet Pluto
 The high-resolution spectra and images provided by the HST
have been especially well-suited to establishing the prevalence
of Black holes in the center of nearby galaxies.
 JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

 The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space

telescope designed to conduct infrared astronomy.
 Its high-resolution and high-sensitivity instruments allow it to
view objects too old, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space
Telescope.
 It has made observations of the first stars and the formation of
first galaxies, and detailed atmospheric characterization
of potentially habitable exoplanets
 Webb's primary mirror consists of 18 hexagonal mirror
segments made of gold -plated beryllium, which together
create a 6.5-meter-diameter (21 ft) mirror
 Webb operates in a halo orbit, circling around a point in space
known as the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange site, approximately
1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) beyond Earth's orbit around the
Sun.
 It was the first to make detailed observations on the
atmosphere of Titan, a moon of Jupiter.
 CONCLUSION

 Telescopes are crucial instruments in astronomy, offering

us glimpse into the vastness of the cosmos.
 They allow us to observe celestial objects and
phenomena, leading to groundbreaking discoveries and
advancements in our understanding of the universe.
 Telescopes not only fuel scientific research but also
inspire curiosity, educate the public, and drive
technological innovation with applications beyond
astronomy.
 They serve as windows to the universe, expanding our
knowledge and appreciation of the cosmos.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The data used in this project was taken from the following sources:

 www.sciencefacts.net
 collegedunia.com
 en.wikipedia.org
 opticsmag.com
 www.google.com