TOPIC 9

ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

p 203
1
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 2
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 3
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 4
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 5
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 6
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 7
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 8
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 UNIT 1

ELECTROSTATICS AND
COULOMB’S LAW

p 204
9
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 REVISION OF ELECTROSTATIC TERMINOLOGY p 204
Electrostatics (or static electricity) has to do with
the interactions of stationary charges.
All materials contain positive charges(protons)
and negative charges(electrons).
An object has an equal number of electrons
and protons and is neutral. Its net charge is
zero. A positively charged object is electron
deficient and a negatively charged object has
an excess of electrons.
The unit of charge is the coulomb(C).
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 10
 REVISION OF ELECTROSTATIC TERMINOLOGY p 204
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGE: The
net charge of an isolated system remains
constant during any physical process. Qnet
=Q1+Q2+Q3 …
PRINCIPLE OF QUANTISATION OF CHARGE: Every
charge in the universe is an integer multiple of
the electron charge: Q = nqe
qe = 1,6 x 10-19C(positive for protons and
negative for electrons).
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 11
 COULOMB’S LAW, THE FORCE BETWEEN CHARGES p 204

Two point charges exert a force on

each other.
When we compare the signs of the
charges, we can identify the
direction of the force that one
charge exerts on another.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 12

 COULOMB’S LAW, THE FORCE BETWEEN CHARGES p 204
FIGURE 2 & FIGURE 3:
These are the sizes of the charges.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 13

COULOMB’S LAW, THE FORCE BETWEEN CHARGES p 204

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 14

 COULOMB’S LAW, THE FORCE BETWEEN CHARGES p 204
The force that two charges at rest exert on each other is directly
proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them.
Q1 Q2
F

F= kQ1Q2 F = Force measured in newtons (N)

k = coulomb’s constant = 9 x 109 N.m2.c-2
r = distance between the point charges (m)
r2 Q = charge measured in coulombs (C)
 INVERSE SQUARE LAW p 205
Coulomb’s law is an example of the inverse square
law.
The magnitude of a physical quantity that obeys
the inverse square law is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance from the source.
Examples of inverse square laws are Coulomb’s
law and Newton’s law of universal gravitation.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 16

 INVERSE SQUARE LAW p 205
1.
Q1 Q2
Increasing the kQ1Q2
charge on any F= F

one of the r2
spheres will
increase the 2.
force by a k2Q1Q2
proportional F2= 2F
r2
amount.
F2 = 2F
2Q1 Q2
 INVERSE SQUARE LAW p 205
Increasing 1.
the distance Q1 Q2
between the kQ1Q2
spheres will F = F
r2
decrease the r
force by the 2.
Q1 Q2
SQUARE of kQ1Q2
the F2 = 1/4F

proportional (2r)2
amount .
F2 = 1/4F
2r
 APPLY NEWTON’S THIRD LAW p 205
In terms of Newton’s third law, the sizes of the
forces that the charges in Figures 2 and 3 exert on
each other are equal and act in opposite
directions.
It does not matter if the one charge is small and
the other one is large, the size of the force on each
charge is the same.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 19

 ACTIVITY 1 p 205
Nr 1 - 3

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 20

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 205

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 21

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 205

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 22

 UNIT 2

APPLY COULOMB’S LAW

p 204
23
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 THE FORCE OF TWO POINT CHARGES ON
EACH OTHER p 206
 FIGURE 1
 Two charged spheres exert a force on
each other.
 To calculate this force:
 Step 1: Decide whether the force on the charges is
attraction or repulsion.
 Step 2: Draw free body diagrams of the electrostatic
force on each sphere.
 Step 3: Use the equation for Coulomb’s law to perform
the calculation.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 24
 THE FORCE OF TWO POINT CHARGES ON
EACH OTHER p 206
It is not necessary to include the signs (positive or
negative) in the calculation as you will already
have decided what the direction of the force on
each charge is.
If you do, a negative answer indicates attraction
and a positive answer indicates repulsion.
You still need a free body diagram to decide what
the actual direction of the force on a charge is.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 25

 WORKED EXAMPLE 1 p 206
Q1 = +4nC = +4 x 10-9C positive direction
Q2 = +3,5nC = +3,5 x 10-9C r=0,07m

r = 70 mm = 0,07 m F Q1 Q2 F
F = ?
F = kQ1Q2 / r2
= (9 x 109)(+4 x 10-9 )(+3,5 x 10-9 ) / (0,07)2
= 2,57 x 10-5 N, to the left
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 26
 ACTIVITY 1 p 209
Nr 2 - 5

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 27

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 28

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 29

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 30

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 31

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 32

 SUPERPOSITION OF FORCES p 206
Often, there are several charges that
exert forces on each other.
These forces superpose.
We use vector addition to find the
force on a particular charge.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 33

 FORCES THAT ACT IN ONE DIMENSION ON
A CHARGE p 206
FIGURE 2
There are three charges: Q1, Q2, Q3.
To calculate the net force Fnet that acts on a
particular charge:
Step 1: Decide which is the positive direction of
each force that acts on the charge.
Step 2: Decide the direction of each force that
acts on the charge.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 34
 FORCES THAT ACT IN ONE DIMENSION ON
A CHARGE p 206
Step 3: Draw a free body diagram of the forces
that act on the charge.
Step 4: Calculate the magnitude and direction of
each force that acts on the charge.
Step 5: Use the equation Fnet = F1 + F2 + … to
calculate the magnitude and direction of the net
force.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 35

 WORKED EXAMPLE 2 p 207
 Q1 = +0,05μC = +0,05 x 10-6C positive direction
 Q2 = -0,1 μC = -0,1 x 10-6C FQ1 on Q2
 Q3 = -0,04 μC = -0,04 x 10-6C
 r Q1 and Q2 =100mm = 0,1 m FQ3 on Q2
 r Q2 and Q3 = 80mm = 0,08 m
 Fnet = ? FQ1 on Q2 = ? and FQ3 on Q2 = ?
 FQ1 on Q2 = kQ1Q2 / r2
= (9 x 109)(+0,05 x 10-6)(-0,1 x 10-6 ) / (0,1)2
= 4,50 x 10-3 N, to the left
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 36
 WORKED EXAMPLE 2 p 207
 Q1 = +0,05μC = +0,05 x 10-6C positive direction
 Q2 = -0,1 μC = -0,1 x 10-6C FQ1 on Q2
 Q3 = -0,04 μC = -0,04 x 10-6C
 r Q1 and Q2 =100m = 0,1 m FQ3 on Q2
 r Q2 and Q3 =80m = 0,08 m
 Fnet = ?
 FQ3 on Q2 = kQ2Q3 / r2
= (9 x 109)(-0,1 x 10-6)(-0,04 x 10-6 ) / (0,08)2
= 5,63 x 10-3 N, to the left
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 37
 WORKED EXAMPLE 2 p 207
Fnet = F Q1 on Q2 + F Q3 on Q2 positive
= (-4,50 x 10-3 N) + (-5,63 x 10-3 N)
= -1,013 x 10-2 N
The net force on Q2 is 1,013 x 10-2 N to
the left

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 38

 ACTIVITY 1 p 209
Nr 1, 6, 7

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 39

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 40

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 41

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 42

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 43

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

right

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 44

 FORCES THAT ACT IN TWO DIMENSION ON
A CHARGE p 207
Figure 3
Three charges are shown.
They are arranged in a right angled formation.
To calculate the net force on the charge
positioned at a corner:
Step 1: Decide on the x- and y-directions.
Step 2: Decide the direction of each force that
acts on the charge.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 45
 FORCES THAT ACT IN TWO DIMENSION ON
A CHARGE p 207
Step 3: Draw a free body diagram of the forces
that act on the charge.
Step 4: Calculate the magnitude and direction of
each force that acts on the charge.
Step 5: Draw a diagram of Rx, Ry and R.
Step 6: Use the theorem of Pythagoras and
trigonometry to calculate the net force.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 46

 WORKED EXAMPLE 3 p 208
 Q1 = -28 nC = -28 x 10-9C FQ3 on Q2
 Q2 = +32 nC = -32 x 10-9C
 Q3 = +36 nC = +36 x 10-9C
 r Q1 and Q2 = 30m = 0,03 m FQ1 on Q2
 r Q2 and Q3 = 40m = 0,04 m
 Fnet = ? Rx = FQ1 on Q2 = ? and Ry = FQ3 on Q2 = ?
 Rx = FQ1 on Q2 = kQ1Q2 / r2
= (9 x 109)(-28 x 10-9)(-32 x 10-9) / (0,03)2
= 8,96 x 10-3 N, in the negative direction
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 47
 WORKED EXAMPLE 3 p 208
 Q1 = -28 nC = -28 x 10-9C FQ3 on Q2
 Q2 = +32 nC = -32 x 10-9C
 Q3 = +36 nC = +36 x 10-9C
 r Q1 and Q2 = 30m = 0,03 m FQ1 on Q2
 r Q2 and Q3 = 40m = 0,04 m
 Fnet = ? Rx = FQ1 on Q2 = ? and Ry = FQ3 on Q2 = ?
 Ry = FQ3 on Q2 = kQ2Q3 / r2
= (9 x 109)(-32 x 10-9)(+36 x 10-9) / (0,04)2
= 6,48 x 10-3 N, in the positive direction
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 48
 WORKED EXAMPLE 3 p 208
 Fnet2 = R2 = Rx2 + Ry2
= (-8,96 x 10-3 )2 + (+6,48 x 10-3 )2
= 1,22 x 10-4 Ry
Fnet = 0,011 N Fnet = R
 tan Ø = Fy / Fx
= +6,48 x 10-3 / -8,96 x 10-3
= -0,7232 Rx
Ø = 180O -35,87O
= 144,13O
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 49
 ACTIVITY 1 p 209
Nr 8-9

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 50

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 51

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 52

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209
8.3

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 53

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 54

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 55

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 56

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 209

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 57

 UNIT 3

ELECTRIC FIELDS

+ p 210 - +

58
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 ELECTRIC FIELDS p 210
FIGURE 1
A charged balloon and a piece of paper attract
each other even though they are not in contact.
The piece of paper is in the electric field that
surrounds the charged balloon.
An electric field is a region of space
in which an electric charge
experiences a force.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 59
 ELECTRIC FIELD LINES p 210
In grade 10 we mapped
the magnetic field around
a magnet with a small
compass and drew
magnetic field lines.
It is not so easy to do this
with charges.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 60

 ELECTRIC FIELD LINES p 210
FIGURE 2 gives an idea of what the field
around a charge object looks like .

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 61

 ELECTRIC FIELD LINES p 210
Electric field lines are a way of representing
an electric field. Arrows on the field lines
indicate the direction of the field.
The direction of the electric field at a point is
the direction of the force that a positive test
charge would experience if placed at that
point and would move if free to do so.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 62

 ELECTRIC FIELD OF A POINT CHARGE p 210
FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4

+ -

FIGURE 3: The electric field pattern of a positive

point charge.
FIGURE 4: The electric field pattern of a negative
point charge.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 63
 A FIELD IN THREE DIMENSIONS p 210
 The field lines point away from the positive charge and
towards the negative charge.
 It is a radial field, shaped like the spokes of a wheel
but we need to remember that it is three dimensional
and extends in al directions.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 64

A FIELD IN THREE DIMENSIONS p 210

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 65

 INTENSITY OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD p 210
An electric field is strong where electric fields lines
are close together.
It is weak where they are far apart.
The field of a point charge spreads out in three
dimensions just like the light form a small light bulb.
Light becomes less intense as the distance from
the bulb increases and so does the electric field of
a point charge.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 66
 INTENSITY OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD p 210
A larger charge will produce a stronger
field.
The number of field lines is proportional
to the charge.
We can estimate the force on a test
charge that is between two lines by
referring to the nearby field lines.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 67
INTENSITY OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD p 210

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 68

 ELECTRIC FIELD OF MORE THAN ONE
CHARGE p 211
The electric field due to a number of
charges is the superposition of all the
fields of the individual charges.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 69

 ELECTRIC FIELD OF UNLIKE CHARGES p 211
 FIGURE 5 shows what happens when you superpose the
fields of a positive and a negative charge.
 Notice that the lines do not cross anywhere.

- +

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 70

 ELECTRIC FIELD OF TWO LIKE
CHARGES p 211
 FIGURE 6
 The diagrams are symmetrical provided the charges are
the same size.
 Field lines are perpendicular to the surface of the charged
object but superposition then causes them to change
direction.

+ +

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 71

 ELECTRIC FIELD BETWEEN OPPOSITELY
CHARGED PLATES p 211
 FIGURE 7
 The electric field between oppositely charged parallel
plates are shown.
 Between the plate the field is uniform and so the force on
a charge between the plates is the same no matter where
it is.
 The field lines are parallel and equally spaced except at
the edge of the plates where the field bulges.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 72

 ELECTRIC FIELD BETWEEN OPPOSITELY
CHARGED PLATES p 211
 FIGURE 7

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 73

ELECTRIC FIELD PATTERNS p 211

- +

- + + +
ELECTRIC FIELD PATTERNS p 211

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 75

ELECTRIC FIELD PATTERNS p 211

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 76

 ACTIVITY 1 p 211
Nr 1 - 5

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 77

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 211
1. An electric field is a region of space
in which an electric charge experiences a
force.
2. Electric field lines are a way of
representing an electric field. Arrows on the
field lines indicate the direction of the field.
3. Small charge that is used to test or
measure the magnitude and direction of the
force in an electric field.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 78
 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 211
1. An electric field is a region of space
in which an electric charge experiences a
force.
2. Electric filed lines are a way of
representing an electric field. Arrows on the
field lines indicate the direction of the field.
3. Small charge that is used to test or
measure the magnitude and direction of the
force in an electric field.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 79
ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 211

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 80

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 211

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 81

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 211

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 82

 UNIT 4

ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH

p 212
83
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 FORCES IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD p 212
A strong electric field exerts a stronger force
on a charge than a weak one does.
If we know the electric field strength or
intensity we can calculate the force on any
charge placed at a point in the field.
The electric field strength (E) at a point in an
electric field is the force per unit charge
placed at that point.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 84
 FORCES IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD p 212
Written as an equation: E = F / q
A unit charge is a charge of one coulomb
(+1 C).
q is a charge placed at the point in the field.
It is not the source of the field.
Both E and F are vector quantities.
Electric field strength is measured in
newtons per coulomb, N.C-1.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 85
 WORKED EXAMPLE 1 p 212
q = -5 nC = -5 x 10-9 C
F = 4 x 10-6 N
E = ?
E = F / q
= 4 x 10-6 N / -5 x 10-9 C
= 8,0 x 102 N.C-1, downwards
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 86
 WORKED EXAMPLE 1 p 212
F = ?
q = -1,6 x 10-19 C
E = 8,0 x 102 N.C-1
 E=F/q
8,0 x 102 N.C-1 = F / -1,6 x 10-19 C
F = 1,28 x 10-16 N, upwards
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 87
 EQUATION FOR THE ELECTRIC FIELD OF A
POINT CHARGE p 213
 FIGURE 1 shows the electric field around a point charge Q.
 Another charge q is placed a distance r away from Q.
 According to Coulombs law the force of Q on q is:
 F = kQ1Q2 / r2
 E = F / q, F = qE
 E = kQ / r2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 88

 EQUATION FOR THE ELECTRIC FIELD OF A
POINT CHARGE p 213
 The electric field strength at a distance r from a point
charge Q is:
 E = kQ / r2
 The electric field strength of a point charge Q is
proportional to the size of the charge and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance from the charge.
 The direction of the electric field strength vector is the
same as the direction of the electric field.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 89

 WORKED EXAMPLE 2 p 213
Q1 = +8 nC = +8 x 10-9C
r = 0,3 m
k = 9 x 109 N.m2.C-2
E = kQ / r2
= (9 x 109)(8 x 10-9) / (0,3)2
= 800 N.C-1, away from the charge

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 90

 SUPERPOSITION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS p 214
The electric fields of charges in
the same space superpose in the
same way as electrostatic forces.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 91

 WORKED EXAMPLE 3 p 214
Q1 = +0,05μC = +0,05 x 10-6C EQ1 by A
Q3 = - 0,04 μC = -0,04 x 10-6C EQ3 by A
r (Q1 to A) =100mm = 0,1 m
r (Q3 to A) = 80mm = 0,08 m Eresultant
EQ1 at A = kQ1 / r2
= (9 x 109)(+0,05 x 10-6) / (0,1)2
= 4,50 x 104 N.C-1, to the right
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 92
 WORKED EXAMPLE 3 p 214
EQ3 at A = kQ1 / r2
= (9 x 109)(-0,04 x 10-6) / (0,08)2
= 5,63 x 104 N.C-1, to the right
Eresultant = E Q1 at A + E Q3 at A
= 4,50 x 104 N.C-1 + 5,63 x 104 N.C-1
= +1,013 x 105 N.C-1, to the right

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 93

 DISCUSSION p 214
The charges in the above worked
example are the same as in Worked
example 2 in Unit 2, except that the
charge of -0,1μC at A has been
removed.
A calculation using F = qE gives the
same force on a -0,1μC charged
placed at A as the calculation using
Coulomb’s Law did in Unit 2.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 94
 WORKED EXAMPLE 4 p 214
 Q1 = -10 nC = -10 x 10-9C EQ2 by B
 Q2 = +10 nC = +10 x 10-9C
 r (Q1 on B) = 0,06 m
 r (Q2 on B) = 0,06 m EQ1 by B
 Enet = ? EQ1 at B = ? and EQ2 at B = ?
 EQ1 at B = kQ1 / r2
= (9 x 109)(-10 x 10-9) / (0,06)2
= 2,50 x 10-4 N.C-1, towards Q1
The direction of the electric field is the direction of the force
on a positive charge at B
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 95
 WORKED EXAMPLE 3 p 214
 Q1 = -10 nC = -10 x 10-9C EQ2 by B
 Q2 = +10 nC = +10 x 10-9C
 r (Q1 on B) = 0,06 m
 r (Q2 on B) = 0,06 m EQ1 by B
 Enet = ? EQ1 at B = ? and EQ2 at B = ?
 EQ2 at B = kQ1 / r2
= (9 x 109)(+10 x 10-9) / (0,06)2
= 2,50 x 10-4 N.C-1, away form Q2
The direction of the electric field is the direction of the force
on a positive charge at B
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 96
 WORKED EXAMPLE 3 p 214
(E resultant)2 =(EQ1 at B)2 + EQ2 by B
EQ1 by B

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 97

 ACTIVITY 1 p 215
Nr 1-5

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 98

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
1.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 99

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
2.1

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 100

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
2.2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 101

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
3.1

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 102

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
3.2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 103

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
3.2

3.3
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 104
 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
4.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 105

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
4.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 106

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
5.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 107

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
5.1

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 108

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
5.1

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 109

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
5.2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 110

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
5.2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 111

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 215
5.2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 112

 ACTIVITY 1 p 215
5.2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 113

 UNIT 5

MAGNETIC FIELD OF AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT

p 216
114
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 MAGNETIC FIELD OF AN ELECTRIC
CURRENT p 216
A magnet has a pair of opposite poles called
the north pole or N pole and the south pole
or S pole.
Like poles (for example, two N poles) repel
and unlike poles ( a S and a N pole) attract.
In Grade 10 we defined a magnetic field as a
region in space where a magnet or
ferromagnetic material will experience a
force.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 115
 COMPASS NEEDLES DETECT A MAGNETIC
FIELD p 216
The earth’s magnetic field is extremely weak
so a compass needle deflects (change
direction) if it comes under the influence of
another magnetic field.
FIGURE 1
The compass needles and iron filings reveal
the magnetic field of a bar magnet.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 116
 COMPASS NEEDLES DETECT A MAGNETIC
FIELD p 216
 FIGURE 1: The magnetic field of a bar magnetic.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 117

 DEMONSTRATION 1 p 217
DISCUSSION:
When there is no current, the compass needles
point in the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field.
When the switch is closed the compass needles
deflect.
This shows that there is a magnetic field around the
current in the conductor and that the field is at right
angles to the current.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 118
 DEMONSTRATION 1 p 217
THE MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND A CURRENT-
CARRYING WIRE

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 119

 THE RIGHT HAND RULE p 217
The Right Hand Rule describes the
relationship between the directions of
a current and its magnetic field.
FIGURE 3
The current direction is upwards
and the magnetic field is anticlockwise
when viewed from above.
If the current is reversed the field is in
the opposite direction.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 120
 THE RIGHT HAND RULE p 217
RIGHT HAND RULE:
If the thumb is in the
direction of the current,
the curled fingers will
be in the direction of
the magnetic field
around the conductor
(or through a loop).
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 121
THE RIGHT HAND RULE p 217

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 122

 THE RIGHT HAND RULE p 217
FIGURE 5 shows that if the thumb of the
right hand is placed in the direction of
the current, the curled fingers show the
direction of the magnetic field.
FIGURE 6 shows that the Right Hand Rule
also works for a solenoid.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 123

 THE RIGHT HAND RULE p 217
RIGHT HAND RULE FOR
A SOLENOID: If the curled
fingers are in the direction
of the current the thumb
will be in the direction of
the magnetic field inside
the solenoid.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 124
 THE RIGHT HAND RULE p 217
RIGHT HAND RULE FOR A SOLENOID

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 125

 ACTIVITY 2 p 217
Nr 1-2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 126

 ACTIVITY 2: ANSWERS p 217
1. If the thumb is in the direction of the
current, the curled fingers will be in the
direction of the magnetic field
around the conductor (or through a
loop).

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 127

ACTIVITY 2: ANSWERS p 217

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 128

 PROJECT 3 p 217
An electromagnet is a
solenoid that has a
core inside of a
material that provides
a strong magnetic
field when the
solenoid is switched
on.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 129
 UNIT 6

MAGNETIC FIELD DIAGRAMS

p 218
130
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT IN A
STRAIGHT WIRE p 218
FIGURE 1 shows the magnetic
field around a straight conductor
in which the current direction is
downwards.
FIGURE 2 shows the same magnetic
field viewed from above:
The field lines are circles.
The field is strongest close to the
conductor.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 131
 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT IN A
STRAIGHT WIRE p 218
 Notice that a cross(X) in the centre of the diagram is the
convention for current direction down into the page.
 A dot (•) indicates that the current direction is up out of the
page.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 132

 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT IN
A STRAIGHT WIRE p 218
Wire with
current Electric current Wire with
coming current
towards going
you away
from you

x
 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A
CURRENT IN A LOOP p 218
 FIGURE 3 shows the magnetic field of the current in a single
loop.
 The loop concentrates the field of the length of wire to
pass inside it.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 134

 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A
CURRENT IN A SOLENOID p 218
 FIGURE 4 shows the magnetic field of the current in a
solenoid.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 135

 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A
CURRENT IN A SOLENOID p 218

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 136

 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A
CURRENT IN A SOLENOID p 218
The magnetic fields of all the turns
(loops of wire) superpose to produce
a strong field that is similar to that of
a bar magnet with a north pole at
one end and a south pole at the
other.
The field lines inside the solenoid
are parallel they form a uniform field
except at the ends.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 137
 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A
CURRENT IN A SOLENOID p 218
The advantage of a magnetic field in a
solenoid over that of a bar magnet is
that it can be switched on and off.
To increase its magnetic field, increase:
The number of turns
The current
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 138
 OVERHEAD ELECTRICAL CABLES p 218
In South Africa, coal is the main energy
source for the generation of electrical
energy.
Rather than transport coal, it is cheaper to
build power stations near the coal mines
and to transfer the electrical energy to the
users with overhead electrical cables called
transmission lines.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 139
 HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION
LINES p 218
The voltages of transmission
lines are very high
(up to 765 kV in South
Africa)so they have to be
well insulated.
They are suspended from
pylons by large insulators
and use the air as insulation.
The conductors must be far enough apart to
prevent discharge to the ground or between the
lines.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 140
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ABOUT
TRANSMISSION LINES p 219
 HEALTH:
 The high voltage of the lines gives rise to strong
electric fields, but this has not been identified as a
health hazard.
 However, researchers have investigated the effect of
their magnetic field as a possible cause of cancer.
 So far results are inconclusive, but concerns still
remain.
 Nevertheless, companies such as Eskom follow
international guidelines to ensure that people’s
homes are not too close to the lines.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 141
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ABOUT
TRANSMISSION LINES p 219
 ANIMAL HAZARDS:
 Sometimes when large birds relieve themselves the
resulting “streamer” bridges the insulators on the pylons.
 This can cause the lines to fail and cause power disruption.
 It also kills the birds.
 These are often endangered species such
as the cape vulture and eagles.
 Eskom has reduced this problem by
installing devices that deter birds from
parts of the pylons where they are
exposed to danger.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 142
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ABOUT
TRANSMISSION LINES p 219
VISUAL IMPACTS:
Transmission lines are not visually
appealing (attractive), especially in a
natural landscape.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 143

 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ABOUT
TRANSMISSION LINES p 219
LAND USE:
Land under the lines cannot be used for
residential purposes because of possible
harmful effects of the electric and magnetic
fields.
Vehicles and machinery in the vicinity of the
lines can bring about harmful discharges.
In some areas – such as in cities - transmission
lines are buried underground but this is an
expensive option.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 144
 RESIDENTIAL AREAS p 219
Electrical and magnetic fields from
wiring in houses are considered to be
harmless because of the low voltage
and current.
However, if overhead cables (220 V) in
residential areas fall to ground in a
storm, they can cause death.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 145
 ACTIVITY 1 p 219
Nr 1 - 4

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 146

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 219

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 147

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 219

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 148

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 219

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 149

 UNIT 7

INDUCTION

p 220
150
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION p 220
In Units 5 and 6 we found that an electric current
has a magnetic field associated with it.
In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered
that when a conductor and a magnetic
field move relative to each other, an
emf or voltage is induced across the
ends of the conductor.
This can give rise to a current in a circuit.
This discovery has enabled the large scale
generation of electrical energy ever since.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 151
 DEMONSTRATION 1 p 220
OBSERVING INDUCTION OF A SOLENOID

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 152

 DISCUSSION p 221
OBSERVATION OF INDUCTION:
When the magnet is pushed into the solenoid,
the galvanometer needle deflects. This means
that a current is induced in the solenoid.
There is no deflection of the needle while the
magnet is stationary.
When the magnet is pulled out of the solenoid,
the deflection of the needle is in the opposite
direction. This means that the new induced
current is also in the opposite direction.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 153
 DISCUSSION p 221
OBSERVATION OF INDUCTION:

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 154

 DISCUSSION p 221
OBSERVATION OF INDUCTION:

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 155

 DISCUSSION p 221
OBSERVATION OF INDUCTION:

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 156

 DISCUSSION p 221
OBSERVATION OF INDUCTION:

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 157

 DISCUSSION 1 p 221
POLARITY OF INDUCED MAGNETIC POLES:
There is a like pole at the end of the
solenoid where the magnet is being
pushed in and an unlike pole when it is
being pulled out.
We conclude that the magnetic field of
the induced current opposes, but does
not stop, the movement of the magnet.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 158
 POLARITY OF INDUCED MAGNETIC POLES

S N S N

N S N S

The induced field B (S N) is induced in such a

way as to oppose the action causing it.
POLARITY OF INDUCED MAGNETIC POLES

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 160

 DISCUSSION p 221
VARIABLES THAT AFFECT THE SIZE OF THE
CURRENT:
To induces a larger current:
Move the magnet faster
Use a stronger magnet
Replace the solenoid with one that has
more turns
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 161
 DISCUSSION p 221
Faster movement of the magnet increases
how fast the magnetic field and the
conductor in the solenoid move relative to
each other.
A stronger magnet increases the strength of
the magnetic field.
A solenoid with more turns increases the
length of the conductor linked with the
magnetic field.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 162
 ACTIVITY 2 p 221
Nr 1 - 3

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 163

ACTIVITY 2: ANSWERS p 221

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 164

ACTIVITY 2: ANSWERS p 221

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 165

ACTIVITY 2: ANSWERS p 221

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 166

 UNIT 8

FARADAY’S LAW
OF INDUCTION

p 222
167
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION p 222
Not only did Faraday discover induction,
he also managed to combine the
observations made in the previous unit
into mathematical relationship.
Before stating Faraday’s law of induction
we need to be able to measure
magnetism.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 168
 MAGNETISM TERMS p 222
Magnetic flux(Ø): The origin of the word flux
means flow.
The term magnetic flux means the total
magnetic field that passes through an area
such as a loop.
It is a scalar quantity and the SI unit is the
weber (Wb).
Think of it as the field lines that actually pass
through the loop.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 169
 MAGNETISM TERMS p 222
Magnetic flux linkage: Similar meaning
to magnetic flux.
It is linked with a particular object such
as a loop or a solenoid.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 170

 MAGNETISM TERMS p 222
Magnetic flux density(B): This is a measure
of the strength and direction of the
magnetic field.
It is a vector quantity and the SI unit is the
tesla (T).
It is the magnetic flux per square metre of
area that it passes through.
1 T = 1 Wb / m2
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 171
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ø AND B p 222
FIELD PERPENDICULAR TO AREA
FIGURE 1 shows that when the magnetic
flux density B is perpendicular to an area
A, the magnetic flux Ø is the product B
times A.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 172

 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Ø & B p 222
FIELD AT AN ANGLE TO A LOOP
If a loop is at an angle to the magnetic field,
fewer field lines go through it than if it is at a
right angle.
So we need to calculate the component
that is perpendicular to the loop.
Magnetic flux is the product of the
component of magnetic flux density
perpendicular to the loop and the area of
the loop.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 173
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Ø & B p 222
 FIELD AT AN ANGLE TO A LOOP
 FIGURE 2 shows that the component of B
perpendicular to the loop is B cos Ø .
 To calculate ø:
 For a loop area A in the presence of a uniform
magnetic field B, the magnetic flux(Ø) passing
through the loop is:
 Ø = BA cos ∂ where ∂ is the angle between the
magnetic field B and the normal to the loop.
 Use the above equation in calculations. When the
field is perpendicular to loop, ∂ is zero and cos ∂ =1.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 174
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Ø & B p 222

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 175

 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION p 223
Faraday’s law refers to the emf induced across
a conductor but remember that it is the emf that
gives rise to the induced current.
Faraday’s law of induction: An emf is induced
in a conductor when the magnetic field
surrounding it changes. The size of the induced
emf (E) is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage.
Stated as an equation: E = -N∆Ø/∆t where the
magnetic flux Ø = BA cos ∂.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 176
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION p 223
 The law of induction agrees with observation in previous units:
 The negative sign indicates that the induced emf gives rise to an
induced current with a magnetic field that opposes the change in
magnetic flux.
 N is the number of turns or loops. Each loop increases the flux
linkage with the conductor, so the total flux linkage is N times the
flux linkage with one loop. The more turns or loops a solenoid has
the larger the induced current.
 ∆Ø is the change of magnetic flux that is linked with the conductor.
 Dividing by ∆t makes the equation a rate. If the magnetic was
moved very quickly the induced current was greater.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 177
 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION p 223

  N
t
S N
The induced emf can be increased by:
• Increasing the number of coils
• Using stronger magnets
• Decreasing the time – moving faster

The induced emf () is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage.
The size of the induced current is (also) directly proportional to the rate
of change of the magnetic flux linkage.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 178
 DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED MAGNETIC
FIELD p 223
FIGURE 3
A magnet moves towards a loop.
The magnetic flux linkage with the loop increases.
The magnetic field of the induced current opposes
the change in magnetic flux.
The net field is less than the field of the magnet.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 179

 DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED MAGNETIC
FIELD p 223
FIGURE 4
The flux linkage with the loop decreases.
The magnetic field of the induced current opposes
the change in magnetic flux.
The net field is greater than that of the field of the
magnet at any given point.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 180

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 181
 ACTIVITY 1 p 223
Nr 1-5

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 182

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 223
1. Magnetic flux(Ø): means the total
magnetic field that passes through an
area such as a loop. The SI unit is the
weber (Wb).
Magnetic flux density(B): This is a
measure of the strength and direction of
the magnetic field. The SI unit is the tesla
(T).
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 183
 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 223
2. Faraday’s law of induction: An emf is
induced in a conductor when the
magnetic field surrounding it changes.
The size of the induced emf (E) is directly
proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage.
Stated as an equation: E = -N∆Ø/∆t
where the magnetic flux Ø = BA cos ∂.
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 184
ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 223

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 185

ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 223

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 186

 UNIT 9

CALCULATIONS
USINGFARADAY’S LAW OF
INDUCTION

p 224   N
t
187
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
 CALCULATIONS USING FARADAY’S LAW
OF INDUCTION p 224
In this unit we will apply Faraday’s law of
induction to solve problems involving
calculations.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 188

 WORKED EXAMPLE 1 p 224
1. A = 50 cm2 = 50 x 10-4 m2
B = 0,08 T
∂ = 0O
 Ø = BA cos ∂.
= (0,08)(50 x 10-4) cos 0O
= (0,08)(50 x 10-4)(1)
= 4,00 x 10-4 Wb
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 189
 WORKED EXAMPLE 1 p 224
2. A = 50 cm2 = 50 x 10-4 m2
B = 0,08 T
∂ = 30O
 Ø = BA cos ∂.
= (0,08)(50 x 10-4) cos 30O
= (0,08)(50 x 10-4)(1)
= 3,46 x 10-4 Wb
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 190
 WORKED EXAMPLE 1 p 224
3. A = 50 cm2 = 50 x 10-4 m2
B = 0,08 T
∂ = 90O
 Ø = BA cos ∂.
= (0,08)(50 x 10-4) cos 90O
= (0,08)(50 x 10-4)(0)
= 0 Wb
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 191
 WORKED EXAMPLE 2 p 224
A = 50 cm2 = 50 x 10-4 m2
Bfinal = 0,02 T
∂ = 0O
Øinitial = 4,00 x 10-4 Wb
 Øfinal = BA cos ∂.
= (0,02)(50 x 10-4) cos 0O
= (0,08)(50 x 10-4)(1)
= 1,00 x 10-4 Wb GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 192
 WORKED EXAMPLE 2 p 224
Øinitial = 4,00 x 10-4 Wb
 ∆Ø = Øfinal - Øinitial
= 1,00 x 10-4 Wb - 4,00 x 10-4 Wb
= -3,00 x 10-4 Wb

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 193

 WORKED EXAMPLE 2 p 224
N = 1
∆Ø = -3,00 x 10-4 Wb
∆t = 0,5 s
E = -N∆Ø/∆t
= (-1)(-3,00 x 10-4 Wb) / 0,5s
= 6 x 10-4 V
GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 194
 CALCULATE THE INDUCED CURRENT p 224

Use the equation I = V/R to calculate the

induced current.
R is the resistance of the circuit.
Substitute the induced emf for V.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 195

 ACTIVITY 1 p 225
Nr 1 - 3

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 196

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 225
1.1

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 197

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 225
1.2

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 198

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 225
1.3

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 199

 ACTIVITY 1: ANSWERS p 225
2.

GRADE 11 TOPIC 9: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 200