Bitwise operators

Reading list

• Read Kernighan & Ritchie Page 48-49

• Lecture Slides

• Reading material from the course website

A2+B2: Lab exam (online) after

midterm break
 Most Commonly Used Laws of
Operators

a&00 a|0a a^0a

a&1a a|11 a ^ 1  ~a

a&aa a|aa a^a0

 Fill it with 0

For signed numbers fill it with 1

 Some quick examples
Determining a number positive or negative?
Positive
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Negative
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
 Some quick examples
Determining a number odd or even?
ODD p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Even p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
 setBit(x,p)
Write down a function setBit(x,p) that will set a bit of
integer x at position p leaving other bits unchanged.
Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

setBit(x, 6)
 setBit(x,p)
Write down a function setBit(x,p) that will set a bit of
integer x at position p leaving other bits unchanged.
Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

setBit(x, 6)
a|0a
a|11 setBit(x,p)
a|aa
Write down a function setBit(x,p) that will set a bit of
integer x at position p leaving other bits unchanged.
Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31

setBit(x, 6) p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

m 0 0 0 0 … 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 setBits(x,p,n)

Write down a function setBits(x,p,n) that will set the n

bits of the integer x starting from position p leaving
other bits unchanged. Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31 and n ≤ p+1
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

setBits(x, 6, 3)
 setBits(x,p,n)

Write down a function setBits(x,p,n) that will set the n

bits of the integer x starting from position p leaving
other bits unchanged. Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31 and n ≤ p+1
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
x

setBits(x, 6, 3) Call setBit(x,p) in a

loop
 Efficient setBits(x,p,n)
p
setBits(x, 6, 3)
31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
x
31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

m 0 0 0 0 … 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

x|m
 resetBit(x,p)
Write down a function resetBit(x,p) that will reset a bit
of integer x at position p leaving other bits unchanged.
Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

resetBit(x, 6)
 resetBit(x,p)
Write down a function resetBit(x,p) that will reset a bit
of integer x at position p leaving other bits unchanged.
Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

resetBit(x, 6)
a&00
a&1a resetBit(x,p)
a&aa
Write down a function resetBit(x,p) that will reset a bit
of integer x at position p leaving other bits unchanged.
Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31

resetBit(x, 6) p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

m 1 1 1 1 … 11 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
 resetBits(x,p,n)

Write down a function resetBits(x,p,n) that will reset the n

bits of the integer x starting from position p leaving other
bits unchanged. Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31 and n ≤ p+1
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

resetBits(x, 6, 3)
 resetBits(x,p,n)

Write down a function resetBits(x,p,n) that will reset the n

bits of the integer x starting from position p leaving other
bits unchanged. Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31 and n ≤ p+1
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
x

resetBits(x, 6, 3) Call resetBit(x,p) in

a loop
 Efficient resetBits(x,p,n)
p
resetBits(x, 6, 3)
31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
x
31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

m 1 1 1 1 … 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

x&m
 invertBit(x,p)
Write down a function invertBit(x,p) that will invert a
bit of integer x at position p leaving other bits
unchanged. Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

invertBit(x, 6)
 invertBit(x,p)
Write down a function setBit(x,p) that will invert a bit
of integer x at position p leaving other bits unchanged.
Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

invertBit(x, 6)
a^0a
a ^ 1  ~a invertBit(x,p)
a^a0
Write down a function invertBit(x,p) that will invert a
bit of integer x at position p leaving other bits
unchanged. Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31

invertBit(x, 6) p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

m 0 0 0 0 … 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 invertBits(x,p,n)

Write down a function invertBits(x,p,n) that will invert

n bits of the integer x starting from position p leaving
other bits unchanged. Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31 and n ≤ p+1
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

invertBits(x, 6, 3)
 invertBits(x,p,n)

Write down a function invertBits(x,p,n) that will invert

n bits of the integer x starting from position p leaving
other bits unchanged. Assume 0 ≤ p ≤31 and n ≤ p+1
p

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
x

inverBits(x, 6, 3) Call invertBit(x,p)

in a loop
 Efficient invertBits(x,p,n)
p
invertBits(x, 6, 3)
31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
x
31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

m 0 0 0 0 … 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

x^m
RIGHT CIRCULAR SHIFT

int circularRightShift(int x){

unsigned int y = x;
int s = 8*sizeof(int);
return (y >> 1) | x << (s-1);

rightRotate (x, n)
 xtractRightMostBits(x,n)

Write down a function xtractRightMostBits(x,n) that

will return rightmost n bits of the integer x.
Assume 1 ≤ n ≤32
n
xtractRightMostBits(x, 3)
31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 … 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
x

31 30 29 28 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 0 0 0 … 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1