Difference between search engines & subject gateways

Search Engine Subject Gateways

General resource is available. It is a “gathering place of discipline specific
resources”
It totally depends on the powerfulness of the High level of human input is there, as the
search-engines algorithms. selected resources must meet a number of
criteria applied by a librarian who ensures that
only high quality, relevant resources are
included in the database.
The results can be overwhelming, The results are specific, precise, and linked to
unmanageable, full of irrelevant references and relevant documents.
are often too prolific to meet user needs.
Records are created by an automatic process Records are created by a cataloguer, which is
and typically consist of a mixture of metadata designed to highlight the main features of
offered by the author of the page (if this is resource in an easily readable, concise fashion.
available) and text picked up from the page itself.
Entries are displayed more as “raw-data.” Entries are described in a more “human-
readable fashion”
It indexes pages It indexes resources.

Plagiarism: Is presenting others' work without adequate acknowledgement of its source, as though it
were one’s own. Plagiarism is a form of fraud. We all stand on the shoulders of others, and we must
give credit to the creators of the works that we incorporate into products that we call our own.

Some examples of plagiarism:

• A sequence of words incorporated without quotation marks

• An unacknowledged passage paraphrased from another's work

• The use of ideas, sound recordings, computer data or images created by others as though it were
one’s own." In general, plagiarism is deliberate and unintentional use of someone's words (verbal
and written), ideas (concrete and implied), physical works (including artwork and
photography), and digital content (including images, video, audio, etc.) without giving them
credit.

Forms and types of students’ plagiarism

Literature on types of plagiarism is inclusive. Study by (Ali et al., 2011; Barnbaum, 2006; Clough,
2003)classified plagiarism into six categories or forms.
These categories are:
• Copy and paste plagiarism – this is verbatim copying of the text from the source without
acknowledging the original authors using a quotation marks.
• Word switch plagiarism – this is type of plagiarism where plagiarise take a sentence from the
source and change the few words without acknowledging the source.
• Style plagiarism – this is copying another author’s style of reasoning by taking sentence by sentence
organization of your thoughts.

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• Metaphor plagiarism – this is type of plagiarism where someone uses creative style of someone
to present his ideas without crediting the original author of the creative style;
• Idea plagiarism – this is the practice where you take someone’s idea or solution proposed by another
person and using it as your own creativity without crediting the author; and
• Plagiarism of authorship: this is a form of plagiarism where students directly put his name on
someone else work (Ali et al., 2011; Barnbaum, 2006; Clough, 2003).

What Does Web Publishing Mean?

Web publishing is the process of publishing original content on the Internet. The process includes
building and uploading websites, updating the associated webpages, and posting content to these
webpages online. Web publishing comprises of personal, business, and community websites in
addition to e-books and blogs.

The content meant for web publishing can include text, videos, digital images, artwork, and other forms
of media. Publishers must possess a web server, a web publishing software, and an Internet
connection to carry out web publishing. Web publishing is also known as online publishing

Electronic publishing provides greater user satisfaction. Several libraries have cut down on their
purchase of the printed version; this awakening is making users more dependent on the electronic
versions which give them more information with ease

Benefits of Electronic Publishing and Digital Library

In most academic libraries documents are found commonly online and the obvious benefits include;

1. Users can access the information from anywhere that has an internet connection.

2. Users can access the information when they want- not just when the physical library is open.

3. Users can search for electronic documents or the whole libraries for documents, quickly to find
relevant information.

4. Electronic publication can be produced, retrieved and disseminated very rapidly

among the users than printed publication. For instance, books take more time to produce and
distributed.

5. Information on electronic format can be used simultaneously by more than one user at the same
time in different computing platforms.

6. Electronic publishing is conducive to long term preservation because of the relative ease of
duplication and archiving of the publication.

7. Libraries can access and share information resources effectively with other libraries through
electronic publishing.

8. For electronic resources, more space is not required for storage, as required for
storing paper works.

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9. Collection Development and co-operative collecting are simplified because libraries can share
central storage and retrieval facilities

Methods of acquisition of library resources

• Subscriptions – Generally utilized for journals, newspapers, or other serials that a library will
acquire. Like standing and blanket orders, a library only has to develop a contract once with a
vendor or publisher and the items are automatically delivered when printed. Often, subscriptions
are for a specific length of time and must be renewed at the end of the contract.

• Gifts – In some cases libraries may allow gifts that people give to the library. It is the job of the
acquisitions department to determine whether or not the gift will be kept and incorporated into the
library’s collection. This method is typically used by large academic institutions, and the persons
giving the gifts are mostly alumni of that institution. A library's collection development policy usually
states whether the library accepts gifts.

• Exchanges – Exchanges can be broken into two subcategories: exchange of unwanted

duplicate/gift materials AND the exchange of new materials between libraries. Again, the
institutions that usually have a process for this type of acquiring are larger academic or research
libraries

• Direct purchase – Direct purchase of information resources from vendors.

1. By purchase of carefully selected books, journals, pamphlets, and other media materials.

2. By gift from some philanthropic persons or organization such as club, etc.

3. By exchanging of some accessibility of the library material for rare and out of print resources.

4. By legal deposit: that is library materials which are deposited compulsorily as a result of some law
enacted by the government compelling all the publishers and printers to deposit copies for preservation
and eventually utilization by users.

What is Citation
A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that are utilized
to support research. It can also be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism. Citation
include: authors name, data, location, title, place of publication and DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Citation is an important part of the research process because ...

1. It allows you to give proper credit for the ideas of others and avoid plagiarism.
2. It allows others to identify and locate the materials used in their work. Many readers rely on
citations to identify other relevant literature on a topic.
3. It demonstrates the depth of the research showing that one have read and engaged the
relevant literature on the topic. This indicates that the author has an informed understanding
of the subject and enhances the credibility of the findings.

What Needs to be Cited?

Whenever one quote, paraphrase, summarize, or otherwise refer to the work of another, you must cite
the source using either a parenthetical citation, footnote, or endnote. In addition, a References page
or Works Cited page is almost always placed at the end of your paper.

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In-text citations are abbreviated citations that are in the body of the paper. They direct readers to the
full bibliographic citations listed in your Works Cited or References list. In most cases, they include the
author's last name, year, and page number for the information cited

There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The citation style sometimes
depends on the academic discipline involved. For example:

• APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences

e.g

Frank, H. (2011). Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying
Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance. Behavior Genetics, 41(6), 830-
839.

• MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities

• Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts
• Frank, H. 2011. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying
Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance." Behavior Genetics 41
(6):830-839

In-text citation styles: In-text citations + a list of references at the end of the paper

• Endnotes or footnotes +/- a bibliography at the end of the paper

• Referencing within a journal

Bradt, J., Potvin, N., Kesslick, A., Shim, M., Radl, D., Schriver, E., … Komarnicky-Kocher, L. T. (2015).
The impact of music therapy versus music medicine on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer
patients: a mixed methods study. Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational
Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 23(5), 1261–71.

Citing Electronic Resources

Electronic resources can include databases, online journals, web sites, email, newsgroups, discussion
groups, and newsletters. Using the proper citation format is important so that your bibliography is both
accurate and consistent. Multiple styles exist, so be sure and check with your instructor or publisher
when creating your bibliography. Examples are given below for a common scientific citation style, APA
(American Psychological Association), based on the fifth edition of APA's Publication Manual.

Keep in mind that you cite electronic resources when you get access to the text or content
electronically. If you use PubMed, for example, to find a citation and then get the text from the paper
copy of the journal, use the standard print citation format. If, on the other hand, you read the full text
of the journal article (not just the abstract) online, use the electronic citation format.

Common citation elements for electronic resources include:

• author/editor
• publication or update date
• article title

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 • journal title
• the type of medium (i.e. CD-ROM, online, etc.)
• volume and/or pages
• a source statement (e.g. URL, electronic database vendor, email address, etc.)
• date you accessed the resource online

Obviously, not every element will apply to every citation.