7th Edition

Scaffolded Reference
Elements Worksheet
This worksheet will help you create complete APA Style reference list entries. For each
reference element (author, date, title, and source), basic information and representative
examples are shown. Use this information to identify the reference elements for your own
work and enter them in the text box below each table.
For help, see the reference information in Chapter 9 and the reference templates and
examples in Chapter 10 of the seventh edition Concise Guide to APA Style and the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Also see the reference
examples and reference handouts on the APA Style website. Additional reference
examples are found on pages 4 through 6 of this handout.

Author

Types of Authors Examples

Individual author(s): Write the author’s last Bilias-Lolis, E.
name, followed by first and middle initial(s). Put
Schwartz, R. C., & Sweezy, M.
a comma between the last name and initials.
Put a period and space after each initial. Abdel Hadi, S., Mojzisch, A., Parker, S.
Separate each author with a comma. Put an L., & Häusser, J. A.
ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. Schmid, H.-J. (Ed.).
Indicate any specialized role in parentheses
after the author’s name and end with a period. Bender, J. (Director), Cuse, C. (Writer),
& Lindelof, D. (Writer).

Username: Provide the username, including @ Vogue [@voguemagazine].

if part of the name. If both a username and a
Lebron James [@KingJames].
real name are known, put the username
in square brackets after the real name. Put a
period at the end.

Group author: Provide the full name of the Merriam-Webster.

group. Put a period after the group name.
World Health Organization.

Note. If there is no author, start the reference with the work’s title.

Fill in for Your Work: Write the authors/organizations for two sources in APA 7
format.

Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D.L., Buxton, O. M., Buysse, D., Dinges, D. F.,
Gangwisch, J., Grandner, M.A., Kushida, C., Malhotra, R.K., Martin, J. L., Patel, S. R., Quan, S. F.,
Tasali, E.

Date

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 Types of Dates Exampl
es

Year only: Use the year for most works (e.g., journal article, book). Put the year (2020).
in parentheses. End with a period.

Specific date: Use a more specific date (e.g., year and month or year, month, (2016,
and day) for works published on a regular basis. Write the year, a comma, and April 6).
the specific date. Write out month names in full. Put the date in parentheses.
(2018,
End with a period.
July).

No date: If there is no date for the work, write “n.d.” in parentheses. (n.d.).

Fill in for Your Work: Write the dates for those same two sources in APA 7 format.

(2015).

(2022, April 28).

Title
Types of Titles Examples

Works that stand alone (e.g., book, report, film, Entrenchment and the psychology
social media post, webpage): Italicize the title, and of language learning: How we
capitalize it using sentence case. For books and reorganize and adapt linguistic
reports, enclose any identifying information (e.g., knowledge.
edition, volume, report number) in parentheses after
Practical ethics for psychologists: A
the title. Put a period after, but not before, the
positive approach (3rd ed.).
parenthetical information. Do not italicize the
period or parenthetical information. Add a Guide to patient and family
description of the work in square brackets after the engagement: Environmental
title (before the period) if helpful in identifying it, scan report (Publication no. 12-
and place it after any parenthetical information. 0042-EF).
Inside the mind of a master
procrastinator | Tim Urban
[Video].

Works that are part of a greater whole Experimental evidence for

(e.g., journal article, edited book the effects of job
chapter, TV episode): Write the title demands and job control
without italics or quotation marks, on physical activity after
and capitalize it using sentence case. work.
For episodes, enclose the Mindful gratitude in the
season and episode numbers in schools: Building
parentheses after the title. Put a capacity across the
period after, but not before, the tiers.
parenthetical information. Add a
description of the work in square The constant (Season 4,
brackets after the title (before the Episode 5) [TV series
period) if helpful in identifying it, and episode].

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 place it after any parenthetical
information.
Fill in for Your Work: Write the title for those same two sources in APA 7 format.

According to research, seven hours of sleep each night is best for people
in their middle to late years. Both excessive and scarce sleep is
associated with insufficient cognitive efficiency.

Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine

and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a
Healthy Adult.

Source
Types of Sources Examples

Works that stand alone (e.g., book, Imagine Entertainment.

report, film, social media
post, webpage): The source is the Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/
publisher of the work, database or CGDaLBKplB-/
archive, social media site, or
website, plus any DOI or URL.

Works that are part of a greater Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(5), 445–
whole (e.g., journal article, 454. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000494
edited book chapter, TV episode):
The source is the greater whole In J. A. J. Smits, M. W. Otto, M. B. Powers, & S. O. Bair
(e.g., journal, book, TV show), (Eds.), The clinician’s guide to anxiety sensitivity
plus any DOI or URL. treatment and assessment (pp. 179–193).

Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-

0-12-813495-5.00009-7

Periodicals (e.g., journal, Social Psychology, 51(4), 219-

magazine, newspaper, blog): 238. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000411
Provide the periodical name,
volume number, issue number (if Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 265–273.
present), and page range or article https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.182
number. Capitalize the title of the
periodical using title case, italicize PLoS ONE, 15(8), Article e0238415. https://
it, and place a comma (not doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238415
italicized) after it. Italicize
the volume number. Put the issue Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. Advance
number (not italicized) in online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000333
parentheses directly after the
volume number with no space in Time, 176(18), 40–50.
between. Put a comma after the
closing parenthesis, and then
write the page range (or article
number). Separate the page
numbers by an en dash and
follow with a period. If the work is
an advanced online version, write
“Advance online publication” in
place of the journal information.

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 Follow with a period. End with any
DOI written as a hyperlink in the
format: https:// doi.org/xxxxx

Books and reports: Write the The Guilford Press.

publisher name as shown on the
work and without italics, followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
by a period. Do not include https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/ final-
designations of business structure reports/ptfamilyscan/index.html
(e.g., Inc., Ltd., LLC). If two or
more publishers are listed, include American Psychological Association; De Gruyter
all of them in the order shown, Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1037/15969-000
separated by semicolons. When
the author is the same as the
publisher, omit the publisher
from the source. When numerous
layers of government agencies are
listed on a report, include the
name of the parent agency not in
the group author name in the
source. End with any DOI or URL.

Edited book chapters: The source In C. Maykel & M. A. Bray (Eds.), Applying
is the book of which the chapter psychology in the schools. Promoting mind–body
is a part. Write the word “In” health in schools: Interventions for mental
followed by the initials and health professionals (pp. 161–172).
surnames (not inverted) of the
editor(s), followed by “(Ed.).” for American
one editor and “(Eds.).” for two or PsychologicalAssociation. https://doi.org/10.1037/00
more editors. Then put a comma, 00157-011
the title of the book in italic
sentence case, and the page
(abbreviated “p.”) or page range
(abbreviated “pp.” and separated
by an en dash) of the chapter.
Follow with a period. End with the
publisher namer, a period, and any
DOI or URL.

Webpages: Provide the website World Health

name in title case without italics. Organization. https://www.who.int/mental_health/
When the author is the same as evidence/special_initiative_2019_2023/en/
the website name, omit the
website name from the source. End
with the URL. In most cases, do not
include a retrieval date.

Fill in for Your Work: Write the source for those same two sources in APA 7 format.

The Guardian.
Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/guardianworldnews

Oxford University Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7809084 Publication Model:
Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1550-9109 (Electronic) Linking

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 Your Complete Reference List Entry: Write the complete citation for those same two
sources in APA 7 format.

According to research, adults between the ages of middle age and old
should consistently submit to seven hours of slumber every night.
Both excessive and scarce sleep is associated with insufficient
cognitive efficiency. (2022, April 28). The Guardian (London,
England).
Studies have determined the "ideal" amount of sleep that adults need,
which is less than you might anticipate. (2022, April 29). Daily Mirror
(London, England).

Reference Examples
All reference list entries are double-spaced and are formatted with a hanging indent. In
the following reference examples, section numbers indicate where to find more
information and examples in the Concise Guide to APA Style (CG) and the Publication
Manual (PM). See the APA Style website for more reference examples, including works
not covered here, and the Quick Reference Guide.

Journal Article

Abdel Hadi, S., Mojzisch, A., Parker, S. L., & Häusser, J. A. (2020). Experimental evidence for the
effects of job demands and job control on physical activity after work. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Applied. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000333

Cougle, J. R., Mueller, N. E., McDermott, K. A., Wilver, N. L., Carlton, C. N., & Okey, S. A. (2020). Text
message safety behavior reduction for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(5), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000494
Kassie, B. A., Adane, A., Tilahun, Y. T., Kassahun, E. A., Ayele, A. S., & Belew, A. K. (2020). Knowledge
and attitude towards COVID-19 and associated factors among health care providers in Northwest
Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 15(8), Article e0238415. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238415
Schuling, R., Huijbers, M. J., van Ravesteijn, H., Donders, R., Cillessen, L., Kuyken, W., & Speckens,
A. E. M. (2020). Recovery from recurrent depression: Randomized controlled trial of the efficacy
of mindfulness-based compassionate living compared with treatment-as-usual on depressive
symptoms and its consolidation at longer term follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273,
265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.182

Print Magazine Article

Kluger, J. (2010, November 1). Keeping young minds healthy. Time, 176(18), 40–50.

Online Newspaper Article

Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/ health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html

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 Blog Post

Morton, S. (2020, January 12). A midlife crisis or a midlife unraveling? PsychCentral.

https://psychcentral.com/blog/a-midlife crisis-or-a-midlife-unraveling/

Book

Fowler, M. D. M. (2015). Guide to the code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements:
Development, interpretation, and application (2nd ed.). American Nurses Association.
Knapp, S. J., VandeCreek, L. D., & Fingerhut, R. (2017). Practical ethics for psychologists: A positive
approach (3rd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000036-000
Pearson Education. (2019). Nursing: A concept-based approach to learning (3rd ed., Vol. 1).

Schmid, H.-J. (Ed.). (2017). Entrenchment and the psychology of language learning: How we
reorganize and adapt linguistic knowledge. American Psychological Association; De Gruyter
Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1037/15969-000 Schwartz, R. C., & Sweezy, M. (2020). Internal
family systems therapy (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.

Edited Book Chapter

Bilias-Lolis, E. (2020). Mindful gratitude in the schools: Building capacity across the tiers. In C.
Maykel & M. A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body health in schools: Interventions for mental
health professionals (pp. 161–172). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000157-011
Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., Powers, M. B., & Baird, S. O. (2019). Anxiety sensitivity
and your clinical practice. In J. A. J. Smits, M. W. Otto, M. B. Powers, & S. O. Baird (Eds.), The
clinician’s guide to anxiety sensitivity treatment and assessment (pp. 179–193). Elsevier
Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813495-5.00009-7

Online Dictionary Entry

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Existential. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved

October 15, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/existential

Report

Maurer, M., Dardess, P., Carman, K. L., Frazier, K., & Smeeding, L. (2012). Guide to patient and
family engagement: Environmental scan report (Publication No. 12-0042-EF). American
Institutes for Research, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/final-reports/ptfamilyscan/index.html

Film

Zimbalist, J., & Zimbalist, M. (Directors). (2016). Pele–Birth of a legend [Film].

Imagine Entertainment; Seine Pictures; Zohar International.

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 TV Episode

Bender, J. (Director), Cuse, C. (Writer), & Lindelof, D. (Writer). (2008, February 28). The constant
(Season 4, Episode 5) [TV series episode]. In J. J. Abrams, J. Bender, B. Burk, C. Cuse, & D.
Lindelof (Executive Producers), Lost. Bad Robot; ABC Signature.

TedTalk on YouTube

TED. (2016, April 6). Inside the mind of a master procrastinator | Tim Urban [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=arj7oStGLkU

Instagram

Vogue [@voguemagazine]. (2020, October 7). “It has never been easy for Black women to lead in
America. Those who have done so have endured great [Photograph]. Instagram.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CGDaLBKplB-/

Twitter

Lebron James [@KingJames]. (2020, December 14). LETS GO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #Browns [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/KingJames/ status/1338698471583350785

Webpage

Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2019). The WHO Special Initiative for Mental Health (2019–2023): Universal
health coverage for mental health (WHO/MSD/19.1). World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/special_initia tive_2019_2023/en/
International Society for Technology in Education. (n.d.). ISTE standards for students.
https://www.iste.org/standards/for-stu dents
Josh_Luterbach. (n.d.). AP psychology–Social psychology. Quizlet. https://quizlet.com/192583171/ap-
psychology-social-psychol ogy-flash-cards/

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 © 2021

Last updated March 16, 2021

CITE THIS HANDOUT:
American Psychological Association. (2021). APA Style scaffolded reference elements worksheet.
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/

More information on APA Style can be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) and the
Concise Guide to APA Style (7th ed.).
scaffolded-reference-elements-worksheet.pdf

We thank Karen Morrow, of Bayside Secondary School, for providing the inspiration for this content.

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