UNIT-5 Part-2

Peripheral Devices:
A Peripheral Device is defined as the device which provides input/output functions for a
computer and serves as an auxiliary computer device without computing-intensive
functionality. Generally peripheral devices, however, are not essential for the computer to
perform its basic tasks, they can be thought of as an enhancement to the user’s experience. A
peripheral device is a device that is connected to a computer system but is not part of the core
computer system architecture. Generally, more people use the term peripheral more loosely to
refer to a device external to the computer case. Classification of Peripheral devices: It is
generally classified into 3 basic categories which are given below:
1.Input Devices: The input devices is defined as it converts incoming data and
instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are comprehensible to a
digital computer. Example:
Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone etc.
Keyboard: A keyboard is an input device that allows users to enter text and commands into a
computer system.
Mouse: A mouse is an input device that allows users to control the cursor on a computer
screen.
Scanner: A scanner is an input device that allows users to convert physical documents and
images into digital files.
Microphone: A microphone is an input device that allows users to record audio.
2. Output Devices: An output device is generally reverse of the input process and
generally translating the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user. The output device
is also performed for sending data from one computer system to another. For some time
punched-card and paper-tape readers were extensively used for input, but these have now been
supplanted by more efficient devices. Example:
Monitors, headphones, printers etc.
Monitor: A monitor is an output device that displays visual information from a computer
system.
Printer: A printer is an output device that produces physical copies of documents or images.
Speaker: A speaker is an output device that produces audio.
3. Storage Devices: Storage devices are used to store data in the system which is
required for performing any operation in the system. The storage device is one of the most
requirement devices and also provide better compatibility. Example:
Hard disk, magnetic tape, Flash memory etc.
Hard Drive: A hard drive is a storage device that stores data and files on a computer system.
USB Drive: A USB drive is a small, portable storage device that connects to a computer
system to provide additional storage space.
Memory Card: A memory card is a small, portable storage device that is commonly used in
digital cameras and smartphones.

External Hard Drive: An external hard drive is a storage device that connects to a computer
system to provide additional storage space.
4. Communication Devices:
Communication devices are used to connect a computer system to other devices or networks.
Examples of communication devices include:
Modem: A modem is a communication device that allows a computer system to connect to the
internet.
Network Card: A network card is a communication device that allows a computer system to
connect to a network.
Router: A router is a communication device that allows multiple devices to connect to a
network.
Advantage of Peripherals Devices: Peripherals devices provides more feature due to this
operation of the system is easy. These are given below:
 It is helpful for taking input very easily.
 It is also provided a specific output.
 It has a storage device for storing information or data
 It also improves the efficiency of the system.
Disk Organization:
A hard disk is a memory storage device that looks like this:
The disk is divided into tracks. Each track is further divided into sectors. The point to be
noted here is that outer tracks are bigger in size than the inner tracks but they contain the same
number of sectors and have equal storage capacity. This is because the storage density is high
in sectors of the inner tracks whereas the bits are sparsely arranged in sectors of the outer
tracks. Some space of every sector is used for formatting. So, the actual capacity of a sector is
less than the given capacity.
Read-Write(R-W) head moves over the rotating hard disk. It is this Read-Write head that
performs all the read and writes operations on the disk and hence, the position of the R-W head
is a major concern. To perform a read or write operation on a memory location, we need to
place the R-W head over that position. Some important terms must be noted here:

Performance Measures of Disks

The main measures of the qualities of a disk are capacity, access time, data transfer rate,
and reliability,

1. access time: the time from when a read or write request is issued to when data transfer
begins. To access data on a given sector of a disk, the arm first must move so that it is
positioned over the correct track, and then must wait for the sector to appear under it as
the disk rotates. The time for repositioning the arm is called seek time, and it increases
with the distance the arm must move. Typical seek time range from 2 to 30 milliseconds.

Average seek time is the average of the seek time, measured over a sequence of
(uniformly distributed) random requests, and it is about one third of the worst-case seek
time.

Once the seek has occurred, the time spent waiting for the sector to be accesses to appear
under the head is called rotational latency time. Average rotational latency time is about
half of the time for a full rotation of the disk. (Typical rotational speeds of disks ranges
from 60 to 120 rotations per second).

The access time is then the sum of the seek time and the latency and ranges from 10 to 40
milli-sec.

2. data transfer rate, the rate at which data can be retrieved from or stored to the disk.
Current disk systems support transfer rate from 1 to 5 megabytes per second.
3. reliability, measured by the mean time to failure. The typical mean time to failure of disks
today ranges from 30,000 to 800,000 hours (about 3.4 to 91 years).

IO Bus:
The input/output bus or io bus is the pathway used for input and output devices to
communicate with the computer processor.