CSC 101

An Introduction to Computer Fundamentals and

Applications

Introduction to Computer Network

1/25/2024 1
 What is a Network?

A network consists of two or more computers that are

linked in order to share resources

1/25/2024 2
 Lecture objectives

1. Define a “Computer Network”

2. Explain the main elements of a network
3. Explain the types of networks (LAN, MAN and WAN)
4. Features that should be ensured in a Network
5. Network Components
6. Network Topology
7. IP Address/Internet/Web

1/25/2024 3
 Define a “Computer Network”

A computer network is a group of devices connected with each other

through a transmission medium such as wires, cables etc.

These devices (also called nodes) can

be computers, printers, scanners, Fax
machines

The purpose of having computer

network is to send and receive
data stored in other devices over
the network

1/25/2024 4
 Lecture objectives

1. Define a “Computer Network”

2. Explain the FIVE elements of a network

1/25/2024 5
 five basic elements of a computer network

3-Message

4-Transmission media

1-Source/Sender 2-Destination/Receiver

1/25/2024 6
 five basic elements of a computer network

hola 3-Message I didn’t

understand!!!
My Language
Now I is not English
Understand

4-Transmission media

5-Apply common Protocols

1-Source/Sender 2-Destination/Receiver
(rules)
Ex: Talk Spanish
1/25/2024 7
 five basic elements of a network

5-Protocols Use HTTP for website

Use SMTP for emails

4-Message

1-Source/Sender 2-Destination/Receiver

3- Transmission media

1/25/2024 8
 five basic elements of a network
The transmission media used to link devices to form a
computer network include electrical cable, optical fiber,
and radio waves (wireless networking)

1/25/2024 9
 Lecture objectives

1. Define a “Computer Network”

2. Explain the elements of a network
3. Explain the types of networks

1/25/2024 10
 Network Types

1/25/2024 11
 Network Types

Networks come in all sizes.

They range from simple networks

consisting of two computers, to
networks connecting millions of
devices.
Networks are classified According to their Size

1/25/2024 12
 Network Types (the main types)

-Definition
-Characteristics :
Size, Media, Speed
and Security

1/25/2024 13
LANs and WANs
1-Local Area Networks ● Characteristics of LANs:
1. Size: Spans a small geographic area
such as a home, school, office building,
or campus.
2. Media: Can be Wired or Wireless
3. Speed : Due to its size, it provides
high speed bandwidth to end and
intermediary devices within the
network.
4. Secure. No outside connection and
1/25/2024
data is shared locally

1
LANs and WANs
2- Metropolitan Area Network ● Characteristics of MANs:
1. Size: covers larger area by
connections LANs to a larger network
of computers..
2. Media: Can be Wired or Wireless.
Usually, they use the telephone lines
3. Speed : Moderate speed
4. Security. Less secure that LAN

1/25/2024

1
 3-Wide Area Networks (WAN) • Characteristics of WANs:
1. Size: interconnect LANs over wide
geographical areas such as between
cities, states, or countries. Example:
Internet, ATM of Banks
2. Media: Can be Wired or Wireless, or
Fiber Optic. They use the telephone
lines with advanced technologies.
3. Speed : provide slower speed links
between LANs.
4. Security. Less secure that LAN

1/25/2024 16
 Network Types (the main types)

-Definition
-Characteristics :
Size, Media, Speed
and Security

1/25/2024 17
 Network Types (the main types)

PAN

1/25/2024 18
 4- Personal Area Networks (PAN) • Characteristics of PANs:
1. Size: Consists of two to five computing
devices
2. Media: Can be Wired or Wireless. Ex:
Bleutooth
3. Speed : provide slower speed
4. Security. More secure as it is a private
connection

1/25/2024 19
 Network Types (the main types)

PAN

5- Value-Added Network (VAN):

not relating to size
4- Personal Area Networks (PAN)
1/25/2024 20
1/25/2024 21
1/25/2024 22
1/25/2024 23
1/25/2024 24
1/25/2024 25
1/25/2024 26
1/25/2024 27
1/25/2024 28
1/25/2024 29
1/25/2024 30
 Lecture objectives

1. Define a “Computer Network”

2. Explain the elements of a network
3. Explain the types of networks (LAN MAN and WAN)
4. Features that should be ensured in a Network

1/25/2024 31
 A computer network should ensure the following features
To build a computer network you should :
1- Choose the required devices (Computers, Server, printers, Routers, etc.)
2- Connect the devices (connect them to a server or each computer to another one, etc.)
3- Ensure the following 7 features:

1/25/2024 32
 1-Performance (Speed)

The response time of sending and receiving data from one node to another
should be minimal

Tips: choose the optimized devices/cables, well design the servers, etc.

1/25/2024 33
 A computer network should ensure the following features

1/25/2024 34
 2- Data Sharing
One of the reason why we use a computer network is to share the data between
different systems connected with each other through a transmission media.
Ex: Make sure to have a server or use special software's P2P

1/25/2024 35
 A computer network should ensure the following features

1/25/2024 36
 3- Backup Ex: Make sure to have a server – Local Or Remote

• A computer network must have a central server that keeps the backup of all
the data (Copy of the data) that is to be shared over a network so that in
case of a failure it should be able to recover the data faster

1/25/2024 37
 A computer network should ensure the following features

1/25/2024 38
 4- Reliability

• There should not be any failure in the network or if it occurs the

recovery from a failure should be fast

1/25/2024 39
 A computer network should ensure the following features

1/25/2024 40
 5- Security
• A computer network should be secure so that the data transmitting
over a network should be safe from unauthorized access.
• Also, the sent data should be received as it is at the receiving node,
which means there should not be any loss of data during transmission

1/25/2024 41
 A computer network should ensure the following features

1/25/2024 42
 6- Scalability

• A computer network should be scalable which means it should

always allow to add new computers (or nodes) to the already
existing computer network

1/25/2024 43
 A computer network should ensure the following features

1/25/2024 44
 7- Software and Hardware Computability

• A computer network must not limit all the computers in a computer

network to use same software and hardware, instead it should allow
the better compatibility between the different software and hardware
configuration

1/25/2024 45
 A computer network should ensure the following features

1/25/2024 46
 Lecture objectives

1. Define a “Computer Network”

2. Explain the elements of a network
3. Explain the types of networks (LAN and WAN, and Internet)
4. Features that should be ensured in a Network

1/25/2024 47
 • a company runs 100 computers over a computer network for
their 100 employees, lets say they hire another 100
employees and want to add new 100 computers to the
already existing LAN then in that case the local area
computer network should allow
1. Reliability
2. Scalability
3. Security
4. Performance
5. Backup

1/25/2024 48
 • a company runs 100 computers over a computer network for
their 100 employees, lets say they hire another 100
employees and want to add new 100 computers to the
already existing LAN then in that case the local area
computer network should allow
1. Reliability
2. Scalability
3. Security
4. Performance
5. Backup
1/25/2024 49
 • ___ is the process of copying all the critical data from all
devices, endpoints, and nodes and transmitting it to a
server.
1. Reliability
2. Scalability
3. Security
4. Performance
5. Backup

1/25/2024 50
 • ___ is the process of copying all the critical data from all
devices, endpoints, and nodes and transmitting it to a
server.
1. Reliability
2. Scalability
3. Security
4. Performance
5. Backup

1/25/2024 51
 • ____signifies the ability of a network to minimize the
scope and frequency of network incidents, continue
operations while under pressure and recover as
quickly as possible.
1. Reliability
2. Scalability
3. Security
4. Performance
5. Backup
1/25/2024 52
 • ____signifies the ability of a network to minimize the
scope and frequency of network incidents, continue
operations while under pressure and recover as
quickly as possible.
1. Reliability
2. Scalability
3. Security
4. Performance
5. Backup
1/25/2024 53
 Lecture objectives

1. Define a “Computer Network”

2. Explain the main elements of a network
3. Explain the types of networks (LAN, MAN and WAN)
4. Features that should be ensured in a Network
5. Network Components

1/25/2024 54
 Components
• A computer network is built up from several components.
• These components together makes it possible to transfer data from one device
to another and makes smooth communication between two different devices.

1/25/2024 55
 Components

1/25/2024 56
 1- Server
Servers are computers that runs operating system and hold data that can be shared
over a computer network

1/25/2024 57
 2- Client

1/25/2024 58
 2- Client

A client is a computer that is connected to other computers in the network and can
receive data sent by other computers

1/25/2024 59
 3- Hub

1/25/2024 60
 3- Hub

• Hub acts as a device that connects all the

computer in a network to each other.

Hubs do not perform packet filtering; they just

send data packets to all connected devices.

1/25/2024 61
 4- Switch

1/25/2024 62
 4- Switch

• Switch is similar to hub however instead of broadcasting a incoming

data request it uses the physical device address in the incoming
request to transfer the request to correct server computer.

1/25/2024 63
 5- Router

1/25/2024 64
 5- Router

• Router joins multiple computer networks to each other.

• Allows LANs can be connected with each other through a internet connection which is
provided by the route
• Routers help transmit packets to their destinations by charting a path through the sea of
interconnected networking devices using different network topologies.

1/25/2024 65
 5- Router

When a router receives a packet destined for a remote network, the router has to look at
its routing table to determine where to forward the packet.
1/25/2024 66
 6- Transmission Media or Cables

Transmission Media

1/25/2024 67
 6- Transmission Media or Cables

• All computers in a computer network are connected with each other

through a transmission media such as wires (LAN Cables), optical fiber
cables, coaxial cables , wireless, etc

1/25/2024 68
 7- Modem

1/25/2024 69
 7- Modem

• Modems (modulators-demodulators) are used to transmit digital

signals over analog telephone lines.

1/25/2024 70
 8- Network Interface Card

1/25/2024 71
 8- Network Interface Card (NIC)

• is a computer hardware component that connects a computer

to a computer network
• Required to be able to connect to a network
• The main purpose of NIC is to format the data, send the data
and receive the data at the receiving nod

1/25/2024 72
 Components

1/25/2024 73
 • A ___ broadcasts all the received messages
a) Switch
b) Hub
c) Router
d) Modem

1/25/2024 74
 • A ___ broadcasts all the received messages
a) Switch
b) Hub
c) Router
d) Modem

1/25/2024 75
 • A ___ is used to interconnect multiple networks
a) Switch
b) Hub
c) Router
d) Modem

1/25/2024 76
 • A ___ is used to interconnect multiple networks
a) Switch
b) Hub
c) Router
d) Modem

1/25/2024 77
 Lecture objectives

1. Define a “Computer Network”

2. Explain the main elements of a network
3. Explain the types of networks (LAN, MAN and WAN)
4. Features that should be ensured in a Network
5. Network Components
6. Network Topology
7. IP Address/Internet/Web

1/25/2024 78
 Topology

A network topology is geometric representation of

how the computers are arranged and connected
to each other

1/25/2024 79
 Topology

A network topology is geometric representation of

how the computers are connected to each other

1/25/2024 80
 1- Mesh Topology
• each device is connected to every other
device on the network through a dedicated
point-to-point link.
• When we say dedicated, it means that
the link only carries data for the two
connected devices only

1/25/2024 81
 1- Mesh Topology

● Advantages of Mesh topology

1. Reliability : Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other links and the
communication between other devices on the network.
– Fault detection is easy.
2. Security: Mesh topology is secure because there is a point-to-point link thus unauthorized access is not
possible.
3. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which means the link is only
available for those two devices.

1/25/2024 82
 1- Mesh Topology

● Disadvantages of Mesh topology

1. Scalability issues because a device cannot be connected with large number of devices with a
dedicated point to point link.
– Number of wires required to connected each system is tedious and headache.
– Since each device needs to be connected with other devices, number of I/O ports required must be huge.
2. Cost : Very Expensive
3. Installation is not easy

1/25/2024 83
 A network topology is geometric representation of
how the computers are connected to each other

1/25/2024 84
 2- Star topology

• Each device in the network is connected to a

central device called hub.
• Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t
allow direct communication between
devices, a device must have to communicate
through hub
• If one device wants to send data to other
device, it has to first send the data to hub and
then the hub transmit that data to the
designated device

1/25/2024 85
 2- Star topology

1/25/2024 86
 2- Star topology

1/25/2024 87
 A network topology is geometric representation of
how the computers are connected to each other

1/25/2024 88
 3- Bus topology

● In bus topology there is a main cable, and all the devices are connected to
this main cable through drop lines.
● There is a device called tap that connects the drop line to the main cable.
● Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable, there is a limit of
drop lines and the distance a main cable can have.

1/25/2024 89
 3- Bus topology

● Advantages of bus topology

1.Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable.
2.Less cables required than Mesh and star topology
● Disadvantages of bus topology
1.Difficultly in fault detection.
2.Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with backbone cable.

1/25/2024 90
 A network topology is geometric representation of
how the computers are connected to each other

1/25/2024 91
 4- Ring topology

● In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of it.
● If a device wants to send data to another device then it sends the data in one direction,
each device in ring topology has a repeater, if the received data is intended for other
device then repeater forwards this data until the intended device receives it

1/25/2024 92
 4- Ring topology

1/25/2024 93
 A network topology is geometric representation of
how the computers are connected to each other

1/25/2024 94
 5- Hybrid topology

1/25/2024 95
 • In which topology do all the computers connect with the
help of a central unit ?

1/25/2024 96
 • In which topology do all the computers connect with the
help of a central unit ?
• star

1/25/2024 97
 • In which topology the network consists direct link
between two computers?
1) Mesh
2) Star
3) Hybrid
4) None of the above

1/25/2024 98
 • In which topology the network consists direct link
between two computers?
1) Mesh
2) Star
3) Hybrid
4) None of the above

1/25/2024 99
 • which topology is scalable?
1) Mesh
2) Star
3) Bus
4) Hybrid
5) None of the above

1/25/2024 100
 • which topology is scalable?
1) Mesh
2) Star
3) Bus
4) Hybrid
5) None of the above

1/25/2024 101
 • Which topology combines two or more than two
topologies?
1) Mesh
2) Star
3) Hybrid
4) Bus
5) None of the above

1/25/2024 102
 • Which topology combines two or more than two
topologies?
1) Mesh
2) Star
3) Hybrid
4) Bus
5) None of the above

1/25/2024 103
 • If a number of devices are four in mesh topology
network then the number of lines or cables four devices
have is _____________
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 12
e) 16
f) None of the above

1/25/2024 104
1/25/2024 105
 • If a number of devices are four in mesh topology
network then the number of lines or cables four devices
have is _____________
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 12
e) 16
f) None of the above

1/25/2024 106
 • Which topology is more reliable?
1) Mesh
2) Star

1/25/2024 107
 • Which topology is more reliable?
1) Mesh
2) Star

1/25/2024 108
 • Which topology has the highest installation cost?
1) Mesh
2) Star
3) Hybrid
4) Bus

1/25/2024 109
 • Which toplogy has the highest installation cost?
1) Mesh
2) Star
3) Hybrid
4) Bus

1/25/2024 110
 • Arranging computers in a network is known as ____
a) Network
b) LAN
c) Topology
d) Components
e) None of the above

1/25/2024 111
 • Arranging computers in a network is known as ____
a) Network
b) LAN
c) Topology
d) Components
e) None of the above

1/25/2024 112
1/25/2024 113
 • Which one of the following topologies is easier to
troubleshoot (Detect the failure)?
– Bus
– Ring
– Star
– Hybrid

1/25/2024 114
 • Which one of the following topologies is easier to
troubleshoot (Detect the failure)?
– Bus
– Ring
– Star
– Hybrid

1/25/2024 115
 Lecture objectives

1. Define a “Computer Network”

2. Explain the main elements of a network
3. Explain the types of networks (LAN, MAN and WAN)
4. Features that should be ensured in a Network
5. Network Components and Network Topology
6. IP Address/Internet/Web

1/25/2024 116
What is an IP
address ?
A destination address is required to send a mail
(a letter)
your computer needs an address, so that computers on the internet can send you a file
that you want to download :that’s called IP address.
The IP address is a set of numbers written in a specific FORMAT

200.190.70.5
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the
internet or a local network
 An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer,
smartphones) participating in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communications.

1/25/2024 122
IP Version 4

The IPV4 consists of four numbers,

400.220.3.15 separated with a dot.
192.168.3.3
Each number ranges from (0 – 255) in
Decimal numbers, but computer understands
only Binary numbers.
192.168.3.1

192.168.3.2
 What is the Internet?

• The Internet is a global network (WAN) of billions of

computers and other electronic devices.

1/25/2024 124
 Where does the Internet come from?

1/25/2024 125
 The Role of WWW as a Service on the Internet

The World Wide Web abbreviated as WWW or the Web

The WWW consists of billions of pages linked to each other that

contain text, hyperlinks, graphics, multimedia files, and other
interactive software that are accessed using a browser.

1/25/2024 126
 Who invented the Web?

● Scientist Tim Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
● He introduced the first web browser computer program in 1990.
● The browsers available in general public on the Internet in August 1991.

in November 2022 the indexed web

contained at least 6.06 billion pages.

1/25/2024 127
 What is a Web Page?

● Webpage is a document commonly written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) that is accessible through the
Internet or other network using an Internet browser.
● A web page is accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics and hyperlinks to other web pages
and files.
URL

Browser

Homepage.html

1/25/2024 128
 Thank You

1/25/2024 129